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Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations Commons™
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- Entrepreneurship (4)
- Crowdfunding (3)
- Entrepreneurial finance (2)
- IPO (2)
- Information asymmetry (2)
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- Performance (2)
- SBA (2)
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- Working Capital (2)
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- And Logistic Regression. (1)
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Articles 1 - 30 of 40
Full-Text Articles in Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations
Board Gender Diversity, Ceo Turnover, And Firm Performance In Entrepreneurial Firms, Matthew Imes, Mark West, Jessica West, Shan Yan
Board Gender Diversity, Ceo Turnover, And Firm Performance In Entrepreneurial Firms, Matthew Imes, Mark West, Jessica West, Shan Yan
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
This article examines recent literature on corporate boards and the interplay between director gender and CEO turnover and how it affects firm performance after CEO turnover. The primary focus is board gender diversity and CEO job embeddedness in entrepreneurial firms. This article discusses gender diversity and the frequency of CEO turnover. This paper finds that board gender diversity is associated with lower CEO involuntary turnovers and better overall performance in entrepreneurial firms. The article highlights how board gender diversity, especially in small firms, provides a unique pathway to create firm value and examines recent evidence on how gender diverse board …
An Analysis Of Selling Concessions, Reallowance Fees, And Price Changes In The Marketing Of Ipos, James C. Brau, Joseph J. Henry
An Analysis Of Selling Concessions, Reallowance Fees, And Price Changes In The Marketing Of Ipos, James C. Brau, Joseph J. Henry
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
This paper provides an economic model resulting in two distinct marketing strategies available to investment bankers. First, we hypothesize that an increased selling effort by brokers is used most effectively when the investment clientele is uninformed. Second, adjusting the offer price of the issue is hypothesized to be employed primarily in large IPOs with a clientele of sophisticated investors, consistent with Shiller’s Impresario Hypothesis. Our pre-IPO bubble (1981-1996) empirical results yield evidence supporting both selling mechanisms. Under-demanded small IPO issues are ‘pushed’ by the brokers, while some under-demanded large IPO issues instead increase the offer price, with large first-day turnover …
The Impact Of Financial Crisis On Mfis Performance In Zimbabwe, Patience Hlupo Ms, Tafadzwa Mukute Mr, Tough Chinoda Ph.D., Edson Chagwedera Mr
The Impact Of Financial Crisis On Mfis Performance In Zimbabwe, Patience Hlupo Ms, Tafadzwa Mukute Mr, Tough Chinoda Ph.D., Edson Chagwedera Mr
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Our study explores the impact financial crisis has on performance of microfinance institutions in Zimbabwe employing the Vector Autoregression using annual time series data from 1990 to 2018. The findings from our study revealed a positive impact of financial crisis on performance of Microfinance Institutions. We also found a positive effect of gross domestic product, money supply, the first lag of inflation and exchange rates on microfinance institutions performance while the second lag of inflation has a negative effect. Variance decomposition results reveal an increasing long run positive effect of financial crisis on performance is increasing. From impulse response analysis, …
Employee-Friendly Practices And Innovation, Saeyoung Chang, Hoje Jo, Jo-Ellen Pozner
Employee-Friendly Practices And Innovation, Saeyoung Chang, Hoje Jo, Jo-Ellen Pozner
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
We examine the inter-relationships among employee-friendly policies (EFP), innovation through R&D investment, and firm value. We hypothesize that firms with higher levels of innovation and entrepreneurial spirit are more likely to utilize EFP. Furthermore, we speculate that the value-EFP association is more pronounced in firms with high R&D intensity. Consistent with these assertions, we find that EFP is significantly and positively related to R&D investment and the number of patents. EFP is also associated with increased firm value at high levels of R&D investment and high numbers of patents. Furthermore, we find that firms investing more in R&D are more …
Microfinance Services And Government Regulations: Reflections On Performance Of Small Holder Coffee Entrepreneurs In Uganda, Mary Juliet Nakabugo, Stephen Muathe, Evans Mwasiaji
Microfinance Services And Government Regulations: Reflections On Performance Of Small Holder Coffee Entrepreneurs In Uganda, Mary Juliet Nakabugo, Stephen Muathe, Evans Mwasiaji
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Small-scale enterprises are lauded around the world for their contribution to economic development. Resources and capabilities play an important role as accelerators of entrepreneurial activity and also increase enterprise performance. This research strived to understand how Microfinance services affect the performance of smallholder coffee entrepreneurs but also examine government regulations as a moderating variable for the association between microfinance and the performance of smallholder coffee entrepreneurs. The study was guided by the resource-based view supported by dynamic capability and contingency theories. Data on 400 Ugandan coffee entrepreneurs was gathered and statistically tested using a multiple linear regression model. Study scores …
The Impact Of Assets Structure And The Components Of Cash Conversion Cycle On The Egyptian Smes Financial Failure Predictability, Dr. Hassan Mounir El-Sady, Hatem Ahmed, Dr. Hosny Hamdy
The Impact Of Assets Structure And The Components Of Cash Conversion Cycle On The Egyptian Smes Financial Failure Predictability, Dr. Hassan Mounir El-Sady, Hatem Ahmed, Dr. Hosny Hamdy
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
This study investigates determinants of Egyptian SMEs financial failure predictability based on a sample of 32 failure SMEs and 28 non-failure SMEs for the period 2013 and 2019. The determinants of SMEs financial failure are categorized into four groups; Working Capital, Asset Structure, Liquidity, and Leverage. The factor and logistic regression analysis are employed to identify the most significant independent variables that classify between failure and none-failure Egyptian’s SMEs and determine the driver of SMEs financial failure. Our findings significantly show that failing SMEs suffer from long cash conversion cycles resulting from long inventory holding period, average collection period, and …
When The Social Networks And Internet Come To The Rescue Of Entrepreneurs: The Problematic Of Crowdfunding In Africa, Omenguele Rene Guy, Mbouolang Yimpi Cedric
When The Social Networks And Internet Come To The Rescue Of Entrepreneurs: The Problematic Of Crowdfunding In Africa, Omenguele Rene Guy, Mbouolang Yimpi Cedric
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Since 2007, crowdfunding platforms have abounded on the web. It is estimated at 2.5 billion dollars the potential of the crowdfunding market in sub-Saharan Africa by 2025. The objective of this paper is to make an inventory of Crowdfunding activities in Africa, region with a most restrictive access to bank loan by SMEs, start-ups and young entrepreneurs. It appears from the economic and socio-cultural realities that Africa is a region with more potential catalyst for crowdfunding industry takeoff. However, there are many factors which are presented in this study as potential inhibitors of African CF market competiveness. This study has …
Islamic Profit And Loss Sharing Contracting Versus Regular Equity In Entrepreneurial Finance: Risk Sharing And Managerial Incentives, Abdulali Hadizada, Peter Nippel
Islamic Profit And Loss Sharing Contracting Versus Regular Equity In Entrepreneurial Finance: Risk Sharing And Managerial Incentives, Abdulali Hadizada, Peter Nippel
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
An entrepreneur shares business risk with the investors providing capital for her firm. Risk sharing is per se beneficial, but also results in an agency problem from diminished incentives for the entrepreneur. This classical trade-off depends on the financial contracting between the entrepreneur and the financier. As an alternative to debt or equity, we consider musharaka financing, an Islamic profit and loss sharing contract. First, we show that debt is inferior to equity or musharaka even though debt financing ensures first best efforts in our model. Whether financing with equity or by use of musharaka results in higher utility for …
Sme’S Cost Of Debt: A Meta-Analysis Of Borrower, Creditor And Financial Statement Verification Attributes, Thomas R. Loy, Stefan Mohrmann
Sme’S Cost Of Debt: A Meta-Analysis Of Borrower, Creditor And Financial Statement Verification Attributes, Thomas R. Loy, Stefan Mohrmann
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Private firm financing, given the far-reaching importance of non-publicly traded companies for global output and employment, is still a relatively underexplored area. Since the seminal work of Petersen and Rajan (1994), only a small branch of research into private firms’ cost of debt has been established. We aggregate the full body of this research that has empirically investigated antecedents of private firms’ cost of debt in a meta-analysis. The foremost antecedents can be categorized into either borrower, creditor or financial statement verification attributes. Our results reveal a set of 11 highly significant and robust determinants.
Entrepreneurial Investment Evaluation Decision-Making: A Focus On Venture Capitalists, Business Angels And Early-Stage Entrepreneurs In South Africa, Boris Urban, Marco Antonio Moreno
Entrepreneurial Investment Evaluation Decision-Making: A Focus On Venture Capitalists, Business Angels And Early-Stage Entrepreneurs In South Africa, Boris Urban, Marco Antonio Moreno
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Business angels (BAs) and venture capitalists (VCs) are important sources of finance for entrepreneurs in emerging markets for raising start-up and growth capital. Recognising that entrepreneurial investment evaluation decision-making is a highly complex process, and that there are limited studies focused on evaluation criteria used by both BAs and VCs’, this article undertakes an empirical investigation by identifying, classifying and statistically testing the rank importance of investment criteria in South Africa from an early-stage entrepreneurial perspective. Results indicate that the rank importance for the different investment criteria is relatively similar for VCs and BAs, and the only ranking difference observed …
Financial Strategies For Long-Term Success In Women-Owned Small Businesses, Melissa R. Dyer
Financial Strategies For Long-Term Success In Women-Owned Small Businesses, Melissa R. Dyer
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Failure of small businesses many times is because of poor implementation of long-term financial strategies. Women small business owners face many challenges in financing their small businesses because they may not have a financial plan. Interviews with 11 women small business owners in Cleveland County, North Carolina were completed to discuss ways to fund and sustain their small business. The success of women small business owners can strengthen the local economy by stimulating economic growth, increase the quality of life for the owner and their family, and can improve the standard of living in their community.
Financing Of Small And Medium Scale Enterprises And Its Growth Impact In Nigeria., Charles Onyeiwu Ph.D, Obumneke Bob Muoneke, Udo Nkoyo
Financing Of Small And Medium Scale Enterprises And Its Growth Impact In Nigeria., Charles Onyeiwu Ph.D, Obumneke Bob Muoneke, Udo Nkoyo
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Abstract: We examined the extent to which SMEs financing influenced economic growth in Nigeria through the use of time-series data from 1999-2018. After a literature search, other factors possessing the potential to influence the dependent variable ASGDP was added to the research model. Relying on Ordinary Least Squares estimation using E-views 10.0, findings shows that lending rate reduces ASGDP by 7% and gross capital formation reduces ASGDP by 5%. On the other hand, surprisingly, credit to SMEs did not retain the massive effect on growth as seen in previous studies. We can attribute this to our choice of adopting SME …
Entrepreneurial Finance: Analyzing The Demand For The Personal Guarantee, Walter W. Brown Ii, Kent T. Saunders
Entrepreneurial Finance: Analyzing The Demand For The Personal Guarantee, Walter W. Brown Ii, Kent T. Saunders
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
This study contributes to the current body of entrepreneurial finance literature by analyzing multiple aspects of personal guarantees. We conducted a survey yielding 1,462 responses from owners or managers of incorporated small businesses geographically dispersed throughout the United States. Of these, 383 C or S corporations had loans in place during 2014. The survey focuses on personal guarantees used on five types of loans: lines of credit, mortgages, equipment loans, vehicle loans, and a loan type referred to as "other loans." We found the variation increase in personal guarantees for equipment loans, vehicle loans, and other types of loans during …
The Impact Of Competition From Venture Capitalists On Corporate Venturing Investment, Marco Bade
The Impact Of Competition From Venture Capitalists On Corporate Venturing Investment, Marco Bade
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
This study proposes a model on corporate venturing (CV) investment and examines the impact of venture capital (VC) activity in the economy on CV firms’ investment. The presence of VCs creates competition for entrepreneurs. This reduces CV firms’ expected venturing returns, and thus gives rise to a financial disincentive to CV investment. The empirical prediction of this result is that competition for talent should decrease CV investment. This prediction contradicts previous statements in the theoretical literature on CV.
House Banks In Out-Of-Court Reorganization: Evidence From Austria, Stefan Mayr, Christine Duller, Kerstin Stumbauer
House Banks In Out-Of-Court Reorganization: Evidence From Austria, Stefan Mayr, Christine Duller, Kerstin Stumbauer
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
The main purpose of this article is to study the role of house banks in out-of-court reorganization. Banks are traditionally one of the most important financial resources for firms. Especially in financially difficult times like those we now face due to the coronavirus, it can make a difference whether a bank supports its clients and accompanies firms through a crisis or not. With the help of relationship lending theory, we review the existing literature on this topic. Next, based on empirical findings from Austrian banks, we derive implications for corporate practice. The empirical study covers a sample of 658 firm …
Hot Or Not – Which Features Make Fintechs Attractive For Investors?, Johannes Klein, Leonard Stuckenborg, Jens Leker
Hot Or Not – Which Features Make Fintechs Attractive For Investors?, Johannes Klein, Leonard Stuckenborg, Jens Leker
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Attracting investors and generating funding is a key issue for all start-ups. The information asymmetries between investor and start-up need to be reduced. Despite the overwhelming literature on venture capital financing and different signals reflecting venture quality, pinpointing the signals which impact funding decisions remains an open issue. This study presents an empirical examination of the effectiveness of different signals to convince investors and generate funding. We examine the impact of signals concerning venture quality (classic ones such as human capital, intellectual capital and social alliance/network capital as well as the strategic orientation in terms of business model patterns. Based …
Microfinance Institutions’ Criteria On Small Business Financing In Cameroon, Serge Messomo Elle
Microfinance Institutions’ Criteria On Small Business Financing In Cameroon, Serge Messomo Elle
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
This study uses MFIs as a unit of analysis to examine the factors of human, financial and social capital that increase the financing of microenterprises’ identification of opportunities and exploitation in Cameroon .To attain this objective, a questionnaire was used to collect data from 207 MFIs and analyzed using descriptive and multiple linear regression models. The results revealed that when it concerns the financing of opportunity identification, only human capital variables of Prior knowledge and Business training increase the financing of microenterprises by MFIs in Cameroon. Regarding the opportunity exploitation on the contrary, accumulated business knowledge, business skills and customer …
Fintech Projects And Initial Coin Offerings: A Research Note, Andrea Moro, Dao Wang
Fintech Projects And Initial Coin Offerings: A Research Note, Andrea Moro, Dao Wang
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
We explore the determinants of success of Initial Coin Offerings (ICO) defined as whether the ICO was successful in raising the funds. We look at financial and technical information disclosed by the ICO as well as the information disclosed by third parties about the ICO and the level of legal protection granted. We discover that even if both hard information (financial and technical) and soft information (social media and legal protection) matter, nevertheless a more relevant role is played by the technical information. Based on our analysis, we identify areas that need further investigation in the context of ICOs.
Strategic Alliances Between Banks And Fintechs For Digital Innovation: Motives To Collaborate And Types Of Interaction, Milan Frederik Klus, Todor Stefan Lohwasser, Friedrich Holotiuk, Jürgen Moormann
Strategic Alliances Between Banks And Fintechs For Digital Innovation: Motives To Collaborate And Types Of Interaction, Milan Frederik Klus, Todor Stefan Lohwasser, Friedrich Holotiuk, Jürgen Moormann
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
In times of digitalization, established firms operating in the financial services sector increasingly form alliances with start-up companies to satisfy the customers´ demand for rapid innovation and cope with the growing dynamics of markets. Technology-enabled innovation challenges traditional business models of incumbent institutions (e.g., banks) and requires them to adapt swiftly to the needs of the digital age. However, young firms providing technological solutions for the financial services industry (fintechs) also face difficulties, such as meeting regulatory requirements and winning the trust of potential customers. To compensate for these shortcomings and to exploit synergies, banks and fintechs are increasingly pooling …
Start-Up Financing In The Digital Age – A Systematic Review And Comparison Of New Forms Of Financing, Maximilian Klein, Florian Neitzert, Thomas Hartmann-Wendels, Sascha Kraus
Start-Up Financing In The Digital Age – A Systematic Review And Comparison Of New Forms Of Financing, Maximilian Klein, Florian Neitzert, Thomas Hartmann-Wendels, Sascha Kraus
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Start-ups are seen as the leading force in dynamically growing economies. Limited financing opportunities often prevent entrepreneurs from realizing their innovative business ideas or taking growth opportunities. However, in the context of the technological revolution, a fundamental change in the entrepreneurial finance landscape is observed. Innovative, digital financial instruments such as Business Angel Networks, Crowdfunding, or Initial Coin Offerings provide young companies with attractive financing opportunities. Although a large number of studies focus on start-up financing in the digital age, the literature is still fragmented. By providing a systemic literature review of 85 high-quality peer-reviewed journal articles published between 1990 …
Small Business Lending And Social Capital: Are Rural Relationships Different?, Robert Deyoung, Dennis Glennon, Peter J. Nigro, Kenneth Spong
Small Business Lending And Social Capital: Are Rural Relationships Different?, Robert Deyoung, Dennis Glennon, Peter J. Nigro, Kenneth Spong
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
We test whether rural versus urban location, and the amount of social capital present in those locations, influence the performance of Small Business Administration (SBA) 7(a) loans originated between 1984 and 2012. On average, we find that rural loans are about 11% less likely to default than urban loans, and that a standard deviation increase in social capital reduces default by about 5%. Surprisingly, these two effects are largely independent of each other, even though social capital is substantially higher in rural places than in urban places. Our findings advance the small business lending literature and offer insights for a …
Assessing The Value Of Ventures: Crowd Investors Vs. Sophisticated Investors, Marco Bade
Assessing The Value Of Ventures: Crowd Investors Vs. Sophisticated Investors, Marco Bade
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Recent regulatory approaches in crowdfunding democratize capital markets. Adverse wealth effects may arise because of information asymmetry. Firoozi et al. (2017) argue that crowdfunding has wealth-reducing effects on crowd investors because they systematically assign less value to good ventures, and more to bad ventures. This paper aims to take a more differentiated perspective by incorporating two dimensions of uncertainty determining ventures’ value. It further takes into account that different investor types learn different information. This yields new findings concerning the assessment of venture value by crowd investors and sophisticated investors. Crowd investors’ may be able to better assess venture value, …
Toward A Corporate Finance Theory For The Entrepreneurial Firm, James S. Ang
Toward A Corporate Finance Theory For The Entrepreneurial Firm, James S. Ang
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Corporate finance for the entrepreneurial firm is fundamentally different from that of the traditional firm. The standard problems and solutions to both investment and financing are reformulated in this paper. The formulation is intended to capture two distinguishing features of entrepreneurial finance: 1) Although new ventures yield negative returns on average, they are in aggregate welfare increasing for the economy, after considering their positive externalities. 2) Due to new ventures’ lack of consistent cash flows, which precludes the use of debt, the debt versus equity financing choice is replaced by the choice between the entrepreneurs’ desire for wealth versus control; …
Do Private Firms Benefit From Trading In The Private Securities Market?, Robert Loveland, Eric Fricke, Sinan Goktan
Do Private Firms Benefit From Trading In The Private Securities Market?, Robert Loveland, Eric Fricke, Sinan Goktan
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
The trading of private securities has recently gained greater visibility and importance with the advent of organized, private security exchanges. This paper uses data on IPO firms that list on the SharesPost private securities exchange platform to examine the potential benefits of a listing. Specifically, we test whether a listing reduces IPO underpricing or enables liquidity provision to firm employees. Controlling for endogeneity, we find no evidence that a pre-IPO listing on SharesPost lessens IPO underpricing. However, we also find that SharesPost-listed companies are able to pay their employees less in cash and more in stock and stock options than …
A High-Tech Start-Up’S Debt Financing Strategy: Implications For Valuing Soft Information, Hyunsung D. Kang
A High-Tech Start-Up’S Debt Financing Strategy: Implications For Valuing Soft Information, Hyunsung D. Kang
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
How does entrepreneurial financing differ from traditional financing? This study sheds new light on this central question of entrepreneurial finance literature by exploring the distinctive role of soft information in a high-tech start-up’s debt financing. Entrepreneurial investors can obtain soft information from strong relationships with potential investees and use the information to evaluate and select promising investees. Using a dataset on 683 SBA 7(a) loan activities involved with information technology based start-ups, this study provides empirical evidence that high-tech start-ups tend to experience a lower rate of default if they are located close to the lending banks and the lending …
Profitability Ratios In The Early Stages Of A Startup, Erkki K. Laitinen
Profitability Ratios In The Early Stages Of A Startup, Erkki K. Laitinen
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
This study develops a mathematical framework to analyze the time series of profitability ratios in the early stages of a startup. It is assumed that the expenditure of the startup grows at a steady rate and generates a proportionally identical flow of revenue in each period. The profitability in terms of the internal rate of return (IRR) and the lag structure of revenue flows are assumed constant over time in describing the adjustment process towards the steady state. The startup is assumed to expense in each period a constant part of periodic expenditure and beginning-of-the-period assets. The adjustment processes of …
Financing Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises In Thailand: The Importance Of Bank Loans And Financing Diversification, Harri Ramcharran
Financing Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises In Thailand: The Importance Of Bank Loans And Financing Diversification, Harri Ramcharran
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Bank loans are the main sources of financing the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SME) sector of the Thai economy. This sector contributes to about 37% GDP and employs about 80% of the labor force. Recent data indicate a decline in bank lending; this necessitates the efficient use of available funds and strategies to diversify SME financing. Using data from 2007 – 2014, we analyze the performance of this sector by applying several measures of productivity. We find average productivity to be greater than one for: (a) SME output per unit of SME and (b) SME output per Baht loan. This …
The Evolution Of Financing Structure In U.S. Startups, Carmen Cotei, Joseph Farhat
The Evolution Of Financing Structure In U.S. Startups, Carmen Cotei, Joseph Farhat
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
In this article we examine how startup businesses finance their operations over time. We employ the Latent growth modeling technique to test the financial growth cycle theory developed by Berger and Udell (1998). The data used in this study is the Kauffman Firm Survey, the largest longitudinal data set comprised of a random sample of U.S. startups launched in 2004 and surveyed annually through 2011. Consistent with the predictions of financial growth cycle theory, in the startup stage, entrepreneurs rely on initial insider capital sources such as personal savings, financing offered by friends and family, quasi-equity, and personal debt. Over …
Private Equity In Family Firms: Drivers Of The Willingness To Cede Control, Marisa Henn, Prof. Dr. Eva Lutz
Private Equity In Family Firms: Drivers Of The Willingness To Cede Control, Marisa Henn, Prof. Dr. Eva Lutz
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
Our aim is to empirically examine how reasons for using private equity (PE) and prior experience with PE affect the willingness of privately held firms to cede company control. Based on a questionnaire entailing 75 privately held firms backed by PE, we show that family firms cede less control than non-family firms when entering a PE transaction. However, if firms seek funds due to challenges related to ownership changes, the difference between family firms and non-family firms decreases. Moreover, we find that family firms sell more company shares if they are run by a PE-experienced manager.
Returns To Tilapia Fish Farming In Ghana – Implications For Tilapia Pooled Investment Vehicles, Kwami Adanu, Mawufemor Adanu
Returns To Tilapia Fish Farming In Ghana – Implications For Tilapia Pooled Investment Vehicles, Kwami Adanu, Mawufemor Adanu
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance
In Ghana, the private sector’s response to financing constraints associated with aquaculture investment has been to employ Pooled Investment Vehicles (PIVs). Unfortunately, several of these PIVs faced insolvency with huge losses to investors as returns promised investors turn out to be unrealizable. The premise of this study is that such insolvency problems occur mainly because of the lack of reliable data on likely returns and risk associated with Tilapia farm investments. This study improves on the “single value” profitability estimates of previous studies by performing Value at Risk (VaR) analyses on estimated farm-level returns, and 5,000 Monte Carlo simulation …