Business Commons^™

With Name, Image, And Likeness, College Sports Enters The Gig Economy, Sam C. Ehrlich, Joe Sabin, Neal C. Ternes

Management Faculty Publications and Presentations

With the arrival of name, image, and likeness (NIL), the college sports labor market has distinctly taken on similar characteristics to the gig economy, with athletes able to earn extra compensation through external NIL-based independent contractor “gigs.” But with this comparison comes comparable issues, and scholarship and litigation examining and challenging gig economy structures have identified several legal and ethical concerns both individual to each worker and more broadly affecting labor markets. Building off this literature, we conceptualize the NIL phenomenon within the gig economy space, exploring the legal and ethical concerns that have plagued companies like Uber and applying …

The Person Behind The Team: A Phenomenological Exploration Of The Role Of The Sport Supervisor In Ncaa Division I Intercollegiate Athletics., Ehren R. Green

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

As organizational connectors, athletic administrators who serve as sport supervisors, are integral to the success of intercollegiate athletic departments. However, little is known about the role of sport supervisor or the relationship between sport supervisors and head coaches. Thus, this study seeks to define and better understand the role of the sport supervisor in intercollegiate athletics and explore the relationship between the sport supervisor and the head coach. Through a descriptive phenomenological approach, 22 participants (11 sport supervisors and 11 head coaches) from NCAA Division I institutions were interviewed. Role theory guided the defining of the role while leader-member exchange …

Intercollegiate Athletics Marketing-Generated Revenue: Within Autonomy Football Bowl Subdivision, Alicia Romano, Jamie Riggs, Alan Morse, Yoon Tae Sung

Journal of Applied Sport Management

Intercollegiate athletic market-generating revenue (MGR) is of interest to administrators for increasing institution revenue. The driving factors of MGR (i.e., conference, facilities, and finances) need to be understood to allow target level planning for increasing MGR. Multiple linear regression was used to assess MGR on a sample of U.S. autonomy Football Bowl Subdivision institutions. Per capita attendance by designated marketing area, capacity, and contributions were shown to have a strong, quantifiable influence on MGR. By setting the levels of the facility and financial determinant variables, and adjusting for conference, the MGR may be predicted or targeted for institution revenue goals.

Development Of The Life After Sports Transition (Last) Online Course For Collegiate Student-Athletes: Pretest-Posttest Study, Michael Stellefson, Trevor Bopp, Michael Odio, Min Qi Wang, Linxi Zhang

Journal of Athlete Development and Experience

Transitioning into athletic retirement can have negative impacts on college student-athletes’ psychological, social, emotional, and physical well-being, yet few educational programs exist to help augment college student-athlete preparation for embracing life after sports. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a new Life After Sports Transition (LAST) online course for college student athletes. A single group pretest-post-test study evaluated effects of the LAST course among a convenience sample of college student-athletes (n=10) attending a NCAA Division I university. Paired sample t-tests examined changes in athletic identity, psychological well-being, hope, and self-reflection/insight. Propensity score matching …

The Influence Of Athletics On University Branding: Through The Lens Of Key Stakeholders, Justin Grubb, Shiva Nandan

Atlantic Marketing Association Proceedings

No abstract provided.

Ncaa Division I Athletes’ Engagement In Educationally Sound Activities: A Review Of The Research, Eddie Comeaux, Rebecca E. Crandall

Journal of Athlete Development and Experience

Today’s academic support centers will have to forge a more authentically responsive approach to address the needs of intercollegiate athletes in U.S. higher education. This approach must include new and different ways of thinking about all athletes and the quality of their educational experience. This article presents findings from a review of a steadily growing body of research on the benefits of educationally sound engagement activities for Division I athletes. The review indicates that participating in purposeful engagement activities enhances athletes’ personal and academic self-concept and their collective learning and communication skills. These academic-related activities for athletes are conditional on …

Investing In Faculty To Improve Attendance At Collegiate Athletic Events, Nicholas Ocampo

Honors Projects

NCAA Division I institutions across the nation have consistently experienced declining attendance numbers at home athletic events over the past few years. Acknowledging this downward trend, this study explores how making an investment in faculty can positively influence attendance numbers and faculty involvement in athletics. In addition, studies have supported the notion that a high level of fan support and attendance at athletic events can be correlated to team success. Accordingly, Bowling Green State University (BGSU), a mid-major school that sponsors 18 NCAA Division I varsity athletic programs, has implemented a faculty, staff and retiree ticketing program in order to …

Intercollegiate Athletics’ Marketing Techniques To Attract Football & Men’S Basketball Fans, Chris Croft

Atlantic Marketing Association Proceedings

No abstract provided.

To Charge Or Not To Charge: Examining Stakeholder Perceptions Of Nonrevenue Sports Ticketing Policies, Peyton Stensland, Jordan Bass

Journal of Applied Sport Management

All across college campuses, dozens of intercollegiate sports teams compete each year. It is assumed that attendance will vary across these sports for a number of factors. However, the impact of one organizationally controlled factor (choosing to ticket the event or not) has not been explored in the literature. In this study, the authors examined the ticketing practices of intercollegiate athletics departments. A qualitative interview approach was utilized to explore the importance and implications of ticketing practices of intercollegiate athletics departments. Terms such as reputation, legitimacy, and value were used to describe the reasoning behind whether or not to charge …

Is Going Green Worth It? Assessing Fan Engagement And Perceptions Of Athletic Department Environmental Efforts, Jonathan M. Casper, Michael E. Pfahl, Brian P. Mccullough

Journal of Applied Sport Management

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which environmentally themed activities within an intercollegiate sport context impact fan engagement. A total of 557 fans responded to an online survey measuring fan connection to the athletic department, environmental values, expectations for environmental activities, event and at home environmental behaviors, perceptions of profile enhancement, and recall of environmental sponsors and major initiatives. Results found that fans expected athletic department environmental action and they help with favorable perceptions about the athletic program and university and influenced at event and home behaviors. Cluster analysis identified two clusters based on high …

An Exploration Of Organizational Trust In Intercollegiate Athletic Departments, Jacob K. Tingle

Jacob K Tingle

Scholars in in educational leadership, business management, and organizational psychology have thoroughly explored the construct of organizational trust. While trust has attracted some attention from sport management scholars, the research has primarily focused on the individual, rather than organization. This manuscript provides an overview of the organizational trust literature with specific application to the area of intercollegiate athletic departments. Additionally, the Athletic Department Trust Scale (ADTS) is introduced as an instrument to measure organizational trust in the setting. The procedures taken to refine and test the instrument are summarized. Results revealed the ADTS as psychometrically sound. The instrument was used …

An Exploration Of Organizational Trust In Intercollegiate Athletic Departments, Jacob K. Tingle

School of Business Faculty Research

Scholars in in educational leadership, business management, and organizational psychology have thoroughly explored the construct of organizational trust. While trust has attracted some attention from sport management scholars, the research has primarily focused on the individual, rather than organization. This manuscript provides an overview of the organizational trust literature with specific application to the area of intercollegiate athletic departments. Additionally, the Athletic Department Trust Scale (ADTS) is introduced as an instrument to measure organizational trust in the setting. The procedures taken to refine and test the instrument are summarized. Results revealed the ADTS as psychometrically sound. The instrument was used …

Intangible Benefits Of Team Identification, And The Factors Which Generate It, Toward Intercollegiate Athletic Programs In Students' College Adjustment, Junmo Sung

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Intercollegiate athletic programs have been used to facilitate Social interactions between students within the complex nature of the college environment. In particular, many researchers have discussed the benefits of intercollegiate athletic programs in higher education, examining positive aspects of team identification such as the enhancing sense of belonging, personal self- esteem, happiness, and decreasing stress, anxiety, depression, and loneliness in Social life. With the benefits of the program, it is important to scrutinize the benefits of intercollegiate athletic programs in students’ college adjustment in higher education. Therefore, the goal of this dissertation was to provide better understanding of the intercollegiate …

Required Donations: An Empirical Test Of Prospect Theory & Framing Of Per-Seat Contributions In Intercollegiate Athletics, Jason D. Reese, Brandon Brown, Gregg Bennett

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to examine how per-seat contributions are framed, and attempt to understand the effects of different price frames on consumer perceptions and behavior. In doing so, we apply prospect theory to explain how framing an outcome can change preferences and ultimately purchase behavior. The current study used an experimental design to determine which price frame most influences repurchase intentions, when considering three price tiers (e.g. low, moderate, high) determined in a pretest. Our results indicate the best way to increase purchase intentions when implementing per-seat contributions campaigns is to use the Combination price frame (i.e. …

Winning At All Costs: A Case Study, Jacob K. Tingle, Stacy Warner

Jacob K Tingle

This case addresses the challenges of sport managers to make fair and ethical decisions while considering the many potential organizational outcomes of their decisions. The case is based on a real situation that occurred within a NCAA Division III athletics setting. It highlights the decision making process of a director of athletics who must respond to the untimely arrests of the university’s star quarterback and an assistant coach. The case provides an opportunity for students to critically examine the following: 1) how a sport organization’s policies and philosophical position impact decision making, and 2) the relationship between sport and education. …

Winning At All Costs: A Case Study, Jacob K. Tingle, Stacy Warner

School of Business Faculty Research

This case addresses the challenges of sport managers to make fair and ethical decisions while considering the many potential organizational outcomes of their decisions. The case is based on a real situation that occurred within a NCAA Division III athletics setting. It highlights the decision making process of a director of athletics who must respond to the untimely arrests of the university’s star quarterback and an assistant coach. The case provides an opportunity for students to critically examine the following: 1) how a sport organization’s policies and philosophical position impact decision making, and 2) the relationship between sport and education. …

The Relationship Between Organizational Trust And Mindfulness: An Exploration Of Ncaa Division Iii Athletic Departments, Jacob K. Tingle

School of Business Faculty Research

The drive to have a successful college athletic program is an acknowledgement of marketplace realities; universities are competing for ever scarcer resources. As a result, the desire to be better than has led some department personnel and student-athletes to commit unethical, even illegal acts. Recent examples call into question the credibility of college sports. Therefore, understanding organizational dynamics associated with trust and decision-making in athletic departments is important. This study explored the relationship between organizational trust and mindfulness operating in NCAA D-III (non-scholarship) athletic departments.

After a pilot study confirmed reliability and validity of instruments designed for this study, data …

The Application Of Sarbanes-Oxley To Intercollegiate Athletics, Gregory Naples, Michael D. Akers

Accounting Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.