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2025

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Full-Text Articles in Business

Ployees' Satisfaction At The Jordan Phosphate Mines Company Regarding The Jordan Public Social Security Corporation, Shereen Abu Hazeem, Mohammad Al-Arabi Sep 2025

Ployees' Satisfaction At The Jordan Phosphate Mines Company Regarding The Jordan Public Social Security Corporation, Shereen Abu Hazeem, Mohammad Al-Arabi

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

This study aims to assess the satisfaction of Jordan Phosphate Mines Company workers with the Social Security Corporation. The study employed a social survey approach. The population consisted of all Jordan Phosphate Mines Company workers who are subscribers to the Jordanian Social Security. A stratified random sample was employed based on the variable of occupation type. A questionnaire served as the primary data collection tool and was distributed to a random sample of 151 workers at the Phosphate Mines Company. The findings indicated a moderate level of satisfaction with the Jordanian Social Security Corporation, with a mean of 3.29 and …


The Impact Of Organizational Learning On Entrepreneurial Orientation In Jordanian Pharmaceutical Companies, Sawsan Al-Shaer, Shaker Al-Kshali Sep 2025

The Impact Of Organizational Learning On Entrepreneurial Orientation In Jordanian Pharmaceutical Companies, Sawsan Al-Shaer, Shaker Al-Kshali

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

This study aimed to investigate the impact of organizational learning on entrepreneurial orientation in Jordanian pharmaceutical manufacturing companies. The study measured organizational learning based on two dimensions: adaptive learning and generative learning. Entrepreneurial orientation was assessed using four dimensions: proactiveness, innovativeness, risk-taking, and competitive aggressiveness. The study population consisted of 907 managers across all managerial levels in the surveyed companies, and a stratified random sampling method was employed. A comprehensive survey was conducted, with 274 questionnaires distributed, and 222 valid questionnaires were retrieved for statistical analysis. An analytical descriptive approach was used to achieve the study’s objectives, along with several …


Literary And Artistic Property Rights Between Regular Courts And Administrative Courts: A Comparative Study Of Jordan And Egypt, Noor Al-Hindi Sep 2025

Literary And Artistic Property Rights Between Regular Courts And Administrative Courts: A Comparative Study Of Jordan And Egypt, Noor Al-Hindi

Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series

This study addresses literary and artistic property rights within the context of the ordinary and administrative judiciary, focusing on the legal framework for the deposit of these rights under the Jordanian and Egyptian Copyright and Neighboring Rights Protection Laws. The research findings indicate that legal deposit is an obligation of the rights holders of the work to submit a copy of the published work to a government authority. In Egypt, the rights holder is required to submit a licensing application to the General Department for the Control of Works, accompanied by certain data. The department is responsible for maintaining records …


Risk Premia-Return Spillovers Among Commodity-Us Equity Markets, Marinela Adriana Finta Sep 2025

Risk Premia-Return Spillovers Among Commodity-Us Equity Markets, Marinela Adriana Finta

Sim Kee Boon Institute for Financial Economics

This study examines the risk premia-return spillovers of eight commodities (corn, soybean, wheat, copper, silver, gold, oil, and natural gas) and the U.S. equity market from 2008 to 2016. We define volatility, skewness, and kurtosis risk premia as the difference between implied and realized moments. Our results reveal an increasing trend in cross-market and cross-moment spillovers until mid-2012, with various announcements explaining these effects. Moreover, we document substantial cross-energy and cross-metal spillovers to the equity market and cross-return spillovers to risk premia. Higher-order risk premia also exhibit the highest effects on returns. In addition, we underline the prominent influence of …


A Regenerative Approach To Tourism: Learnings From Community Enterprises, Sophie Price Dr, Steve Taylor, Kendra Turnbull, Mary Rose Stafford Sep 2025

A Regenerative Approach To Tourism: Learnings From Community Enterprises, Sophie Price Dr, Steve Taylor, Kendra Turnbull, Mary Rose Stafford

Publications

The benefits of tourism to communities have long been recognised but so too are the pressures it can place on local communities. Recent global turmoil has led to new ways of conceptualising tourism development and the emergence of regenerative tourism as a guiding philosophy. However, there still remain considerable gaps in our knowledge of the application of regenerative tourism principles. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the emerging literature on regenerative tourism with a particular, and practice-oriented, focus on learnings from community-based social enterprises, that illustrate the positive and meaningful impacts a regenerative approach to tourism development …


Football Spending For Success: Analyzing Investment And Team Performance In Ncaa Fbs Programs, Keunsu Han, Jin Dong Park, Kyungeun (Karry) Kwon Sep 2025

Football Spending For Success: Analyzing Investment And Team Performance In Ncaa Fbs Programs, Keunsu Han, Jin Dong Park, Kyungeun (Karry) Kwon

Journal of Applied Sport Management

This study examines the relationship between financial investment and team performance in NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) football programs from 2010 to 2023. Key variables include total football spending, head coach salaries and bonuses, and win-loss records. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models were used to examine these associations, controlling for conference affiliation by distinguishing between the so-called power and non-power conferences. The results indicate that greater investment in football operations and coaching compensation is significantly associated with higher win percentages, particularly within power conference programs. However, the impact of financial investment on final rankings differs by conference …


An Examination Of The Stock Returns Of Top Partners During Of The 2024 Paris Olympic Games, Timothy Koba Sep 2025

An Examination Of The Stock Returns Of Top Partners During Of The 2024 Paris Olympic Games, Timothy Koba

Journal of Applied Sport Management

The International Olympic Committee generated $7.6 billion in revenue from 2017-2021, with 30% coming from The Olympic Partnership (TOP) Program marketing rights, which has grown from $96 million to $2.3 billion since 1985. In addition to the direct sponsorship costs, additional activation costs are incurred by the organization as they market, advertise, and highlight their product during the event they sponsor to achieve a financial return. The purpose of this study is to assess whether TOP partners outperform a matched non-partner during the 2024 Paris Olympic Games.

This study utilizes an event study methodology to create three event windows related …


Saying Thank You! -- Make It A Habit, Chris Gorecki Dds Sep 2025

Saying Thank You! -- Make It A Habit, Chris Gorecki Dds

Journal of the Macomb Dental Society

This article features a monthly column from the Macomb Dental Society Executive Director, Dr. Christopher Gorecki.


The Dark Side Of Ceo Inside Debt: Evidence From Stock Price Crash Risk, Amir Gholami, Ahmed M. Elnahas Sep 2025

The Dark Side Of Ceo Inside Debt: Evidence From Stock Price Crash Risk, Amir Gholami, Ahmed M. Elnahas

Finance Faculty Publications

Despite being thought of as a governance mechanism, CEO inside debt seems to distort firms' information environment. Our results indicate that CEO inside debt alters managerial orientation and incentives in a way that increases stock price crash risk. Our results are robust after addressing endogeneity using the instrumental variable (IV) approach, a difference-in-differences test based on the implementation of Internal Revenue Code Section 409 A Final Regulations, and Oster's omitted variable diagnostic test, and selection bias using the propensity score matching (PSM) and Entropy balancing (EB) approaches. The results are stronger for firms that are poorly governed, operate in less …


Understanding Entrepreneurial Culture: Resident Perspectives In A Post-Soviet Transition Country, Azamat Maksudunov, Kyialbek Dyikanov Sep 2025

Understanding Entrepreneurial Culture: Resident Perspectives In A Post-Soviet Transition Country, Azamat Maksudunov, Kyialbek Dyikanov

Journal of Global Business Insights

The concept of entrepreneurial culture has frequently appeared in academic studies dedicated to both developed and developing countries. However, this topic has not been sufficiently investigated in the case of post-Soviet Central Asian countries, particularly in the context of Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan can be an intriguing case study for analyzing entrepreneurial culture, as it has experienced distinct political and economic paradigms throughout its historical trajectory. This paper aims to empirically examine the current state and provide suggestions for the further development of entrepreneurial culture in Kyrgyzstan. This research is based on a conceptual framework developed through a review of existing literature …


Equity Fund Monthly Report, September 2025, Archway Investment Fund Sep 2025

Equity Fund Monthly Report, September 2025, Archway Investment Fund

Archway Investment Fund

No abstract provided.


Fire! It Took A Brush With Catastrophe To Get Me To Focus On The Need To Be Prepared To Prevent And Manage A Fire Emergency In The Office., Stuart Segelnick Dds, Ms Sep 2025

Fire! It Took A Brush With Catastrophe To Get Me To Focus On The Need To Be Prepared To Prevent And Manage A Fire Emergency In The Office., Stuart Segelnick Dds, Ms

The New York State Dental Journal

Backing up your office computer data and encompassing your practice management software, your imaging software and everything your office needs to treat patients and do business are essential, for you never know when a disaster might strike, making it crucial to have daily backups of electronic records and office data, preferably both cloud and physical storage. One very prudent recommendation offered to me by the New York City Small Business Service grant program after Hurricane Sandy destroyed my office 13 years ago was to have a battery backup system in my newly built office. This would improve resiliency during a …


Examining Liberalization Of Turkiye Through International Trade: A Panel Data Analysis Of Turkish Export Figures From 1992 To 2020, Yasemin S. Ucar, Arzu Kalemci Sep 2025

Examining Liberalization Of Turkiye Through International Trade: A Panel Data Analysis Of Turkish Export Figures From 1992 To 2020, Yasemin S. Ucar, Arzu Kalemci

Journal of Global Business Insights

Since the 1980s, Turkiye has implemented numerous initiatives to adapt to the global liberalization process following a period of import substitution policies. These initiatives were carried out with the assistance of international organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Turkiye officially became a member of the WTO in 1995, expecting that membership would enhance its international trade performance by expanding access to global markets and strengthening trade relationships with other member states. This study aims to analyze the impact of global liberalization on Turkish international trade performance, with a specific focus on exports. The study utilizes panel data analysis …


Privacy And Peer-To-Peer Payment Apps, Stephen L. Baglione, Louis A. Tucci Sep 2025

Privacy And Peer-To-Peer Payment Apps, Stephen L. Baglione, Louis A. Tucci

Journal of Global Business Insights

Apps for our smartphones are ubiquitous. Free apps usually require exchanging personal information. Mobile payments in the U.S. are expected to almost double by 2027. Peer-to-peer (P2P) payment apps are a subcategory of said apps. Venmo is a P2P payment app that gathers user data from their smartphone and publicizes user transactions. A between-subject survey shows respondents are concerned about privacy with P2P payment apps, even when only describing what the app does. Clusters are identified when examining involvement with P2P payment apps. The covariate online privacy was statistically significant; however, age, gender, and social media use were not statistically …


Empowering Change: Uncovering The Dynamic Association Between Supervisor Support, Employee Engagement, And Turnover Intention, Abdelhamid Eladl, Vildan Esenyel Sep 2025

Empowering Change: Uncovering The Dynamic Association Between Supervisor Support, Employee Engagement, And Turnover Intention, Abdelhamid Eladl, Vildan Esenyel

Journal of Global Business Insights

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between supervisor support and turnover intention, as well as the mediating role of employee engagement in retail stores in Saudi Arabia. The study’s significance lies in its contribution to the understanding of how front-line employees’ view of the supervision qualities of their superiors impacts their turnover intention. The study offers insights to managers in retail stores by examining whether employee engagement plays a role in mediating the relationship between the two investigated variables. This information could be particularly helpful for supervisors looking to comprehend and adopt effective support when interacting with their front-line …


Bibliometric Analysis Of Tour Guide Performance: Trends, Influential Publications, And Emerging Research Themes, Aybuke Ozsoy, Nese Yilmaz Sep 2025

Bibliometric Analysis Of Tour Guide Performance: Trends, Influential Publications, And Emerging Research Themes, Aybuke Ozsoy, Nese Yilmaz

Journal of Global Business Insights

The quality of tours is significantly influenced by tour guides’ communication skills, regional knowledge, and storytelling abilities. Guide effectiveness depends on factors such as training, skill development, and professionalism in guest care. Given their pivotal role in shaping tour quality and experiences, the literature consistently highlights these effects. The present study aims to make a comprehensive contribution to the existing knowledge in the field by analyzing the academic literature on the performance of tour guides using bibliometric methods. Analysis reveals that the most cited publications on tour guide performance are found in tourism and management journals, such as Tourism Management. …


Less Is More! The Power Of Micro-Influencers: A Systematic Literature Review, Emine Kuzoren, Irem Kiris, Ismail Erkan Sep 2025

Less Is More! The Power Of Micro-Influencers: A Systematic Literature Review, Emine Kuzoren, Irem Kiris, Ismail Erkan

Journal of Global Business Insights

This paper aims to review micro-influencer marketing literature to identify gaps and provide directions for future research. The authors critically assessed 99 articles that appeared in the Scopus database. As a common outcome of the findings and emerging models from studies in the literature, a comprehensive conceptual model is proposed to guide future research. It has been concluded that micro-influencers differ significantly from others in terms of their interaction power and perceived high credibility in social media marketing. Additionally, the findings clarify the uncertainty regarding the classification of social media influencers. The paper not only identifies influencers but also highlights …


Cobm Adjunct Faculty Newsletter: Fall I, Ellen Ramsey Sep 2025

Cobm Adjunct Faculty Newsletter: Fall I, Ellen Ramsey

College of Business and Management Adjunct Faculty Newsletter

College of Business and Management Adjunct Faculty Newsletter: Fall I, Block A & B


The Effects Of Covid-19 On Mice Tourism, Gülay Cakmak, Gurel Cetin, Cemil Kilic, Erol Sozen Sep 2025

The Effects Of Covid-19 On Mice Tourism, Gülay Cakmak, Gurel Cetin, Cemil Kilic, Erol Sozen

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

The sector of Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions (MICE) tourism play an integral role in the tourism industry not only because of its volume but also per capita spending. MICE tourism is predominantly characterized by its international reach and the significant number of participants it attracts. However, Covid-19 pandemic precipitated a marked, leading to far-reaching ramifications and transformations. This study is focused on evaluating the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the MICE tourism sector. It aims to explore both the anticipated and the actual shifts within the industry amidst the pandemic. Adopting a qualitative research methodology, this investigation utilized …


Bridging The Digital Skills Gap: A Comparative Study Of Employability Readiness Among Tourism Students And Professionals In Malaysia, Asif Khurshid Mian, Fraz Arshed Butt, Omar Sajid Sep 2025

Bridging The Digital Skills Gap: A Comparative Study Of Employability Readiness Among Tourism Students And Professionals In Malaysia, Asif Khurshid Mian, Fraz Arshed Butt, Omar Sajid

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

The increasing digitalisation of the tourism industry has introduced new expectations for workforce competencies, particularly in developing economies like Malaysia. The present study investigates how three core digital competencies, i.e. digital literacy, platform/tool awareness, and technology readiness, influence employability readiness among two key groups including final-year tourism students and in-service professionals. Drawing on Human Capital Theory and the Technology Readiness Index, the research applies Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to examine 350 responses collected through purposive sampling. Results confirm that all three competencies positively influence employability readiness, with platform/tool awareness exerting the strongest effect. Multi-group analysis reveals that …


Mentoring In The Age Of Uncertainty: Why Gen Z, Millennials, And Gen X Need Feedback More Than Ever, Abrar Ahmad Khan Sep 2025

Mentoring In The Age Of Uncertainty: Why Gen Z, Millennials, And Gen X Need Feedback More Than Ever, Abrar Ahmad Khan

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

Uncertainty now defines professional and personal life, particularly for Gen Z, Millennials, and Gen X. Despite being highly educated and digitally connected, these generations face growing decision paralysis, burnout, and confidence gaps when navigating careers. HSBC’s Seizing Uncertainty (2024) reports that over half of younger professionals regret missed opportunities, while Gen X struggles to adapt to new realities and lead younger teams. Traditional feedback models—hierarchical, infrequent, and retrospective—no longer meet the demands of today’s fast-changing workplace. This article argues that mentoring, anchored in real-time and emotionally intelligent feedback, is not a “soft skill” but a leadership necessity. Especially in hospitality …


Western Australian Regional Development Trust Annual Report 2024-25, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia Sep 2025

Western Australian Regional Development Trust Annual Report 2024-25, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Western Australian Regional Development Trust Annual Reports

The Trust is an independent statutory advisory body to the Minister for Regional Development, established under the Royalties for Regions Act 2009 (Act).

The functions of the Trust are to provide advice and make recommendations to the minister:

  • for the purposes of sections 5(2) and 9(1) of the Act; and
  • on any other matter relating to the operation of the Fund that is referred to it by the minister.

In addition to its monitoring and advisory role, the Trust also works to engage and enhance relationships with key regional stakeholders and influencers to promote greater collaboration and innovation in the …


Rafy Zarządzania. Ludzie Różnią Się Od Śrubokrętów, Grażyna Wieczorkowska-Wierzbińska Sep 2025

Rafy Zarządzania. Ludzie Różnią Się Od Śrubokrętów, Grażyna Wieczorkowska-Wierzbińska

Monografie/Monographs

W czasach, gdy Internet zalany jest psychologicznymi tekstami dla menedżerów, a AI multiplikuje tę liczbę, Autorka przedstawia oryginalną syntezę (efekt ponad 40 lat intensywnej pracy naukowej) wiedzy o zmienionym informacyjnie świecie i tym, jak sieci neuronowe w naszych głowach sobie z tym radzą. Naczelnym celem była zwięzłość, wyrzucanie wszystkiego, co zbędne, aby wyposażyć Analityka w umiejętność rozumienia i zarządzania Holistykiem. Zwięzłość monografii zwiększa szansę zapamiętania 9 niebezpiecznych raf w zarządzaniu ludźmi, a w konsekwencji aktywizacji tej ważnej wiedzy w momencie, w którym jest ona potrzebna. W zapamiętaniu tego, co ważne, pomaga lista 16 pułapek i 44 przykładów wyników badań zatytułowanych …


Applying The Synergy Of Experience Accounting And Service Dominant Logic To Rank Customer Experiences In The Mainstream Cruising, Ganna Demydyuk, Mats Carlbäck Sep 2025

Applying The Synergy Of Experience Accounting And Service Dominant Logic To Rank Customer Experiences In The Mainstream Cruising, Ganna Demydyuk, Mats Carlbäck

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

This study analyzes how service-related experiences influence customer satisfaction and perceived value for money in the cruise industry. By integrating Service-Dominant Logic (S-D-L) and Experience Accounting (EA), it aims to support the development of customer-centric performance systems for managerial decision making in the all-inclusive hospitality sector. This is the first empirical study to merge data from three perspectives in service-for-service exchanges: customer review ratings from online platforms, ship-level operational characteristics, and financial metrics from corporate reports. This integrated approach allows for a holistic evaluation of the service ecosystem and cocreation of value onboard cruise ships. A quantitative analysis was conducted …


The Double-Edged Role Of Cognitive Reappraisal: A Moderated Mediation Model Of Manager Support And Emotional Exhaustion Among Hotel Supervisors, Han Chen, Yvette Green Sep 2025

The Double-Edged Role Of Cognitive Reappraisal: A Moderated Mediation Model Of Manager Support And Emotional Exhaustion Among Hotel Supervisors, Han Chen, Yvette Green

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

Applying the Conservation of Resources Theory and the Affective Event Theory, this study explores the interplay between perceived manager support (PMS), negative emotions, and emotional exhaustion among hotel supervisors. The study also examines the moderating role of cognitive reappraisal strategy on the above relationships. Data were collected from a sample of U.S. hotel supervisors. Results showed that negative emotions play a mediating role in the relationship between PMS and supervisors’ emotional exhaustion. Cognitive reappraisal amplified the negative effect of PMS on negative emotions, the positive relationship between negative emotions and emotional exhaustion, and the indirect effect of PMS on emotional …


Customer Food Intake: An Empirical Analysis Of Gender, Restaurant Use And Attitude Toward Fast Food Among Adolescents And Young Adults, In Nairobi, Kenya, Gerishom G. Madivoli, Rosemarie Ayuma Khayiya, Beatrice Kamau Sep 2025

Customer Food Intake: An Empirical Analysis Of Gender, Restaurant Use And Attitude Toward Fast Food Among Adolescents And Young Adults, In Nairobi, Kenya, Gerishom G. Madivoli, Rosemarie Ayuma Khayiya, Beatrice Kamau

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

Fast food is the fastest- growing food category worldwide, providing young people and adolescents with a quick, cost- effective, and easily accessible alternative to home- cooked meals. There has been considerably less research into how gender, restaurant usage, and attitudes influence patterns of fast- food consumption. Moreover, the growth of the fast- food industry in every nation creates a significant environmental impetus for increasing fast food consumption and promoting unhealthy eating behaviours. If this issue is not addressed, the prevalence of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, along with the costs of managing these conditions, will escalate, particularly in Kenya. This …


Reframing Service Quality In Ai-Powered Hospitality Environments, Olena Ciftci Sep 2025

Reframing Service Quality In Ai-Powered Hospitality Environments, Olena Ciftci

Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism

The hospitality and tourism industry is experiencing a technological shift through the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), transforming both guest experiences and service operations. While AI offers hyper-personalization, efficiency, and scalability, it challenges traditional notions of service quality rooted in human interaction. This viewpoint explores the emerging concept of tech-augmented hospitality, where AI and human employees co-create guest experiences. The paper highlights key research directions for reconceptualizing service quality in the era of AI-enhanced hospitality. It argues for the development of new evaluative frameworks that encompass hybrid service models, cultural adaptability, inclusivity, and AI literacy.


Elevating Entrepreneurship With Generative Artificial Intelligence, Yaojie Li, John Kirk Ring, Dan Jin, Saleh Bajaba Sep 2025

Elevating Entrepreneurship With Generative Artificial Intelligence, Yaojie Li, John Kirk Ring, Dan Jin, Saleh Bajaba

Management and Marketing Faculty Publications

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) transforms the entrepreneurial landscape by providing contextual information, identifying viable opportunities, and facilitating entrepreneurial decision-making. Despite the growing acknowledgment of its use in entrepreneurial activities, this field lacks a robust theoretical framework and practical implementation. This study seeks to fill this gap by drawing on information behavior literature to explore the effect of GenAI across the entrepreneurial spectrum. By leveraging large language models and prompt engineering patterns, we examined how GenAI could generate accurate, relevant, and inspiring content through various interaction scenarios. Our findings suggest that GenAI significantly mitigates early-stage entrepreneurial information asymmetry and supports sophisticated …


Impacts Of Climate Disruption On Mobility Aircraft Performance In The Pacaf Region, Hannah M. Dauterman Sep 2025

Impacts Of Climate Disruption On Mobility Aircraft Performance In The Pacaf Region, Hannah M. Dauterman

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis investigates the projected impacts of climate disruption on the performance and fuel management of the C-17 Globemaster III, a critical mobility aircraft in the Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) region. As rising global temperatures reduce air density, the performance of aircraft is compromised, resulting in increased fuel consumption, as well as the potential for extended runway requirements and diminished cargo capacity. Using climate projection data from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), this research analyzes future air temperature trends and their implications for C-17 fuel consumption. Results suggest that by 2049, the U.S. Air Force may incur an …


Multigenerational Caregiving And Its Effect On Human Capital: Insights From A Human Resource Development Perspective, Rob E. Carpenter, Brandy Dial Sep 2025

Multigenerational Caregiving And Its Effect On Human Capital: Insights From A Human Resource Development Perspective, Rob E. Carpenter, Brandy Dial

Human Resource Development Faculty Publications and Presentations

A multigenerational caregiving crisis is emerging at the interface of family and work, and human resource development (HRD) should pay attention. This perspective considers the impact of multigenerational caregiving-induced responsibilities on human capital frameworks, and their implications for HRD. We believe traditional models often neglect the unique challenges multigenerational caregivers face—such as stress, absenteeism, and constrained opportunities for self-development—which contribute to the erosion of human capital. This paper uses quantitative models to show that multigenerational caregiving is a critical driver of human capital depreciation. Integrating multigenerational caregivers into human capital discourse foregrounds the need for adaptive HRD strategies. These strategies …