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Articles 961 - 990 of 6061
Full-Text Articles in Business
The Phenomenon Of Information Flow From Traditional And New Media About The Corona Pandemic From The Perspective Of Newly Graduated Media Professionals In Yemen, Mansour Al-Muntasir Dr.
The Phenomenon Of Information Flow From Traditional And New Media About The Corona Pandemic From The Perspective Of Newly Graduated Media Professionals In Yemen, Mansour Al-Muntasir Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
This study aims to explore the external limits of the Corona pandemic in all traditional and new media, which paid attention to this event in a way that the media had not seen before, relying on citizens' participation in the production of news in social media. This study also aims to find out how newly graduated journalists interact with the event on both professional and personal levels, especially with the spread of misinformation and fake news about the Corona virus. The researchers have adopted the qualitative method to obtain deep information from the sample selected by the study, as it …
The Reality Of Media Training In Jordanian Media Institutions From The View Point Of Journalists - A Field Study, Kamel Khurshid Murad Dr., Saddam Al-Mashagbah Dr.
The Reality Of Media Training In Jordanian Media Institutions From The View Point Of Journalists - A Field Study, Kamel Khurshid Murad Dr., Saddam Al-Mashagbah Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
The article aimed to identify the reality of media training in Jordanian media institutions from the point of view of journalists in Jordan. It adopted a descriptive approach using a questionnaire distributed to a simple random sample of (66) journalists in the Radio and Television Corporation, Petra Agency, daily newspapers, some electronic news websites, the Journalists Syndicate and some satellite channels. The results revealed that 43.9% of the media institutions have departments for training, and 51.5% are interested in holding training courses at a medium rate. The results also showed that 53.0% of the sample describe the percentage of learning …
The Role Of Radio And Television Programmes In Providing Drug Information From The Perspectives Of The Jordanian Public And Pharmaceutical Sector Employees, Obadah Sa’Ad, Omar Al Rashdan Dr., Hanan Al-Shiekh Dr.
The Role Of Radio And Television Programmes In Providing Drug Information From The Perspectives Of The Jordanian Public And Pharmaceutical Sector Employees, Obadah Sa’Ad, Omar Al Rashdan Dr., Hanan Al-Shiekh Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
This study aimed to identify the role of radio and television programmes in providing drug information to the Jordanian society. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and two special questionnaires were developed for the study. The study sample consisted of (287) employees from the pharmaceutical sector (pharmacists, doctors), and (389) members of the Jordanian public who visited Hamzah and Al-Bashir Hospitals in Amman, Jordan. The results of the study concluded that the role of radio and television programmes in providing drug information to the Jordanian society from the viewpoint of the public came to a medium degree, and that …
The Impact Of Negative Online Rumors On The Attitudes Of The Palestinian Audience Towards The Liberation Of The Six Prisoners: A Content Analysis Of Facebook Pages, Suhair Al Rjoub, Saed Shaheen Dr.
The Impact Of Negative Online Rumors On The Attitudes Of The Palestinian Audience Towards The Liberation Of The Six Prisoners: A Content Analysis Of Facebook Pages, Suhair Al Rjoub, Saed Shaheen Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
This research aims to identify the topics covered by Facebook pages regarding the issue of the six prisoners’ liberation. It deals with the negative impact of rumors on the Palestinian public’s attitudes towards the issue of the six prisoners’ liberation on Facebook through analyzing the content of the pages. In this study, the research used the content analysis tool; the sample of the study included five pages that dealt with the issue of the six prisoners who liberated themselves through a tunnel under Gilboa prison. The research deployed the theory of social responsibility and relied on the “descriptive survey” to …
The Effectiveness Of Media Curricula In Sudanese Universities In Light Of The Challenges And Requirements Of The Labor Market In The Era Of Digital Media From Media Faculties’ Perspectives, Lamia Salah Al Deen Mohammad Ibrahim Dr.
The Effectiveness Of Media Curricula In Sudanese Universities In Light Of The Challenges And Requirements Of The Labor Market In The Era Of Digital Media From Media Faculties’ Perspectives, Lamia Salah Al Deen Mohammad Ibrahim Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of the media curricula in Sudanese universities regarding the challenges and the requirements of the labor market in the era of digital media. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach; an electronic questionnaire form was designed as a tool for data collection. It was distributed to a simple random sample consisting of (40) individuals, representing (45%) of the total study population represented by (95) professors. The study concludes with a number of findings, most importantly are: the degree of effectiveness of the media curricula in Sudanese universities in light of the challenges and …
The Effectiveness Of Interactive Video In Developing Animation Production Skills For Educational Technology Students At Middle East University, Fadi Abdulraheem Odah Dr.
The Effectiveness Of Interactive Video In Developing Animation Production Skills For Educational Technology Students At Middle East University, Fadi Abdulraheem Odah Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
This study deals with the effectiveness of interactive video in developing animation production skills among Educational Technology students at Middle East University. The researcher used semi-experimental mothod, where the research sample consisted of (40) students from Educational Technology students at the Faculty of Educational Siences, Middle East University. The sample consisted of two equal groups: a control group of (20) male and female students that were taught in the usual way at laboratories, and an experemental group of (20) students that were taught through interactive vide. The research tools consisted of an observation card to measure the performance. The results …
The Who’S Interest In Its Communication Messages On (Covid-19) Pandemic Via Facebook And Twitter Platforms, Rana Mezher Khalid, Layla Ahmad Jarrar Dr.
The Who’S Interest In Its Communication Messages On (Covid-19) Pandemic Via Facebook And Twitter Platforms, Rana Mezher Khalid, Layla Ahmad Jarrar Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
The study aims to identify the degree of interest of the World Health Organization (WHO) through social networks in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic on Facebook and Twitter platforms. The theory of media frameworks was implemented, and the content analysis was used as a tool for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the communicative messages of the organization. A deliberate sample was selected, which included all the messages of the World Health Organization during the period from the beginning of the disease until its declaration as a global pandemic, that is: during the period from 30/12/2019 – 11/3/2020, and this time …
Job Satisfaction Among Female Media Professionals In Palestine And The Obstacles They Face In Practicing Their Work, Mohammad Ahmad Injas Mr., Izzat Mohammad Hijab Prof.
Job Satisfaction Among Female Media Professionals In Palestine And The Obstacles They Face In Practicing Their Work, Mohammad Ahmad Injas Mr., Izzat Mohammad Hijab Prof.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
The study aimed to identify the climates in which Palestinian female media work, identify the obstacles that female media face, and identify their degree of job satisfaction. The study used the descriptive survey method, and the study adopted a questionnaire as a tool for collecting data related to the topic of the research, which was distributed to a random sample of (180) female media professionals out of (206) female media workers, according to the Palestine Journalists Syndicate record for the year 2020. The results of the study showed that the media profession affects the familial and family stability of female …
How The Palestinian Cause Has Been Framed In The Jordanian Opinion Articles, Hani Ahmad Fayez Al-Badri Dr.
How The Palestinian Cause Has Been Framed In The Jordanian Opinion Articles, Hani Ahmad Fayez Al-Badri Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
This study aims to identify the presentation of the Palestinian cause in Jordanian opinion articles published on online news sites representing daily newspapers. In addition to monitoring the topics and issues that have been highlighted, and comparing the similarities and differences between the sample newspapers in discussing this cause. The study uses the media survey methodology and the comparative approach in order to obtain required data and information, and compare the analysis results of the opinion articles in both Alghad and Addustour newspapers. The study population is represented in the opinion articles published on online news sites that represent daily …
The Role Of Jordanian Mass Media In Facing The Rumors From Communication Practitioner’S Perspective: Survey Study, Rami Basem Yousef Haddad Mr., Kamel Khurshid Murad Dr.
The Role Of Jordanian Mass Media In Facing The Rumors From Communication Practitioner’S Perspective: Survey Study, Rami Basem Yousef Haddad Mr., Kamel Khurshid Murad Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
The study aimed to define role of the Jordanian media in facing rumors as seen by communicators, to identify the most common rumors and the motives behind them. The study adopted the survey method with a questionnaire as a tool for collecting data. The study The study aimed to define role of the Jordanian media in facing rumors as seen by communicators, to identify the most common rumors and the motives behind them. The study adopted the survey method with a questionnaire as a tool for collecting data. The study population consisted of 397 communicators working in official Jordanian media …
Political Participation In Jordan In Light Of The Royal Discussion Papers, Sahar Mohammad Al Tarawneh Dr., Rema Lutfi Abu Hmidan Dr.
Political Participation In Jordan In Light Of The Royal Discussion Papers, Sahar Mohammad Al Tarawneh Dr., Rema Lutfi Abu Hmidan Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
Effective political participation plays a key role in promoting good democratic governance and the rule of law in order to achieve transparency and the principle of accountability, which contribute mainly to the process of political, economic and social development. This study aims to define political participation and its application forms, and to identify democratic practices and the elements of political participation in Jordan in light of the political reform process and the royal discussion papers. The study also tackles the role of the means of communication and media as a major factor in this process and discusses the opportunities of …
On Teaching Multi-Criteria Decision Making With A Robot Assistant, Chen Zhang, Hakan Saraoglu, David A. Louton
On Teaching Multi-Criteria Decision Making With A Robot Assistant, Chen Zhang, Hakan Saraoglu, David A. Louton
Information Systems and Analytics Department Faculty Conference Proceedings
We propose a system and method for a robot assistant for teaching multi-attribute decision making (MCDM). Through questions and answers in natural language, the robot assistant learns the user’s preferences on multiple criteria involving a selection decision and makes recommendations using data on each criterion and the learned user preferences. It will include a use-case demonstration where NAO the robot will assist a human in forming a simple portfolio of mutual funds. Presenters will illustrate the architecture of the robot assisted MCDM and describe a method that is extensively used to structure complex decision problems and has been applied to …
The Role Of Using Images In Outdoor Advertising Designs To Attract Attention, Sattar Al-Juboori Dr.
The Role Of Using Images In Outdoor Advertising Designs To Attract Attention, Sattar Al-Juboori Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
Outdoor advertising has dominated the visual landscape of cities around the world. Outdoor advertising in city streets and public places are different than the ones located in other places for many reasons. First, it is directed towards particular audience who has no option but to look at it. The research problem lies in the excessive use of images in ways that may have been randomly put without taking into consideration certain factors such as allocation, processing, design construction or some expressive and psychological aspects. Experts have defined some technical problems related to image-choice and the extent of its future impact …
Professional And Ethical Challenges Of Robot Journalism From The Perspective Of Jordanian Journalists, Mazen Al-Fedawi Dr.
Professional And Ethical Challenges Of Robot Journalism From The Perspective Of Jordanian Journalists, Mazen Al-Fedawi Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
This study aimed at identifying the extent of Jordanian journalists ’awareness of the concept of robot journalism and its mechanisms of action, and identifying the most important areas covered by robot journalism, in addition to reviewing the pros and cons of the spread of robot journalism, and the most important professional and ethical challenges associated with robot journalism from the viewpoint of Jordanian journalists. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher followed the descriptive and analytical method. The study sample consisted of (350) Jordanian journalists, and the questionnaire was distributed to them in two ways, electronically and manually. …
The Influence Of The Celebrities Of Social Media Platforms On University Students, Hanan Al-Shiekh Dr., Mahmoud Al-Rajabi Dr.
The Influence Of The Celebrities Of Social Media Platforms On University Students, Hanan Al-Shiekh Dr., Mahmoud Al-Rajabi Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
This study aims to identify the impact of famous people on social media platforms on university students. The qualitative methodology and inductive approach were used in the research by conducting in-depth interviews with 21 students from various Jordanian universities, and a focus group of 7 university students was selected, with 12 female influencers and 21 male influencers among them. The study showed that there are seven main reasons that motivate students to pursue and follow-up those influencers, which are: admiration and love, living in another world with different influences, career path, and the release of students’ stress, gaining information that …
The Effect Of The Production Pattern On The Media Content In The Jordanian Tv Channels From The Contact Person Point View (An Analytical Study), Ashraf Al-Manaseer Dr., Shadi Abo-Rashed Mr.
The Effect Of The Production Pattern On The Media Content In The Jordanian Tv Channels From The Contact Person Point View (An Analytical Study), Ashraf Al-Manaseer Dr., Shadi Abo-Rashed Mr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
The effect of the production pattern on the media content in the Jordanian TV channels from the contact person point view, through analytical study. The study relied on the descriptive approach based on studying the facts about the nature of the phenomenon or a group of individuals, or a group of events or situations related to photographing, analyzing and evaluating the characteristics of the phenomenon to find out the variables that cause the phenomenon to occur, A questionnaire was designed for the study to achieve the desired goals, the study population consisted of 13 private channels in Jordan, and the …
The Degree Of Satisfaction Of Facebook Users About Its Features, Usage Motives And Achieved Gratifications.“An Applied Study On Students Of The Faculty Of Mass Communication At The Middle East University”To Attract Attention, Ahmad Oreqat Dr.
Middle East Journal of Communication Studies
This study aimed at determining the extent of satisfaction of Facebook users from the students of the Faculty of Media at the Middle East University with regard to its advantages, drivers of use, and the achieved gratifications. The study sample, which was chosen on the available random sample basis, consisted of 106 students enrolled in the second semester in the 2019-2020 academic year which are 308 students. The theoretical framework of the study depended on the theory of uses and gratifications, and the results of the study highlighted that the degree of satisfaction of Facebook users among students about its …
Examination Of Cybersecurity Technologies, Practices, Challenges, And Wish List In K-12 School Districts, Florence Martin, Julie Bacak, Erik Jon Byker, Weichao Wang, Jonathan Wagner, Lynn Ahlgrim-Delzell
Examination Of Cybersecurity Technologies, Practices, Challenges, And Wish List In K-12 School Districts, Florence Martin, Julie Bacak, Erik Jon Byker, Weichao Wang, Jonathan Wagner, Lynn Ahlgrim-Delzell
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
With the growth in digital teaching and learning, there has been a sharp rise in the number of cybersecurity attacks on K-12 school networks. This has demonstrated a need for security technologies and cybersecurity education. This study examined security technologies used, effective security practices, challenges, concerns, and wish list of technology leaders in K-12 settings. Data collected from 23 district websites and from interviews with 12 district technology leaders were analyzed. Top security practices included cloud-based technologies, segregated network/V-LAN, two-factor authentication, limiting access, and use of Clever or Class Link. Top challenges included keeping users informed, lack of buy-in from …
Cyberbullying: Senior Prospective Teachers’ Coping Knowledge And Strategies, Kürşat Arslan, İnan Aydın
Cyberbullying: Senior Prospective Teachers’ Coping Knowledge And Strategies, Kürşat Arslan, İnan Aydın
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
This study aimed to determine senior prospective teachers’ coping knowledge and strategies for cyberbullying in terms of demographic variables. The sample consisted of 471 prospective teachers (324 female and 147 male) studying in the 4th grade in Dokuz Eylül University Buca Education Faculty in Izmir in the 2019-2020 academic year. It was a quantitative study using a causal-comparative research design to find out whether prospective teachers’ coping knowledge differed by independent variables. The "Coping with Cyberbullying Scale" developed by Koç et al. (2016) was employed to discover prospective teachers’ coping strategies for cyberbullying. A "Personal Information" form was also prepared …
A Systematic Mapping Study On Gamification Applications For Undergraduate Cybersecurity Education, Sherri Weitl-Harms, Adam Spanier, John Hastings, Matthew Rokusek
A Systematic Mapping Study On Gamification Applications For Undergraduate Cybersecurity Education, Sherri Weitl-Harms, Adam Spanier, John Hastings, Matthew Rokusek
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
Gamification in education presents a number of benefits that can theoretically facilitate higher engagement and motivation among students when learning complex, technical concepts. As an innovative, high-potential educational tool, many educators and researchers are attempting to implement more effective gamification into undergraduate coursework. Cyber Security Operations (CSO) education is no exception. CSO education traditionally requires comprehension of complex concepts requiring a high level of technical and abstract thinking. By properly applying gamification to complex CSO concepts, engagement in students should see an increase. While an increase is expected, no comprehensive study of CSO gamification applications (GA) has yet been undertaken …
Editorial - 2023 - 1, Hossain Shahriar, Herbert J. Mattord, Michael E. Whitman
Editorial - 2023 - 1, Hossain Shahriar, Herbert J. Mattord, Michael E. Whitman
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
No abstract provided.
Sociocultural Barriers For Female Participation In Stem: A Case Of Saudi Women In Cybersecurity, Alanoud Aljuaid, Xiang Michelle Liu
Sociocultural Barriers For Female Participation In Stem: A Case Of Saudi Women In Cybersecurity, Alanoud Aljuaid, Xiang Michelle Liu
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
The participation of women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) workforces is overwhelmingly low as compared to their male counterparts. The low uptake of cybersecurity careers has been documented in the previous studies conducted in the contexts of the West and Eastern worlds. However, most of the past studies mainly covered the Western world leaving more knowledge gaps in the context of Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia. Thus, to fill the existing knowledge gaps, the current study focused on women in Saudi Arabia. The aim of the study was to investigate the factors behind the underrepresentation of …
Compete To Learn: Toward Cybersecurity As A Sport, Tj Oconnor, Dane Brown, Jasmine Jackson, Bryson Payne, Suzanna Schmeelk
Compete To Learn: Toward Cybersecurity As A Sport, Tj Oconnor, Dane Brown, Jasmine Jackson, Bryson Payne, Suzanna Schmeelk
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
To support the workforce gap of skilled cybersecurity professionals, gamified pedagogical approaches for teaching cybersecurity have exponentially grown over the last two decades. During this same period, e-sports developed into a multi-billion dollar industry and became a staple on college campuses. In this work, we explore the opportunity to integrate e-sports and gamified cybersecurity approaches into the inaugural US Cyber Games Team. During this tenure, we learned many lessons about recruiting, assessing, and training cybersecurity teams. We share our approach, materials, and lessons learned to serve as a model for fielding amateur cybersecurity teams for future competition.
How Effective Are Seta Programs Anyway: Learning And Forgetting In Security Awareness Training, David Sikolia, David Biros, Tianjian Zhang
How Effective Are Seta Programs Anyway: Learning And Forgetting In Security Awareness Training, David Sikolia, David Biros, Tianjian Zhang
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
Prevalent security threats caused by human errors necessitate security education, training, and awareness (SETA) programs in organizations. Despite strong theoretical foundations in behavioral cybersecurity, field evidence on the effectiveness of SETA programs in mitigating actual threats is scarce. Specifically, with a broad range of cybersecurity knowledge crammed into in a single SETA session, it is unclear how effective different types of knowledge are in mitigating human errors in a longitudinal setting. his study investigates how knowledge gained through SETA programs affects human errors in cybersecurity to fill the longitudinal void. In a baseline experiment, we establish that SETA programs reduce …
Anonymity And Gender Effects On Online Trolling And Cybervictimization, Gang Lee, Annalyssia Soonah
Anonymity And Gender Effects On Online Trolling And Cybervictimization, Gang Lee, Annalyssia Soonah
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the anonymity of the internet and gender differences in online trolling and cybervictimization. A sample of 151 college students attending a southeastern university completed a survey to assess their internet activities and online trolling and cybervictimization. Multivariate analyses of logistic regression and ordinary least squares regression were used to analyze online trolling and cybervictimization. The results indicated that the anonymity measure was not a significant predictor of online trolling and cybervictimization. Female students were less likely than male students to engage in online trolling, but there was no gender …
Case Study: The Impact Of Emerging Technologies On Cybersecurity Education And Workforces, Austin Cusak
Case Study: The Impact Of Emerging Technologies On Cybersecurity Education And Workforces, Austin Cusak
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice
A qualitative case study focused on understanding what steps are needed to prepare the cybersecurity workforces of 2026-2028 to work with and against emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Conducted through a workshop held in two parts at a cybersecurity education conference, findings came both from a semi-structured interview with a panel of experts as well as small workgroups of professionals answering seven scenario-based questions. Data was thematically analyzed, with major findings emerging about the need to refocus cybersecurity STEM at the middle school level with problem-based learning, the disconnects between workforce operations and cybersecurity operators, the …
The Appropriateness Of Outlier Exclusion Approaches Depends On The Expected Contamination: Commentary On André (2022), Daniel Villanova
The Appropriateness Of Outlier Exclusion Approaches Depends On The Expected Contamination: Commentary On André (2022), Daniel Villanova
Marketing Faculty Publications and Presentations
In a recent article, André (2022) addressed the decision to exclude outliers using a threshold across conditions or within conditions and offered a clear recommendation to avoid within-conditions exclusions because of the possibility for large false-positive inflation. In this commentary, I note that André’s simulations did not include the situation for which within-conditions exclusion has previously been recommended—when across-conditions exclusion would exacerbate selection bias. Examining test performance in this situation confirms the recommendation for within-conditions exclusion in such a circumstance. Critically, the suitability of exclusion criteria must be considered in relationship to assumptions about data-generating mechanisms.
The Effect Of Sustainability Information Disclosure On The Cost Of Equity Capital: An Empirical Analysis Based On Gartner Top 50 Supply Chain Rankings, Lingyu Li, Xianrong Zheng, Shuxi Wang
The Effect Of Sustainability Information Disclosure On The Cost Of Equity Capital: An Empirical Analysis Based On Gartner Top 50 Supply Chain Rankings, Lingyu Li, Xianrong Zheng, Shuxi Wang
Information Technology & Decision Sciences Faculty Publications
While disclosing financial information has been widely proved to reduce the financing cost of a company, the impact of non-financial information, such as sustainability information, disclosing on the financing cost of the company is still in debate. The goal of this paper is to explore the impact of disclosing sustainability-related information on the cost of equity for firms. The paper first introduces the concept of sustainability information disclosure, and then exhibits its benefit through exploring its impact on reducing a firm’s financing cost. It uses the Gartner supply chain top 50 rankings to construct the experiment environment to test for …
Managing The Creative Frontier Of Generative Ai: The Novelty-Usefulness Tradeoff, Anirban. Mukherjee, Hannah H. Chang
Managing The Creative Frontier Of Generative Ai: The Novelty-Usefulness Tradeoff, Anirban. Mukherjee, Hannah H. Chang
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
In this paper, drawing inspiration from the human creativity literature, we explore the optimal balance between novelty and usefulness in generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. We posit that overemphasizing either aspect can lead to limitations such as hallucinations and memorization. Hallucinations, characterized by AI responses containing random inaccuracies or falsehoods, emerge when models prioritize novelty over usefulness. Memorization, where AI models reproduce content from their training data, results from an excessive focus on usefulness, potentially limiting creativity. To address these challenges, we propose a framework that includes domain-specific analysis, data and transfer learning, user preferences and customization, custom evaluation metrics, …
Beyond Anthropomorphism: Unraveling The True Priorities Of Chatbot Usage In Smes, Tamas Makany, Sungjong Roh, Kotaro Hara, Jie Min Hua, Felicia Si Ying Goh, Wilson Yang Jie Teh
Beyond Anthropomorphism: Unraveling The True Priorities Of Chatbot Usage In Smes, Tamas Makany, Sungjong Roh, Kotaro Hara, Jie Min Hua, Felicia Si Ying Goh, Wilson Yang Jie Teh
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
This study examined business communication practices with chatbots among various Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) stakeholders in Singapore, including business owners/employees, customers, and developers. Through qualitative interviews and chatbot transcript analysis, we investigated two research questions: (1) How do the expectations of SME stakeholders compare to the conversational design of SME chatbots? and (2) What are the business reasons for SMEs to add human-like features to their chatbots? Our findings revealed that functionality is more crucial than anthropomorphic characteristics, such as personality and name. Stakeholders preferred chatbots that explicitly identified themselves as machines to set appropriate expectations. Customers prioritized efficiency, …