Business Commons^™

Legislative Development Of Patent Law In Morocco, Mohamed Mahboubi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Innovation is a key factor for economic development. However, economic actors wouldn’t invest in innovation without legal protection which is one of the most important conditions of this strategic choice. This article examines the legislative development of patent protection in Morocco, highlighting the main reforms and the progressive strengthening of legal safeguards in line with international standards.

Moroccan Trademark Law, Nadia Azddou

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The origin of the trademarks protection goes back to the antiquity. But the proclamation of the system of freedom of trade and industry and with the advent of mechanization and the considerable development of the industry of the nineteenth century, the trademarks protection appeared in its modern sense. This movement initiated an international dynamic of harmonization and conventions, and Morocco adhered to most of these treaties. The aim of this study is to review the legislative evolution of trademark protection in Morocco and to highlight the main contributions of Moroccan law, as well as its remaining shortcomings and possible corrective …

Moroccan Law On Geographical Indications (Gi) And Appellations Of Origin (Ao), Mohamed Jaouhar

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

If there is no doubt nowadays on the importance of Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin and on their positive impact on economic development because of the value they bring to products especially to Moroccan products, this has not always been the case before, under the Moroccan law. These distinctive signs indicate not only the geographical origin of a product, but also one or more particular features that the region concerned contributes to confer on them. Moroccan law has undergone an important evolution on this issue, with a tendency towards an enhancement of the protection of the Geographical Indications (GI) …

Editorial, Mohamed Jaouhar

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Intellectual property is primarily characterized as an intangible form of property, as it relates to the human intellect and to ideas resulting from creative activity. It is recognized as a natural right and enjoys strong international protection, notably under Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In Morocco, this protection is also constitutionally guaranteed. The paper traces the historical development of industrial property law in Morocco, from the 1916 Dahir to Law 17-97 and its subsequent amendments, highlighting the influence of international agreements and the progressive alignment with international standards.

Means Of Evidence And Investigation In Land Registration Disputes Under Law 14-07, Idriss Karkin

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The paper explores the main investigative and evidentiary measures used in land registration disputes, with emphasis on the developments introduced by Law 14-07. It reviews the role of the competent judge in conducting site inspections, ordering expert reports, hearing parties and witnesses, and relying on technical and cadastral documentation to establish the facts. The author discusses practical difficulties encountered in applying these measures and underlines their importance for reaching accurate findings and fair decisions in complex real estate disputes.

Law 14-07: A Revised Legal Framework For The Land Title Registration Procedure, Aissam Zine-Dine

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article presents Law 14-07 as a redesigned legal framework governing land title registration (immatriculation fonciere) in Morocco. It outlines the objectives of the reform, including improving legal security, clarifying procedures, and strengthening the reliability of land registers. The paper also notes persistent challenges—such as limited territorial coverage of registered titles and the continued use of informal practices—that contribute to land disputes. The author argues for broader adoption of the registration system and for continued procedural modernization to reduce litigation and enhance property rights protection.

Limits Of The Registrar’S Powers Regarding Objections In The Land Registration Procedure: Between Legal Text And Practice, Abdelkader Boubekri

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article examines the scope and limits of the land registrar’s powers when handling objections (taaroud) within the land registration procedure. Through a comparison between statutory provisions and practical application, it discusses admissibility conditions, procedural deadlines, documentation requirements, and common sources of dispute or abuse. The author highlights gaps between legal norms and administrative practice and proposes clarifications that could improve consistency, protect stakeholders’ rights, and reduce litigation in land registration matters.

Reflections On Precautionary Registration Under Law 14-07, Mohamed Ibn Haj Essolami

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article discusses precautionary registration (tahfid) as a provisional entry in the Moroccan land registry system, focusing on the reforms introduced by Law 14-07. It clarifies the concept, legal basis, and key characteristics of precautionary registration, explains the situations in which it may be requested, and outlines its protective function while a dispute is pending. The paper also highlights practical implications for right holders and the interaction between precautionary registration and subsequent registrations, with the aim of strengthening legal certainty in real estate transactions.

Cultivating The Creative Ecosystem Amid The Disruption Of Ai, Sarah Oconnell

Tradition Innovations in Arts, Design, and Media Higher Education

Can humanity’s creativity, our artistic intelligence, thrive in symbiosis with the disruptive forces of technology’s Artificial Intelligence in work, media and education? “Who is responsible?” may be the more important question as we face a future infused with AI. Impacted individuals and industries cannot wait for ambiguous political powers to determine AI regulatory policy. They must develop strategies for critique and discernment in real time to prevent the technology’s disruption in society from devolving into oppressive dysfunction.

Who is responsible for cultivating the balance that sustains humanity? Scholars and practitioners with artistic intelligence are adaptive catalysts for collaborative problem solving …

Usaid Grant Recipient Data Fy2002-2025, Susan Turner Haynes

Faculty Works

Grant recipient data from USAID from fiscal years 2002-2025.

Amazigh Identity: From Discrimination To Reconciliation—A Struggle For Recognition, Khalid Ouassou

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This paper analyzes the conditions that fostered the emergence of a renewed identity perspective grounded in Amazigh linguistic and cultural rights. It traces the trajectory from denial to recognition after decades of advocacy, across institutional, political, public‑policy, and legal arenas. The article also argues that further guarantees and implementation measures remain necessary to secure the effective enjoyment of Morocco’s linguistic and cultural pluralism and to consolidate a durable process of reconciliation and recognition.

Linguistic Inequalities And Social Mobility In Morocco, Ismahane El Kallal

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Morocco’s plurilingual context assigns unequal status and functions to languages and varieties, turning linguistic resources into potential instruments of domination and discrimination. This article examines how linguistic inequalities affect social mobility by shaping access to educational credentials, socially valued occupations, and opportunities for social advancement. Drawing on an empirical study, it shows how unequal linguistic capital influences communication, self‑confidence, and social positioning, and how these inequalities are reproduced through institutions and everyday interactions.

Non-Muslims In Morocco Between Discrimination And Stigmatization: The Case Of Christians And Bahá’Ís, Mohammed Akdid

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This paper explores the limits of freedom of religion in Morocco and the restrictions experienced by non‑Muslims, particularly Moroccans who convert to other faiths. It draws on an empirical study with a sample of university students and complements the findings with testimonies from members of two non‑Muslim communities—Christians and Bahá’ís. The article analyzes social representations, attitudes, and lived experiences within Morocco’s social, political, and religious environment, highlighting mechanisms of stigmatization, constraints on public expression of belief, and the challenges of integration.

Scientific Output Of University Faculty: Causes Of Gender Inequality In The Academic Sphere, Sanaa Doukkali

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This study investigates individual and institutional factors associated with scientific output among Moroccan university faculty in the humanities and social sciences, with particular attention to gender differences. Scientific output is measured through a composite score of publications over the past ten years. Based on a sample of 341 academics (105 women and 236 men), results show generally low productivity and a lower level among women. For women, output is mainly linked to rank, involvement in editorial/review activities, and external solicitations, while time‑consuming family responsibilities constrain research time. Institutional variables (teaching load, promotion, support, governance) explain little of the variation, suggesting …

Discrimination Experienced By Single Mothers In Morocco, Hind Chokri

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Despite legal reforms and Morocco’s ratification of international instruments aimed at combating discrimination and violence against women, single mothers continue to face persistent stigma and multiple forms of discrimination. This article analyzes the legal, social, and economic determinants that shape discrimination across the life course of single mothers. It reviews the legal status of single mothers and their children under Moroccan legislation and highlights barriers to protection, social inclusion, and economic opportunities.

Fiscal Injustice, Wiam Aboulhouda

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Fiscal questions have become increasingly central to public debate and are closely linked to widening inequalities. This article examines fiscal injustice in the context of globalization, intensified international tax competition, and the shifting of tax burdens toward less mobile bases. It discusses how the tax–public good relationship is framed and how heavy taxation may be perceived as unfair, producing economic, social, and psychological consequences such as tax incivility and resistance. Focusing on Morocco, the article questions which tax structures are perceived as fairest and how redistribution is experienced and evaluated by citizens.

The Effectiveness Of Economic And Social Rights In Rural Morocco, Safaa Sniny

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

The effectiveness of economic and social rights in rural areas remains a major challenge in Morocco. This study assesses everyday inequalities by examining the actual enjoyment of fundamental rights in two regions—Marrakech–Tensift–Al Haouz and Taza–Al Hoceima–Taounate—using a mixed‑methods design that combines quantitative and qualitative data. The findings indicate insufficient effectiveness across key indicators, including access to education, healthcare, and basic infrastructure, with particularly adverse outcomes for women and the poorest populations.

Representations And Perceptions Of Inequality Between Resignation And Protest: A Sociological Approach, Toufik Rahmouni

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article examines social inequalities through lived experience and everyday perceptions. Moroccan society produces multiple forms of inequality embedded in social order, socialization processes, and internalized value systems. Using an empirical survey, the study identifies how respondents describe and classify inequalities and how these perceptions relate to feelings of injustice and relative frustration. It also explores the main attitudes adopted in the face of inequality and discrimination—ranging from resignation and moral/religious endurance to forms of dissent and protest. The analysis suggests that perceived inequality does not automatically translate into open protest; many actors rely on pragmatic cost–benefit reasoning and develop …

Exploring The Role Of Occupational Therapy In The Delivery Of Trauma-Informed Services To Hospital-Based Clients Ot, Frank Czuba

Journal of Applied Disciplines

Hospitalization can traumatize clients and impact overall health outcomes, leading to increased hospital readmission rates and resulting in a negative impact for both clients and providers. Limited information exists regarding how hospital-based occupational therapists evaluate and address trauma, even though incorporating trauma-informed principles into professional practice can enhance the occupational therapy process. The study explored the comprehension and perceived significance of trauma-informed tenets among occupational therapists delivering services in hospital-based settings. A quantitative research study with an exploratory design was implemented to explore how occupational therapists (OT) understand and utilize trauma-informed practices with their clients in a hospital setting. An …

Closing The Open Door: Curbing The Corporate Exploitation Of Tax Loopholes, Michael Fouladi

St. Thomas Law Review

Corporate America has long been the standard for business, serving as a beacon of hope to aspiring pioneers, entrepreneurs, liars, cheats, and frauds. With the rise of consumerism, citizens have become increasingly reliant on goods provided by corporations for their survival, as a result of local and familyowned businesses slowly disappearing due to acquisitions, takeovers, or bankruptcy filings. Subsequently, corporations today are more profitable, accounting for inflation, than ever before in American history. Ironically, however, corporate taxes are contributing less to the United States (U.S.) Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”) than ever before. Through the current system of tax collection, revenue …

Enhancing Military Health System Organizational Efficiency And Quality Of Care Through A Social-Ecological Framework, Eric L. Peipelman

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Timely and fair adjudication of incivility-related actions within the Department of Defense (DoD) and Military Health System (MHS) is increasingly crucial for maintaining accountability, mission readiness, and quality of care. Ongoing delays in resolving workplace complaints and inefficiencies in resource-heavy adjudications highlight the need to shift from reactive complaint handling toward proactive civility promotion and transparent decision-making. This Integrated Learning Experience (ILE) introduces the Peipelman Civility Discussion and Assessment Toolkit (PCDAT)—a comprehensive, evidence-based framework designed to improve civility, optimize resources, and enhance communication, even in the MHS. Based on the Social-Ecological Model (SEM) and adapted from the Workplace Power and …

How To Evaluate Non-Majority Control: What History And Statutes Tell Us—Part Ii: The Definitional Consensus, J. Travis Laster

Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law

This Article and a companion piece explore the claim that the functional school was novel and anomalous. The companion article examines the approaches that courts have historically taken when evaluating non-majority control (the “Historical Article”). The Historical Article demonstrates that functionalism has been the dominant approach since at least 1912, while the formal school is a recent innovation. Its tenets emerged in 2006 and coalesced in a recognizable framework around 2014. The Historical Article identifies the core claims of the two schools. 

This Article examines statutory definitions of control. It focuses on statutory regimes that use the concept of control …

Antitrust And Tech Giants: Learning From United States V. Google Llc, Marcus D’Agostino

Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law

This Note addresses the evolution of antitrust regulation and enforcement in the United States, with a focus on the recent case of United States v. Google LLC. That case is used to frame the broader problem of insufficient remedies being implemented against large technology firms. The mild remedies granted to the government in Google reinforce the findings of the 2020 Congressional Report on Digital Competition. The Report recommended changes to the antitrust laws that would revive structural separation as a remedy. This Note argues that the body of evidence presented compels structural separation to be used more frequently as the …

Corporations’ First Amendment Rights And Algorithmic Cocoons, Sol Murgui Orsucci

Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law

This Note examines how corporate First Amendment doctrine applies to algorithmic systems that curate commercial information and public discourse across online platforms. Courts have increasingly treated ranking, recommendation, and moderation practices as exercises of protected editorial judgment. At the same time, the Court has justified protection for corporate speech in part by reference to listener-centered interests in access to information and competitive comparison. This Note argues that the interaction between these doctrinal strands and contemporary algorithmic intermediation reveals a structural tension. Data-driven optimization can generate individualized informational environments—what this Note terms “algorithmic cocoons”—in which users encounter content, offers, and prices …

J Am Coll Dent 2026 92 2b

Journal of the American College of Dentists

This special issue of the Journal of the American College of Dentists responds to a growing but long-underrecognized demand for humanities and ethics in dental education, practice, and scholarship. It emerges from the work of the National Collaborative on Humanities and Ethics in Dentistry (NCHED), a multi-institutional partnership formed in 2023 to address the persistent exclusion of dentistry from broader health humanities conversations. Through national webinars and scholarly collaboration, NCHED has demonstrated substantial interest in ethical reflection, historical analysis, narrative inquiry, and the arts as essential to understanding oral health and dental care.

The unexpectedly strong response to the call …

Remarks On The College Athlete As Employees In The Name, Image, And Likeness Landscape, Dan Nash

Dickinson Law Review (2017-Present)

No abstract provided.

Complying With Title Ix In The Nil Era, Benjamin Moyer

Dickinson Law Review (2017-Present)

On July 1, 2021, college athletics forever changed when the NCAA allowed college athletes to receive financial compensation for the use of their Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) in endorsements and other marketing engagements. While NIL has empowered college athletes and enabled them to profit from their athletic abilities, it has also thrown the college sports industry into chaos. The House v. NCAA settlement agreement, which was officially approved on June 6, 2025, was expected to establish better guardrails for universities. However, the agreement’s approval may only increase universities’ exposure under Title IX. Part of the House settlement agreement enables …

The Future Of Title Ix After House V. Ncaa, Abigail Perkiss

Dickinson Law Review (2017-Present)

In October 2025, attorneys representing current and former Division I college athletes filed preliminary briefs in the Ninth Circuit, calling on the appellate court to reverse the settlement in House v. NCAA,¹ which in April 2025 turned intercollegiate athletics on its head. The brief argued that the terms of the settlement stand in violation of Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amendments, the legislation that prohibited sex-based discrimination in education programs and related activities that receive federal funding. According to the settlement terms, 90 percent of the backpay is earmarked to fund men’s football and basketball players, 5 percent …

A Level Playing Field: Title Ix, The House Settlement, And A Sustainable Solution For College Athletics, Delaney Sniffen, Kirk Wolff

Dickinson Law Review (2017-Present)

Collegiate student-athletes are increasingly viewed as employees by scholars, judges, and the market, though not yet by colleges or Congress. As stakeholders press Congress to clarify, universities must balance NLRA labor rights for athletes who likely meet the employee test with Title IX obligations tied to federal funding; neither can be sacrificed. This Essay traces gender discrimination that constrained women’s sports; explains why many athletes satisfy the NLRA employee test; and underscores Title IX’s central role in women’s equal participation. It shows how recognizing athletes as employees would modify the Title IX analysis and create tension between collective bargaining and …

Is Being A Shareholder ‘In Name Only’ A Problem?, Daniel Schulte Jd

The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association

This column addresses the legal risks for Michigan dentists entering "shareholder in name only" agreements with non-dentist entities. Michigan law requires dental practices to be owned by licensed dentists to ensure professional control over public healthcare. Arrangements where management companies or manufacturers can reclaim stock for a nominal fee effectively strip the dentist of true ownership. This lack of control can lead to ethical conflicts, such as pressure to sell specific appliances regardless of professional judgment. Engaging in such schemes may endanger a dentist's license by thwarting state laws intended to protect clinical independence.