History Commons^™

"Saper La Mente Della Soa Beatitudine": Pope Paul Ii And The Ambassadorial Community In Rome (1464-71), Paul M. Dover

Paul Dover

This article examines the practice of the ambassadors sent by the Italian states to the court of Pope Paul II (1464-1471), focusing in particular on how they have embraced their role as an informant. Since Paul was a pope unstable, often impenetrable and inaccessible, the ambassadors were often obliged to obtain information about the Pope and his intentions indirectly. Relying heavily on the Roman diplomatic correspondence during the pontificate of Paul, this article shows how ambassadors have built networks of contacts within the papal court to ensure a continuous supply of useful information and in time. These networks thus comprised …

Royal Diplomacy In Renaissance Italy: Ferrante D’Aragona (1458–1494) And His Ambassadors, Paul M. Dover

Paul Dover

This article examines the diplomatic challenges faced by the king of Naples, Ferrante d'Aragona (1458-1494) and the activity of his ambassadors in meeting those challenges. It identifies Rome, Florence and Milan as the three most important nodes of Ferrante's diplomacy and looks in detail at the activity of the ambassadors who served in these postings. In the area of diplomatic praxis, Ferrante enthusiastically embraced changes pioneered by Francesco Sforza, the Duke of Milan (1450-1466), including the use of permanent resident ambassadors and diplomatic chanceries. This was very much in keeping with Ferrante's pragmatic approach to statecraft and counters the widely …

No Witness, No Case: An Assessment Of The Conduct And Quality Of Icc Investigations, Dermot Groome

Dermot M Groome

The conduct and quality of investigations pursued by the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court have come under increasing scrutiny and criticism from judges on the Court. Criticism is directed at the time and length of investigations; the quality of the evidence advanced in court; the inappropriate delegation of investigative functions, and the failure to interview witnesses in a way that is consistent with the Prosecution’s obligation to conduct investigations fairly under Article 54 of the Rome Statute. This essay explores these criticisms and concludes that the judges are justified in their concerns regarding the Prosecution’s investigative …

Translating Scholarship Into Policy, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Amy C. Gaudion

Amy C. Gaudion

There is an ever widening gap between conflict resolution policy makers and scholars—a tragedy given practitioners’ dire need for new ideas to help resolve deadly conflicts and the growing knowledge researchers have to share. Research tends to swing like a pendulum between analytic and rigorous methods and accessible and relevant approaches. We reject this tradeoff. We believe that research can be simultaneously rigorous and relevant, and analytic and accessible. Given the devastating loss of life associated with armed conflict, the need for translating research results into policy prescriptions is especially strong in peacemaking. The goal of this issue of the …

Canal Boy To President 1881 Miller Ed.Pdf, Jon Miller

Jon Miller

No abstract provided.

War Aims And War Aims Discussions (China), Lukas K. Danner

Dr. Lukas K. Danner

No abstract provided.

Paris Peace Conference 1919 Simulation, Kitty Lam

Kitty Lam

This lesson plan for high school students in World History and United States History courses is related to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Students will simulate a meeting of the Paris Peace Conference to determine the terms of peace after the First World War. Eight delegations are represented in this simulation: United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Germany, Kingdom of the Hejaz, Zionist League. The goals of this simulation are to develop student understanding about the post-war priorities of the "Big Four", the role of the First World War in shaping geopolitics in the Middle East, the significance …

Chilean Coup – Un General Assembly Meeting Simulation Scenario And Background Readings, Kitty Lam

Kitty Lam

This lesson plan for high school students in World History and United States History courses is related to Augusto Pinochet's 1973 coup d'etat in Chile. Students will simulate a fictitious United Nations General Assembly Meeting in December 1973 to address the crisis in Chile. This lesson is based on material from the CNN Cold War documentary series, episode 18 "Backyard" and primary source material from "Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, September 11, 1973", National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 8, by Peter Kornbluh (http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8i.htm). There are two documents related to this lesson …

Ambassadors For The Kingdom Of God Or For America? Christian Nationalism, The Christian Right, And The Contra War, Lauren Frances Turek

Lauren Turek

This essay uses the concept of Christian nationalism to explore the religious dynamics of the Contra war and U.S.–Nicaraguan relations during Ronald Reagan’s presidency. Religious organizations and individuals played crucial roles on both sides in the war in Nicaragua and in the debates in the United States over support for the Contras. Evangelistic work strengthened transnational ties between Christians, but also raised the stakes of the war; supporters of the Sandinistas and Contras alike alleged a victory by their adversary imperiled the future of Christianity in Nicaragua. Christian nationalism thus manifested itself and intertwined in both the United States and …

Napalm: More Than A Weapon, Edwin Martini

Edwin A. Martini

This book will explore the military, political, and cultural history of napalm across time and space. Moving beyond the Vietnam War, this book will examine the use of napalm by the United States in World War Two, Korea, and elsewhere, and its proliferation in other countries’ arsenals as well. It will also explore the many cultural representations of napalm in the post-Vietnam war world.

From Paper To Electronic Order: The Digitalization Of The Check In The Usa*, Benjamin Geva

Benjamin Geva

No abstract provided.

Review Of Diplomacy In Renaissance Rome: The Rise Of The Resident Ambassador, By Catherine Fletcher., Brian Maxson

Brian J. Maxson

No abstract provided.

Review Of The Duke’S Assassin: Exile And Death Of Lorenzino De’ Medici, By Stefano Dall'aglio, Trans. By Donald Weinstein., Brian J. Maxson

Brian J. Maxson

The Tear That Does Not Mend: A Review Of 'Freedom, Trauma, Continuities: Northern India And Independence', Haimanti Roy

Haimanti Roy

Academic attention on Indian Independence and Partition has hitherto been focused mainly on the political and the "sheer teleology to the climax in August 1947 when British power was formally transferred." Freedom, Trauma, Continuities: Northern India and Independence, in the view of its editors as well as its contributors, is an attempt to examine other developments, no less momentous, during this period. The book, which is a collection of 12 essays by different authors dealing with various aspects of the Partition of 1947, attempts, as the title suggests, to document the "trauma" and find the "continuities" following "freedom."

International Activity And Domestic Law, Adam I. Muchmore

Adam I. Muchmore

This essay explores the ways States use their domestic laws to regulate activities that cross national borders. Domestic-law enforcement decisions play an underappreciated role in the development of international regulatory policy, particularly in situations where the enforcing State's power to apply its law extraterritorially is not contested. Collective action problems suggest there will be an undersupply of enforcement decisions that promote global welfare and an oversupply of enforcement decisions that promote national welfare. These collective action problems may be mitigated in part by government networks and other forms of regulatory cooperation.

Review Of David Horner,'The Spy Catchers: The Official History Of Asio, 1949-1963', Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2014, Rowan Cahill

Rowan Cahill

Critical review of the officially commissioned history of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) published in 2014.

Northern Ireland Peace Talks: Endgames, Padraig O'Malley

Padraig O'Malley

With days to go before the Northern Ireland peace talks come to a formal close, things are, to use the immortal words ofFluther in Sean O'Casey's play, The Plough and Stars, "in a state of chasis." Months of interminable bickering, the unwillingness of some parties to directly talk with others, a process in which it often appears that the key players spend more time trying to get one another thrown out of the process than with trying to bring those who are outside in, the insidious slide to more volatile sectarianism as armed extremists on both sides take random but …

Revisiting A Struggle: Port Kembla, 1938, Rowan Cahill

Rowan Cahill

A review and discussion of the 2015 documentary film 'Pig Iron Bob' (Producer/Director Sandra Pires). The focus of this film is the dramatic 2-month long boycott by Australian waterside workers in Port Kembla (NSW), 1938/39, of a cargo of Australian pig-iron bound for Japan. The workers took their action in protest against Japanese militarism and the Sino-Japanese War. The boycott enraged the conservative Australian government of the day which pulled out all stops to maintain its policy of appeasement towards Japan.

"Pragmatism Vs. Idealism In Jeffersonian Statecraft: A Review Of Francis D. Cogliano's Emperor Of Liberty: Thomas Jefferson's Foreign Policy, Jeffrey Malanson

Jeffrey J. Malanson

No abstract provided.

Addressing America: George Washington's Farewell And The Making Of National Culture, Politics, And Diplomacy, 1796-1852, Jeffrey Malanson

Jeffrey J. Malanson

No abstract provided.

Dolbadarn Castle, Caernarfonshire: A Thirteenth Century Royal Landscape, Spencer Smith

Spencer Gavin Smith

No abstract provided.

Panel 10: "Intentions And Interests: Human Rights, Sovereignty, And The Syrian Civil War", Chandler T. Jameson Mr.

Chandler T Jameson Mr.

According to the Violations Documentation Center in Syria, somewhere around 89,000 people have been killed in the Syrian Civil War since March of 2011. Of this number nearly 64% of these deaths were civilians caught in the middle between the Rebel Forces and the Regime. As the violence has escalated, both sides have started to do away with any regard towards human rights. The government has deployed the use of both conventional and chemical weapons to devastating effect upon the population, indiscriminately firing artillery shells into neighborhoods. The Rebels have increasingly turned to Islamist ideology and organizations for support and …

Frederick Ii: Holy Roman Emperor Extraordinaire, Prose/Poem 7/23/2014, Charles Kay Smith

Charles Kay Smith

Frederick avoided fighting the 6th Crusade by negotiating a peaceful sharing of Jerusalem by people of all faiths. No doubt it helped that he spoke Arabic and personally engaged in five months of negotiations rather than combat.

The Certame Coronario, Ritual, And Diplomacy In Fifteenth-Century Florence, Brian Maxson

Brian J. Maxson

Foreign Policy In The Presidential Era, Jeffrey Malanson

Jeffrey J. Malanson

No abstract provided.

“Monroe’S Doctrine Or Monroe Doctrines? A Review Of Jay Sexton’S The Monroe Doctrine: Empire And Nation In Nineteenth-Century America”, Jeffrey Malanson

Jeffrey J. Malanson

No abstract provided.

The Prohibition On The Use Of Force For Arms Control: The Case Of Iran’S Nuclear Program, Mary Ellen O'Connell, Reyam El Molla

Mary Ellen O'Connell

International law does not permit the use of military force against Iran to attempt to end its nuclear program. The resort to military force in international relations is covered first and foremost by Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter. Article 2(4) is a general prohibition on resort to force that includes resort to military force for arms control, including nuclear weapons control. The Charter has two express but limited exceptions to the ban on military force. A state that is the victim of a significant armed attack may use force in necessary and proportional self-defense; the United Nations Security …

“Eisenhower Doctrine”, Imperialism And Expansionism In American History: A Social, Political, And Cultural Encyclopedia, Abc-Clio (2014). Print & Online., Kevin Brown

Kevin P Brown

No abstract provided.

Police-Building And The Responsibility To Protect: Civil Society, Gender And Human Rights Culture In Oceania, Charles Hawksley, Nichole Georgeou

Nichole Georgeou

Forthcoming: This book examines how the United Nations and states provide assistance for the police services of developing states to help them meet their human rights obligations to their citizens, under the responsibility to protect (R2P) provisions. It examines police-capacity building ("police-building") by international donors in Timor-Leste, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea (PNG). All three states have been described as "fragile states" and "states of concern", and all have witnessed significant social tensions and violence in the past decades. The authors argue that globally police-building forms part of an attempt to make states "safe" so that they can adhere …

Manifest Destiny: The Monroe Doctrine And Westward Expansion (1816-1861), Jeffrey Malanson

Jeffrey J. Malanson

No abstract provided.