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Articles 1 - 30 of 89
Full-Text Articles in History
Princes, Patriarch, And The People: William Of Tyre And Popular Legitimacy In The People’S Crusade And The Principality Of Antioch, 1095-1143, Nicholas T. Thompson
Princes, Patriarch, And The People: William Of Tyre And Popular Legitimacy In The People’S Crusade And The Principality Of Antioch, 1095-1143, Nicholas T. Thompson
The Purdue Historian
This paper will focus on popular legitimacy in regard to William of Tyre’s coverage of the People’s Crusade in the 1090s and the Principality of Antioch from 1130-1143. This paper involves a discussion of Peter the Hermit, Alice of Antioch, Ralph of Domfront, and Raymond of Antioch as depicted in A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea. In his discussion of these political figures, William reveals his understanding of popular legitimacy, namely what makes popular action acceptable and unacceptable. The analysis focuses on how William uses popular action to tailor legitimacy in accordance with his political narrative. This work …
Alexander Ramsey And The Ojibwe, Tyler Kliegl
Alexander Ramsey And The Ojibwe, Tyler Kliegl
The Purdue Historian
Alexander Ramsey had a long political career within state and national branches of the United States government. A lesser-known part of his actions in government were his interactions with the Ojibwe Native Americans. His personal actions led to the creation of multiple Ojibwe reservations, but in different Ojibwe bands, they chose to resist. Never in the same way and always at a disadvantage. The hope is to demonstrate how an individual may lead to U.S. policies involving Native Americans and how Native Americans were not passive in these decisions and found multiple routes in dealing with the United States government.
Medicinal Vibrations, Lauren E. Gardner
Medicinal Vibrations, Lauren E. Gardner
The Purdue Historian
In the course of the mid to late 20th and 21st centuries the term "vibrator" has been synonymous with sexual gratification and the female sex drive. However, its original usage is more in line with a therapeutic medical treatment administered and recommended by medical professionals. In this article the history of the vibrator discusses the roots of medicines views on the female body and the ways in which their ailments were treated, with medicine not fully understanding the female sexual gratification of clitoral stimulation until the 1920s. These previous decades are colored by ancient understandings of the female sex and …
A Sense Of Loss: The Effect Of Prisoner Camp Conditions On German Pows’ Masculinity During The First World War, Analucia Lugo
A Sense Of Loss: The Effect Of Prisoner Camp Conditions On German Pows’ Masculinity During The First World War, Analucia Lugo
The Purdue Historian
During the First World War, almost a million German soldiers became prisoners of war (POW) and held captive in enemy camps. The moment of capture and arrest caused these men to experience debilitating emotions, including guilt and fear. Varied conditions at POW camps bolstered these responses and often determined prisoner health and morale throughout the war. This article examines how camps in Britain, France, and Russia treated German POWs, and how German nationalism affected these soldiers' senses of masculinity and patriotism during and after the war.
The Death Of Glasnost And Perestroika, Matthew B. Zechiel
The Death Of Glasnost And Perestroika, Matthew B. Zechiel
The Purdue Historian
This paper covers the rise, fall, and ultimate destruction of the twin policies of Glasnost and Perestroika in Russia as they existed under the regimes of Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and Putin. After ascending to the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to liberalize the USSR through his policies of Glasnost and Perestroika. While these policies were not always followed under Gorbachev, it is clear that they were relatively successful at creating a freer society and state. However, these policies began to whither under Yeltsin, as the state, particularly the office of President, …
Where To Test A Nuclear Bomb, Tyler Kliegl
Where To Test A Nuclear Bomb, Tyler Kliegl
The Purdue Historian
The United States detonated three underground nuclear bombs on a far-off Alaskan island called Amchitka in the 1960s and 70s. The goal is to understand what the motive of the United States in selecting Amchitka over the endless potential sites to test at were. What makes a place worthy in being tested on, or unworthy in being left alone. How does the United States deal with resistance from locals and other organizations, fighting to prevent their tests.
The American West And Nozick’S Theory Of Entitlements, Kaitlyn E. Price
The American West And Nozick’S Theory Of Entitlements, Kaitlyn E. Price
The Purdue Historian
Customary law emphasizing the protection of private property rights rather than the authoritative assertion of the law characterized expansion into the American West from 1848-1895. The subsequent legal systems developed in a minarchistic manner that aligned with Robert Nozick’s “theory of entitlements,” leading to the adoption of a “night-watchman state.” This theory asserts that a society built upon customary law that focuses on the protection of individual rights will undoubtedly develop a protective body to safeguard these rights in pursuit of the third principle, the “rectification of justice.” Thus, the chaotic and often disorganized way the West’s extralegal and formal …
Shifting Approaches, Innovative Methods: Collection Histories As A Tool To Move Beyond William Fagg’S ‘Lower Niger Bronze Industry Mystery’, Imogen Coulson, Julie Hudson, Sam Nixon
Shifting Approaches, Innovative Methods: Collection Histories As A Tool To Move Beyond William Fagg’S ‘Lower Niger Bronze Industry Mystery’, Imogen Coulson, Julie Hudson, Sam Nixon
Artl@s Bulletin
At the end of 2019, the British Museum launched a new research project focusing on copper alloy objects associated with the Lower Niger Bronze Industry. The aim was to increase knowledge of these objects through a combination of provenance and collection history research and scientific analysis. This paper will outline the earlier art historical-focused approach to the Lower Niger Bronzes corpus and will then describe the new research and its methodology. Initial findings will be presented through a case study of objects from the Forcados River in the Niger Delta region of present-day Nigeria. In doing so, we aim to …
Monitoring Of Caucasus Heritage Sites Facing Cultural Genocide, Peyton Edelbrock
Monitoring Of Caucasus Heritage Sites Facing Cultural Genocide, Peyton Edelbrock
The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research
No abstract provided.
Les Expositions Turnus, Une Page D’Histoire Transnationale Des Beaux-Arts En Suisse À La Fin Du Xixe Siècle. Et Comment Découvrir Les Humanités Numériques, Béatrice Joyeux-Prunel
Les Expositions Turnus, Une Page D’Histoire Transnationale Des Beaux-Arts En Suisse À La Fin Du Xixe Siècle. Et Comment Découvrir Les Humanités Numériques, Béatrice Joyeux-Prunel
Artl@s Bulletin
Cet article présente le travail de la classe d’introduction aux humanités numériques de l’Université de Genève sur les expositions Turnus en Suisse à partir des années 1840. Près de 50 catalogues ont été retranscrits, décrits et structurés à l’aide de scripts Python, puis géolocalisés. Les données ont été ajoutées à BasArt, le répertoire mondial de catalogues d’expositions d’Artl@s (https://artlas.huma-num.fr/map). Elles permettent de mieux comprendre les premières années de ces expositions et leurs dynamiques locales, fédérales et internationales. Le Turnus fut une plaque tournante pour les artistes suisses, voire un tremplin vers le marché européen de l’art.
Mediatization Of The Early Automobile: A Visual Analysis Of The Illustrated Press In The Late 19th And Early 20th Century, Nicola Carboni
Mediatization Of The Early Automobile: A Visual Analysis Of The Illustrated Press In The Late 19th And Early 20th Century, Nicola Carboni
Artl@s Bulletin
The paper presents a digital analysis of automobile imagery in the early 20th-century press, examining the mediatization of the anti-car movement and the role images played in conveying and furthering the activist discourse. To investigate the phenomenon, the author compiled and analyzed over 5,000 images from in 185 journals published in 45 cities between 1891 and 1950. The analysis revealed a preponderance of positive representations of the automobile in the press, whilst evidence of negative sentiment towards the automobile, such as protests and accidents, was conspicuously absent, with the exception of satirical publications.
War And Peace. The Film Iconeme Of The Urban Square As Image Of Europe In Transition (1944-1948), Paolo Villa
War And Peace. The Film Iconeme Of The Urban Square As Image Of Europe In Transition (1944-1948), Paolo Villa
Artl@s Bulletin
A central feature of European urban landscapes, the square represents the public space par excellence. At the end of WW2 and in the immediate postwar time, the role of cinema in representing and reimagining urban squares was crucial. Through film images, they became the stage and the mirror of a Europe in transition. This contribution, examining Italian, French, German, and Czechoslovak cases, posits the square as an essential iconeme in postwar nonfiction cinema and visual culture, acting as a fil rouge to visually retrace the path of Europe from war to peace, and into new forms of political tension.
Le Musée Des Écoles Étrangères Et Le Spectre De La Guerre En Europe Dans L’Entre-Deux- Guerres, Elena Maria Rita Rizzi
Le Musée Des Écoles Étrangères Et Le Spectre De La Guerre En Europe Dans L’Entre-Deux- Guerres, Elena Maria Rita Rizzi
Artl@s Bulletin
Cet article examine si et comment la politique artistique du Musée des Écoles étrangères à Paris dans les années 1920 et 1930 put contribuer à définir l’ « art européen » ainsi que l’espace européen. Il étudie ensuite la seule toile exposée par le musée – Europe, réalisée par l’artiste Ismaël Gonzalez de La Serna vers 1935 – qui prêta une attention particulière au sujet. Tout en mettant cette oeuvre en rapport avec les oeuvres portant sur le même sujet réalisées à l’époque par d’autres artistes, il s’agit, enfin, de comprendre la faible circulation de cette image de l’Europe, qui …
Perspectives On Changing Cultural Spaces In 19th Century Europe, Christophe Charle
Perspectives On Changing Cultural Spaces In 19th Century Europe, Christophe Charle
Artl@s Bulletin
To define the limits of European cultural spaces requires a pragmatic and empirical approach, founded on a comparative overview of the circulations of symbolic goods, of the agents involved in the processes of diffusion and mediatization of these goods, and of their modes of transmission or valorization. In this essay, I illustrate the effects of changing conditions on the specific field of 19th-century opera, one of the first international forms of cultural practice in Europe. I then consider the origins and causes of unequal cultural circulations in other fields, notably the presence or absence of mediators in these processes of …
An Imaginary* Interview With A Philippines Collections Museum Donor, Camille Ungco
An Imaginary* Interview With A Philippines Collections Museum Donor, Camille Ungco
Journal of Southeast Asian American Education and Advancement
Ontological distance is the dehumanization that emerges from uninterrogated coloniality between colonized subjects and the oppressive systems. This distancing has occurred in the histories of U.S. teachers both domestic-based and abroad, especially in Southeast Asia. In Steinbock-Pratt’s (2019) historiography on the relationships between early 1900s U.S. teachers and their Filipinx students, ontological distance was “The crux of the colonial relationship was intimacy marked by closeness without understanding, suasion backed by violence, and affection bounded by white and American supremacy” (Steinbock-Pratt, 2019, p. 214). This dehumanizing psychological or ontological distance existed during U.S. colonial regimes abroad, specifically in Southeast Asia and …
Applying The Byronic Model To The International Volunteers Of The Spanish Nationalists (1936–1939), Nathan Au
Applying The Byronic Model To The International Volunteers Of The Spanish Nationalists (1936–1939), Nathan Au
The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research
No abstract provided.
Georg Brandes And Fin De Siècle Scandinavia As A Cultural Semiperiphery, Stefan Nygård
Georg Brandes And Fin De Siècle Scandinavia As A Cultural Semiperiphery, Stefan Nygård
Artl@s Bulletin
The article centres on the practice of cultural mediation and core-periphery dynamics in Scandinavian cultural life at the turn of the twentieth century. In this period, Copenhagen functioned as a gateway in the circulation of ideas and cultural goods to and from the region, as did individual actors and cultural institutions in Denmark. Similarly, Scandinavia as a whole occupied a transitional position in global intellectual space. With extensive intellectual networks and a strategic role in the literary traffic to and from Scandinavia, the critic and intellectual Georg Brandes provides a starting point for exploring core- periphery relations.
The Marriage Between Art And Politics: Propaganda, Rebecca J. Counen
The Marriage Between Art And Politics: Propaganda, Rebecca J. Counen
The Purdue Historian
During the first half of the twentieth century Europe, Asia, and the United States faced many political/social changes and challenges amid both ideological wars and revolutions. This research paper works to analyze films from this era in order to convey the somewhat unorthodox, yet nonetheless influential and compelling, relationship between the arts and politics and how creativity is oftentimes manipulated for power and influence.
The Experience Of White Captives Among The Natives Of The Old Northwest Territory Between 1770 And 1850, Analucia Lugo
The Experience Of White Captives Among The Natives Of The Old Northwest Territory Between 1770 And 1850, Analucia Lugo
The Purdue Historian
In the late 18th to mid-19th centuries, hundreds of white settlers were taken captive by Native American groups across the Old Northwest Territory. Reasons for their capture varied from revenge to adoption, however, the treatment they received greatly depended on the captive’s gender. While females were more likely to be kept alive and better-taken care of, males faced a greater probability of facing violence or even death, though torture was common among both groups. Many captives undertook participatory roles within their respective captive communities, with some deciding to assimilate completely into a new way of life. Captivity narratives …
An Examination Of Sexist Roots Of The Psychiatric Diagnosis Of Nymphomania In 19th Century America, Madeline W. Reese
An Examination Of Sexist Roots Of The Psychiatric Diagnosis Of Nymphomania In 19th Century America, Madeline W. Reese
The Purdue Historian
During the mid to late nineteenth century, psychiatrists increasingly focused on women’s sexual deviance. Nymphomania was a diagnosis that emerged from existing scientific and popular understandings of sex and gender differences, sexual appropriateness, and morality of domestic relationships. Medical journals and popular conceptions of female sexuality are indicators of how this diagnosis was prejudiced and used exclusively for women. The nymphomaniac diagnosis was rooted in the patriarchal desire to keep women oppressed.
The Meaning And Malleableness Of Liberty From 1897-1945, Quentin E. Smith
The Meaning And Malleableness Of Liberty From 1897-1945, Quentin E. Smith
The Purdue Historian
This paper covers how the substance and meaning of liberty changed during the ending years of the Gilded Age (1870-1900) through the beginning ages of the Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968). Economic liberty took shape in the cases Allegeyer v. Louisiana (1897) and Lochner v. New York (1905). Civil liberties would take several more years to come into the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction. The case Gitlow v. New York (1925) began the establishment of incorporation of the Bill of Rights to the states, otherwise known as our fundamental liberties (note: The Supreme Court used selective incorporation, however). In the case U.S. v. …
From The Stars To The Headlines: The Propaganda Of Yuri Gagarin, Peyton Edelbrock
From The Stars To The Headlines: The Propaganda Of Yuri Gagarin, Peyton Edelbrock
The Purdue Historian
There were no haphazard decisions made by the Soviet Union when it came to choosing the first man to be sent to space. Months of training, careful planning, and well-hidden secrets eventually led to the decision of Yuri Gagarin. This led to the mass production of propaganda to spread, from Yuri Gagarin touring around the world to music being written about him, all centered around his trip to space and Soviet excellency. This propaganda still stands today in Russia, and its God-like idolization of cosmonauts is forever present.
Wealth, Desire, And Consequences Of The Antebellum Slaveholder, Macaira L. Mullen
Wealth, Desire, And Consequences Of The Antebellum Slaveholder, Macaira L. Mullen
The Purdue Historian
In the United States’ Declaration of Independence it articulates, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Walter Johnson’s book Soul by Soul delves deep into the “Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market.” The enslaved female’s life was lived as the purchased property of a white slaveholding male. This book raised some good thoughts to go along with it. Such as, looking into the slaveholder after purchase. If there were conflicted …
Organized Savagery: Legitimization Of British Occupation In The Post-Ottoman State, Jamie M. Emerson
Organized Savagery: Legitimization Of British Occupation In The Post-Ottoman State, Jamie M. Emerson
The Purdue Historian
The Great War of 1914-1918 saw the internment of hundreds of thousands of prisoners of war, captured and maintained by the hand of their enemy. Allegations and accounts of ill-treatment under the enemy’s care abounded during and after the war. Leading up to the Peace Conference of 1919, negotiators chose to account for the suffering of these prisoners in their demands for indemnities and reparations. This paper assesses how the British Parliament and press used stories about the suffering of British and Indian prisoners of war in Ottoman internment camps as a means to delegitimize Ottoman rule and legitimize British …
The Logic Of "Social Enterprise": The Big Issue Organization And New Labour Policy At The Millennial Juncture, Suman Gupta
The Logic Of "Social Enterprise": The Big Issue Organization And New Labour Policy At The Millennial Juncture, Suman Gupta
CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture
This paper explores the emergence of and policies and practices underpinning ‘social enterprise’ in Britain: that is, the concept that businesses could provide social services and benefits while returning profits to those who have invested in them. This paper argues that, in Britain, the concept was massaged into existence and adopted as a business and policy model at a particular historical juncture, in the later 1990s and early 2000s. The process involved a careful interweaving of linguistic maneuvers with financial calculations both at the level of specific businesses and at that of political regimes. This process is traced here with …
Opposing Strands: The Mediterranean As Site Of Cultural Conflict Around 1900, Neil F. Mcwilliam
Opposing Strands: The Mediterranean As Site Of Cultural Conflict Around 1900, Neil F. Mcwilliam
Artl@s Bulletin
From antiquity to the Third Republic, this article follows visual and literary representations that measured space, time and ideological oppositions that spawned an image of the Mediterranean as an area of transmission and cultural tension. It focuses on three theorists: the head of Action Française, Charles Maurras; the novelist Louis Bertrand; and critic and cultural impresario Joachim Gasquet. Each contributed to the formation of an image of the Mediterranean basin as the birthplace of European heritage and a battlefield in a struggle against the forces of democracy and cultural hybridization.
Heroes At Home: Honoring Our Nation's Veterans, Kayla Vasilko
Heroes At Home: Honoring Our Nation's Veterans, Kayla Vasilko
Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement
There are currently 17.42 million veterans living in America today. These heroes dedicated their services in World War II, the Korean War, Vietnam War, and the Gulf War, leaving home and giving up the comforts of stability, family, and guaranteed safety to ensure that America remains a stable and safe place for individuals and families to call home, yet upon returning home themselves, our nation’s veterans have had to face immense hardships. About 40,000 veterans are without shelter in the U.S. on any given night; some of the leading causes of veteran homelessness include PTSD, social isolation, unemployment, and substance …
Provincializing New York: In And Out Of The Geopolitics Of Art After 1945, Béatrice Joyeux-Prunel
Provincializing New York: In And Out Of The Geopolitics Of Art After 1945, Béatrice Joyeux-Prunel
Artl@s Bulletin
In this article, I argue that the putative global centrality of New York in art after 1945 is a construct, as it is for Paris prior to 1945. Monographs and national approaches are unsuccessful in challenging such powerful myths as these. A global, transnational and comparative approach demonstrates that the struggle for centrality was a global phenomenon after 1945, a battle that New York does not win (depending on one’s point of view) until after 1964. Rather than considering centres and peripheries as a fixed category, I propose to consider them as a strategic notion which artists and their promoters …
Notes On The Circulation Of Epistemic Images, Nina Samuel
Notes On The Circulation Of Epistemic Images, Nina Samuel
Artl@s Bulletin
Three cases of image circulation in the sciences, two from complex dynamics and one from microscopy, are discussed. The article deals with failed circulations, suspected errors, interdisciplinary communication, notebooks of scientists, the role of media shifts, mathematics and materiality, human perception, pictorial norms and conventions. It analyses how images circulate through different thought collectives and visual cultures. All three examples show different strategies of how images that break with visual traditions have been reintegrated into epistemic circulations and become “boundary objects” that are both robust and flexible.
How To Build A World Art: The Strategic Universalism Of Colour Reproductions And The Unesco Prize (1953-1968), Chiara Vitali
How To Build A World Art: The Strategic Universalism Of Colour Reproductions And The Unesco Prize (1953-1968), Chiara Vitali
Artl@s Bulletin
What role did UNESCO play in the art world of the post-war era? This article makes use of published and archival sources in order to clarify the utopia of a “World Art” that shaped UNESCO and led to the “Archives of Colour Reproductions of Works of Art”, a project of worldwide collect and diffusion of images of “masterworks” inspired by Malraux’s “Museum without walls”. This case study focuses on one particular aspect of the project, the “UNESCO Prize”, conceived by the Brazilian art critic and Marxist intellectual Mario Pedrosa for the 1953 São Paulo Biennial.