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Articles 1 - 30 of 160
Full-Text Articles in History
Judge Paul J. Mccormick: The Prelude To Desegregation In The United States, Jose Luis Castro Padilla
Judge Paul J. Mccormick: The Prelude To Desegregation In The United States, Jose Luis Castro Padilla
History in the Making
Born into a Catholic family on April 23, 1879, in New York City, Paul J. McCormick became one of Los Angeles, California’s most important federal judges. On March 21, 1946, Judge McCormick’s judgment in favor of the Mendez v. Westminster case declared California schools must desegregate. Until that time, school segregation had relied on the 1896 court case, Plessy v. Ferguson, which justified it under racial segregation. McCormick’s singular decision marked a watershed in the fight for civil rights in the United States. While Judge McCormick promoted justice, equality, and civil rights, his court decision desegregating schools on behalf of …
Student And Youth Sandinistas In Nicaragua, 1979-2018, Viviana Alvarez Rodriguez
Student And Youth Sandinistas In Nicaragua, 1979-2018, Viviana Alvarez Rodriguez
History in the Making
In June 1979, Sandinista forces in Nicaragua successfully overthrew a decades-long multi-generational United States-backed military dictatorship. The vanguard, a diverse coalition of secondary and university students, youth, clergy, and peasants, defeated the highly-trained Guardia Nacional (National Guard) and ended the authoritarian Somoza regime. This paper examines how Carlos Fonseca and other Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) leaders resisted the liberal reformist model inherited by student-youth of the late 1960s to demand a more radical political platform. By bringing a relatively isolated student movement into the masses, this paper seeks to understand how a privileged class of university students became …
Seeking Social Justice In The City Of Los Angeles: Mary Julia Workman, Jose Luis Castro Padilla
Seeking Social Justice In The City Of Los Angeles: Mary Julia Workman, Jose Luis Castro Padilla
History in the Making
Mary Julia Workman (1871–1964) was a Catholic social activist in the early twentieth century. She was the founder of the Brownson Settlement House in Los Angeles established in 1902. By the twentieth century, during the Progressive Era (1896–1916), Workman led a group of volunteer women to help immigrants, the majority being Mexicans, who were segregated and discriminated against in the growing city of Los Angeles, California. Although Catholic activism was influenced by the Protestant Progressive ideology, Workman provided social justice to the marginalized communities with education, health, and job training. In a time when Americanization efforts imposed by conservative and …
An Analysis Of American Civil War Strategy And Tactics, And The Significance Of Technological Innovations, Ryan Rethaford
An Analysis Of American Civil War Strategy And Tactics, And The Significance Of Technological Innovations, Ryan Rethaford
History in the Making
The American Civil War (1861-1865) is one of the United States’ most defining moments. It remains the deadliest war ever fought by the United States and involved many new military technologies. This paper seeks to disprove the narrative that the Union and Confederate militaries failed to utilize these new technologies to their advantage. Many primary sources from officers and enlisted men prove they were aware of the significance of these technologies and used them effectively. Furthermore, this paper will draw upon a number of secondary sources to support this argument. Repeating weapons, breech-loaded weapons, and rifling were all used efficiently …
The Double-Edged Sword: Examining The Contradictory Nature Of Savak And The U.S.-Iran Cliency Relationship, Braedon Mcghee
The Double-Edged Sword: Examining The Contradictory Nature Of Savak And The U.S.-Iran Cliency Relationship, Braedon Mcghee
History in the Making
The Iranian Revolution of 1979 marked the end of the diplomatic relationship between Iran and the United States. This relationship, cultivated by the United States throughout the Cold War, served the interests of the United States’ hegemonic quest to contain communism while also appealing to the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s political goals. This paper analyzes the complex and contradictory nature of the U.S.-Iran relationship during the reign of the Shah, specifically focusing on the role of the Shah’s brutal secret police force Sâzemân-e Ettelâ’ât va Amniat-e Kešvar (SAVAK), created, directed, and funded by the United States to consolidate …
Film Review: “Cats Are Excellent Conductors Of Electricity”: A Review Of The Electrical Life Of Louis Wain, Brittany Mondragon
Film Review: “Cats Are Excellent Conductors Of Electricity”: A Review Of The Electrical Life Of Louis Wain, Brittany Mondragon
History in the Making
No abstract provided.
The Recognition Of The United States: How European Nations Recognized The Sovereignty Of America, Jesus Ruvalcaba
The Recognition Of The United States: How European Nations Recognized The Sovereignty Of America, Jesus Ruvalcaba
History in the Making
The diplomacy between the United States and countries in Europe during the Revolutionary War (1775–1783) has been of note for historians throughout American history as one can see how the United States’ foreign policy began to develop during the war due to international diplomacy. However, the specific discourse surrounding the diplomacy of American recognition has been lacking, in particular from the perspective of the European powers who formally recognized the United States as a sovereign country. The process of recognition is a vital part to the development of any country, both new and established. In addition to being vital, it …
The Development Of Synthetic Rubber And Its Significance In World War Ii, Nyla Provost
The Development Of Synthetic Rubber And Its Significance In World War Ii, Nyla Provost
History in the Making
Rubber has been one of humanity’s most vital resources for hundreds of years. World War II was a pivotal event in the history of rubber that permanently altered the industry forever. Prior to World War II, the majority of the rubber in the United States came from foreign rubber plantations. The United States’ reliance on foreign rubber led to a crisis in the early twentieth century. Shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Japanese forces in Southeast Asia captured ninety percent of the United States’ natural rubber supply. This was a monumental event as rubber was …
Oration And Theater In The American Revolution: Equivalent Influences Or Separate Spheres, Deborah Zuk
Oration And Theater In The American Revolution: Equivalent Influences Or Separate Spheres, Deborah Zuk
History in the Making
During the American Revolution (1775–1783) public speaking and the theater were an important part of politics and society. However, the two mediums were viewed differently. Oration was a valued skill, while acting was scorned and even outlawed. This paper argues that both aspects of society were equally crucial to the American Revolution. They were both taught and trained in similar ways and used to push political agendas. This article examines the manuals and history of both oration and the theater and how their influences touch upon all levels of society. It concludes that oration and acting are equal in their …
Coping With Trauma: Evidence That Suggests The Ancient Egyptians Used Transpersonal Psychology To Cope With Birth-Related Trauma, Erika Kelley
History in the Making
Giving birth in the ancient world was very difficult, stressful, and dangerous with many mothers and children sadly not surviving the ordeal. To deal with this often-traumatic event, many ancient Egyptians used rituals, tools, and spells to ensure that their deities would be present during these difficult times and help either physically or mentally. For the ancient Egyptians, interacting with their gods was a way to ensure their survival, but in modernity, relying on religious or spiritual practices during stressful events correlates with psychology. Modern scholars have named this idea transpersonal psychology, and it is a subsection of humanistic psychology …
Alcatraz, A Pelican’S Brief, Cecelia Smith
Alcatraz, A Pelican’S Brief, Cecelia Smith
History in the Making
Jutting out into the middle of San Francisco Bay is a large rocky formation known as Alcatraz Island, its name loosely translated from the Spanish word for “pelican.” Tourists leave from Pier thirty-three and travel to the island which has been designated as a National Park. It offers visitors the opportunity to experience history as the location was once a fortress and a prison. Many visitors, however, are unaware of the connection of Indigenous populations to the island thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. With the advent of settler colonialism, the impact of European colonial settlers on Indigenous …
Book Review: China’S Good War: How World War Ii Is Shaping A New Nationalism, Alexandro Serrano, Brittany Mondragon, Jacqulyne R. Anton, Sarah West
Book Review: China’S Good War: How World War Ii Is Shaping A New Nationalism, Alexandro Serrano, Brittany Mondragon, Jacqulyne R. Anton, Sarah West
History in the Making
No abstract provided.
Book Review: Vernacular Industrialism In China: Local Innovation And Translated Technologies In The Making Of A Cosmetic Empire, 1900–1940, Alexandro Serrano
Book Review: Vernacular Industrialism In China: Local Innovation And Translated Technologies In The Making Of A Cosmetic Empire, 1900–1940, Alexandro Serrano
History in the Making
No abstract provided.
A Comparative Review: Obeah, Race And Racism: Caribbean Witchcraft In The English Imagination And Experiments With Power: Obeah And The Remaking Of Religion In Trinidad, Brittany Mondragon
A Comparative Review: Obeah, Race And Racism: Caribbean Witchcraft In The English Imagination And Experiments With Power: Obeah And The Remaking Of Religion In Trinidad, Brittany Mondragon
History in the Making
No abstract provided.
The Compensations Of Plunder: How China Lost Its Treasures, Fred R. De Leon
The Compensations Of Plunder: How China Lost Its Treasures, Fred R. De Leon
History in the Making
No abstract provided.
California’S Guiding Lights: A Lighthouse Journey Along The Coast, Cecilia Smith
California’S Guiding Lights: A Lighthouse Journey Along The Coast, Cecilia Smith
History in the Making
No abstract provided.
World War Ii Photographic Essay: Inherited Private Memories Of World War Ii Through Family Photographs, Brittany Mondragon, Cecelia Smith, Jacqulyne R. Anton, Sarah West
World War Ii Photographic Essay: Inherited Private Memories Of World War Ii Through Family Photographs, Brittany Mondragon, Cecelia Smith, Jacqulyne R. Anton, Sarah West
History in the Making
No abstract provided.
A Natural Arch: Ecological Imperialism And The “Crosby Effect” In American Environmental Historiography, Joseph Esparza
A Natural Arch: Ecological Imperialism And The “Crosby Effect” In American Environmental Historiography, Joseph Esparza
History in the Making
No abstract provided.
Barbara Johns: A Lasting Legacy In National Statuary, Hannah Knight
Barbara Johns: A Lasting Legacy In National Statuary, Hannah Knight
History in the Making
No abstract provided.
“The Great Dissenter”: Ruth Bader Ginsburg And The Fight For Equality, Celeste Nunez, Jacqulyne R. Anton
“The Great Dissenter”: Ruth Bader Ginsburg And The Fight For Equality, Celeste Nunez, Jacqulyne R. Anton
History in the Making
No abstract provided.
To The Beat Of Brilliance: The Life And Legacy Of Viola Smith, Sarah Shumate
To The Beat Of Brilliance: The Life And Legacy Of Viola Smith, Sarah Shumate
History in the Making
No abstract provided.
Sexual Violence Against Women During The Holocaust: Inside And Outside Of Extermination Camps, Jessie Williams
Sexual Violence Against Women During The Holocaust: Inside And Outside Of Extermination Camps, Jessie Williams
History in the Making
The article will explore women’s sexual experiences during the Holocaust, specifically the experience of those who were targeted by the Nazi regime for being “inferior” to the Aryan race. During this period, Jewish women, women categorized as “asocial” despite their German citizenship, women who identified as Romani, and Soviet or Ukrainian women were targets of sexual violence mostly at the hands of members of the Nazi Party.1 However, these women were also assaulted by the partisans who helped hide them, liberating soldiers, and male prisoners because of the vulnerable situations many women found themselves in. This article focuses first on …
From Concubine To Ruler: The Lives Of Emperor Wu Zetian And Empress Dowager, Hannah Ferla
From Concubine To Ruler: The Lives Of Emperor Wu Zetian And Empress Dowager, Hannah Ferla
History in the Making
Emperor Wu Zetian and Empress Dowager Cixi were the only two women to hold full control over China. They lived during different periods in Chinese history, but they accomplished the same goal. This paper will begin with the history of these two remarkable women, and it will give some background information on the respective dynasties that they lived under, the Tang (618- 907) and Qing (1644-1900). Then, the reader will learn about their journeys from the concubines of emperors to the most powerful people in China. Next, this article will cover the interesting information about Empress Dowager Cixi that Princess …
The Weight Of Silk: An Exploratory Account Into The Developing Relations Between Byzantium And China, Jeanna Lee
The Weight Of Silk: An Exploratory Account Into The Developing Relations Between Byzantium And China, Jeanna Lee
History in the Making
History has repeatedly proven that the nation, country, or region that controls the most key raw materials will dominate the surrounding global networks, be they economic, diplomatic, or political. When narrowing this focus to ancient Eurasian cultures, there are two obvious global powers: The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) in the West and the Chinese Empire in the East (the Han Dynasty). While the scholarly independent research conducted on these powers is incredibly rich, what is understood about their interactions is limited and constantly evolving. Evidence explained later in this article shows that there was little more than an awareness of …
Emperor! By Dr. Lanny Fields, Holly Roy
A Study Of West African Slave Resistance From The Seventeenth To Nineteenth Centuries, Adam D. Wilsey
A Study Of West African Slave Resistance From The Seventeenth To Nineteenth Centuries, Adam D. Wilsey
History in the Making
Accompanying the dawn of the twenty-first century, there has emerged a new era of historical thinking that has created the need to reexamine the history of slavery and slave resistance. Slavery has become a controversial topic that historians and scholars throughout the world are reevaluating. In this modern period, which is finally beginning to honor the ideas and ideals of equality, slavery is the black mark of our past; and the task now lies before the world to derive a better understanding of slavery. In order to better understand slavery, it is crucial to have a more acute awareness of …
A Clash Of Paradigms: The Clash Of Civilizations In The Worldviews Of Samuel Huntington And Osama Bin Laden, Eric Massie
A Clash Of Paradigms: The Clash Of Civilizations In The Worldviews Of Samuel Huntington And Osama Bin Laden, Eric Massie
History in the Making
Since the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, the "Clash of Civilizations" theory has become an unavoidable aspect of academic debate between those scholars who either endorse or angrily reject its thesis of a conflict between Islamic and Western societies. During these academic debates, scholars have often compared the world views and beliefs of Samuel Huntington and Osama bin Laden in order to demonstrate the development of a similar intellectual trend in Western and Islamic societies. The comparison, however, is often made casually, without serious examination or analysis of the significant similarities and differences in their ideas. Due to the …
The Development Of Literature In The Suffrage Movement: Western Successes From Eastern Lessons, 1848-1911, Michelle Dennehy
The Development Of Literature In The Suffrage Movement: Western Successes From Eastern Lessons, 1848-1911, Michelle Dennehy
History in the Making
Female suffragists in the United States at the turn of the 20th Century fought to gain more protection under the law than the laws had granted women in entire history of the nation. The suffragist movement symbolically began at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, in which the "Declaration of Sentiments" dictated women’s precise requests for equality. This early industrialism-era suffrage campaign focused mainly on the East coast of the United States, while the nation expanded into the West. Ironically, while the first generation suffragists experienced many failures in their efforts for suffrage, the second generation found many successes in …
Dead Fish In The Desert: A Brief Photo-History Of The Salton Sea, Alicia Gutierrez
Dead Fish In The Desert: A Brief Photo-History Of The Salton Sea, Alicia Gutierrez
History in the Making
Located around 150 miles to the east and south of Los Angeles lies an unburied treasure and an ecological hotbed of debate. While you may not find the treasure in the archetypal sense, you’ll find it in a still, stagnant, and salty body of water in the middle of the desert, the Salton Sea. Considered by many to be an ecological disaster, or a big puddle of sewage, few people take the time to see or smell past all these negative characteristics and find the history behind it. The Salton Sea was once a human-made desert Riviera, but now, it’s …
The Ideological Scalpel: Physician Perpetrators, Medicalized Killing And The Nazi Biocracy, Matthew D. Fuller
The Ideological Scalpel: Physician Perpetrators, Medicalized Killing And The Nazi Biocracy, Matthew D. Fuller
History in the Making
With the conclusion of the Nuremburg Doctor’s trials in August 1947, the role of German physicians in the concentration camps of Europe became a widely discussed and researched topic in the historiography of the Holocaust. Like many other perpetrators indicted by the Allies following the Second World War, German physicians claimed to have been swept up in the mass indoctrination of the National Socialist movement and had ultimately become powerless cogs within the Nazi totalitarian regime. While this claim may be true in some cases, the historiography of German physicians-turned-killers reveals different sources of motivation which allowed doctors in the …