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2020

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Full-Text Articles in History

Failure To Protect?: Applying The Drri-2 Scales To Rwanda And Srebrenica, Elizabeth Mason Dec 2020

Failure To Protect?: Applying The Drri-2 Scales To Rwanda And Srebrenica, Elizabeth Mason

Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal

This article critically reanalyses the action, or lack of action, taken by UN peacekeepers in Rwanda and Srebrenica in the 1990's. The lack of action of UN peacekeepers in Rwanda and Bosnia has long been criticised as a conscious decision made by peacekeepers to not act in defence of those being targeted but instead to act as bystanders of genocide when they had the ability to prevent acts of genocide taking place. This article re-examines the actions of the UN command under Romeo Dallaire in Rwanda and Thom Karremans in Srebrenica, Bosnia in terms of the stress-related factors which influenced …


Gender, Age, And Survival Of Italian Jews In The Holocaust, Susan Welch Dec 2020

Gender, Age, And Survival Of Italian Jews In The Holocaust, Susan Welch

Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal

Political scientists have examined the role of gender in genocide but have largely ignored the Holocaust in these analyses. Yet, the Holocaust is the largest genocide in human history and there is much we do not know about how gender affected individual experiences. Nor do we have a very precise understanding of the impact of age in survival, beyond the common wisdom that old and young people usually did not survive. Here we examine in more detail the impact of gender and age and their intersection among the nearly 7,000 Italian Jews deported to the east, mostly to Poland and …


All Hopped Up: Beer, Cultivated National Identity, And Anglo-Dutch Relations, 1524-1625, George Evans Light Dec 2020

All Hopped Up: Beer, Cultivated National Identity, And Anglo-Dutch Relations, 1524-1625, George Evans Light

Journal X

No abstract provided.


Moorish Revival Synagogue Architecture: Community And Style, Past And Present, Emily S. Jelen Dec 2020

Moorish Revival Synagogue Architecture: Community And Style, Past And Present, Emily S. Jelen

Binghamton University Undergraduate Journal

The Moorish architectural style, originating in medieval Spain, was revived in the mid-nineteenth century. It became strongly linked with synagogues, first in Germany and then throughout the Western world. My research analyzes why the architects and Jewish communities were so attracted to the Moorish Revival style. During this period, European Jewish communities were tasked with constructing synagogues that could showcase their newfound freedoms as well as their history, culture and aspirations. Many argue that this style was chosen to demonstrate the connection between the communities and their ancient Middle Eastern history.


Determining The Impact Of The Anabaptists Using Bullinger’S Propaganda Strategies In Von Dem Unverschampten Fräfel, Jovanna Shirky Nov 2020

Determining The Impact Of The Anabaptists Using Bullinger’S Propaganda Strategies In Von Dem Unverschampten Fräfel, Jovanna Shirky

West Virginia University Historical Review

Many scholars of the Reformation contend that the Anabaptist movement did not significantly impact the society of its day. However, my analysis of Heinrich Bullinger’s anti-Anabaptist work Von dem unverschampten fräfel, ergerlichem verwyrren unnd unwarhafftem leeren der selbsgesandten Widertöuffern indicates that the Anabaptists did pose a significant threat to the socioreligious structures that both the mainstream Reformation and Catholicism endorsed. By analyzing Bullinger’s propaganda strategies within the work, I find that the beliefs and practices of the Anabaptists challenged the most basic structures of society, thus alarming Bullinger and others who opposed the movement. Bullinger’s language within the work and …


Barnacle Geese And Sky Burials: Relativism In The Travels Of Sir John Mandeville, Akasha L. Khalsa Nov 2020

Barnacle Geese And Sky Burials: Relativism In The Travels Of Sir John Mandeville, Akasha L. Khalsa

Conspectus Borealis

As a medieval travel narrative, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville was immensely popular for everyone from bookworms to world travelers in 14th and 15th century Europe. Given its popularity, and the period in which it was produced, one might expect the fictitious travelogue to display an incredible level of intolerance towards the various peoples and cultures it depicts. However, the Travels frequently surprises modern readers with its message of tolerance towards greater humanity, and its recognition of the universality of human experience as it is mirrored in the lives of people of different ethnic and cultural groups. In order …


Front Matter Nov 2020

Front Matter

Swiss American Historical Society Review

No abstract provided.


Full Issue Nov 2020

Full Issue

Swiss American Historical Society Review

No abstract provided.


The Eidgenössisches Schützenfest: A Traditional Shooting Festival, Stephen P. Halbrook Nov 2020

The Eidgenössisches Schützenfest: A Traditional Shooting Festival, Stephen P. Halbrook

Swiss American Historical Society Review

The Eidgenössisches Schützenfest (Swiss federal shooting competition), the largest rifle shooting match in the world, is held every five years in a different region of Switzerland. I have participated in five of the matches at Thun in 1995, Bière in 2000, Frauenfeld in 2005, Aarau in 2010, and Raron (Visp) in 2015. The Luzern 2020 matches have been rescheduled to 2021 due to the coronavirus.


Where Are The Sons Of Tell? A Brief History Of The Formative Years Of Swiss Biathlon, 1957-1964, Robert Sherwood Nov 2020

Where Are The Sons Of Tell? A Brief History Of The Formative Years Of Swiss Biathlon, 1957-1964, Robert Sherwood

Swiss American Historical Society Review

Despite the lack of international success in biathlon, the sport has a long history in the Swiss Confederation. Biathlon, which combines the long-distance endurance of Nordic skiing and the precision marksmanship of rifle shooting, would seem a perfect match for the Swiss. In the 2010s, the Gasparin sisters (Elisa, Aita and Selina), along with Benjamin Weger, have helped Switzerland start to realize its potential as a player in the world of biathlon. But in the early years of the sport, the Swiss were not at the top of the list for strong biathlon nations. The reasons for this lack of …


Meeder, Sven, The Irish Scholarly Presence At St. Gall—Networks Of Knowledge In The Early Middle Ages, Ken Shonk Nov 2020

Meeder, Sven, The Irish Scholarly Presence At St. Gall—Networks Of Knowledge In The Early Middle Ages, Ken Shonk

Swiss American Historical Society Review

Founded in 720 C.E., the Monastery at St. Gall is located in the modern Swiss city of Saint Gallus. The complex is built on the grave of its namesake and is home to wide array of texts written by Irish scholars, or reflective of Irish learning during the “Carolingian renaissance.” How these works by Gaelic-Irish scholars arrived at St. Gall is the primary concern of Sven Meeder’s intellectual history of Hiberno-Latin texts.


End Matter Nov 2020

End Matter

Swiss American Historical Society Review

No abstract provided.


Back Cover Nov 2020

Back Cover

Swiss American Historical Society Review

No abstract provided.


The Swiss In The Swabian War Of 1499: An Analysis Of The Swiss Military At The End Of The Fifteenth Century, Albert Winkler Nov 2020

The Swiss In The Swabian War Of 1499: An Analysis Of The Swiss Military At The End Of The Fifteenth Century, Albert Winkler

Swiss American Historical Society Review

By the end of the fifteenth century, the states of the Swiss Confederation had enjoyed almost complete autonomy from the neighboring feudal powers for generations. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the states of the Swiss Confederation were beset by external threats to their security, independence, and existence. The largest single menace to Swiss independence was the Habsburg family who often controlled their lands according to monarchal authority and a social structure which kept their subject peoples as unfree serfs.


Pierroz, Philippe, Quand Des Valaisan Colonisaient Le Wisconsin, Robert Sherwood Nov 2020

Pierroz, Philippe, Quand Des Valaisan Colonisaient Le Wisconsin, Robert Sherwood

Swiss American Historical Society Review

For much of the history of the United States, the role of the Swiss immigrants has been reduced to that of a bit player. The traditional history books usually follow immigration patterns along linguistic lines, and the Swiss immigrants did not follow these linguistic lines. Therefore, the Swiss Romand, the Swiss Germans, and Swiss Italians often get labeled as either French, Germans, or Italians when they arrived in the United States.


May, Gregory, Jefferson’S Treasure: How Albert Gallatin Saved The New Nation From Debt, Stacy Gooden Nov 2020

May, Gregory, Jefferson’S Treasure: How Albert Gallatin Saved The New Nation From Debt, Stacy Gooden

Swiss American Historical Society Review

On the south side of the United States Treasury Building located in Washington, D.C. is a prominently placed statue of the likeness of Alexander Hamilton, the nation’s first Treasury Secretary. Other than scholars of American history and economics, few onlookers would have recognized the man from the statue until Lin-Manuel Miranda’s critically acclaimed Broadway stage production Hamilton: An American Musical (2015) resurrected the Secretary’s public historical legacy.


A University In 1693: New Light On William & Mary's Claim To The Title "Oldest University In The United States", Thomas J. Mcsweeney, Katharine Ello, Elsbeth O'Brien Oct 2020

A University In 1693: New Light On William & Mary's Claim To The Title "Oldest University In The United States", Thomas J. Mcsweeney, Katharine Ello, Elsbeth O'Brien

William & Mary Law Review Online

William & Mary has traditionally dated its transformation from a college into a university to a set of reforms of December 4, 1779. On that date, Thomas Jefferson and his fellow members of the Board of Visitors reorganized William & Mary, eliminating the grammar school and the two chairs in divinity and creating chairs in law, modern languages, and medicine.Five days after the reforms were adopted, a William & Mary student wrote that “William & Mary has undergone a very considerable Revolution; the Visitors met on the 4th Instant and form’d it into a University....” Just over three years later, …


The European Central Bank's Securities Markets Programme (Ecb Gfc), Ariel Smith Oct 2020

The European Central Bank's Securities Markets Programme (Ecb Gfc), Ariel Smith

Journal of Financial Crises

The Eurozone struggled during the escalation of the sovereign debt crisis in 2010. In order to aid malfunctioning securities markets, restore liquidity, and enable proper functioning of the monetary policy transmission mechanism, the European Central Bank (ECB) instituted the Securities Markets Programme (SMP) on May 9, 2010. This program enabled Eurosystem central banks to purchase securities from entities in Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Italy, and Spain. The program ended on September 6, 2012, and evaluations of its effectiveness are mixed.


The Ideological Scalpel: Physician Perpetrators, Medicalized Killing And The Nazi Biocracy, Matthew D. Fuller Oct 2020

The Ideological Scalpel: Physician Perpetrators, Medicalized Killing And The Nazi Biocracy, Matthew D. Fuller

History in the Making

With the conclusion of the Nuremburg Doctor’s trials in August 1947, the role of German physicians in the concentration camps of Europe became a widely discussed and researched topic in the historiography of the Holocaust. Like many other perpetrators indicted by the Allies following the Second World War, German physicians claimed to have been swept up in the mass indoctrination of the National Socialist movement and had ultimately become powerless cogs within the Nazi totalitarian regime. While this claim may be true in some cases, the historiography of German physicians-turned-killers reveals different sources of motivation which allowed doctors in the …


Chiune Sugihara: A Psychohistorical Study Of A Rescuer Of Jews During The Holocaust, Christina Alanne Perris Oct 2020

Chiune Sugihara: A Psychohistorical Study Of A Rescuer Of Jews During The Holocaust, Christina Alanne Perris

History in the Making

This article seeks to analyze the actions of Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara, a rescuer of Jews during the Holocaust, utilizing a personality model developed by social scientists Samuel and Pearl Oliner. The Oliners’s altruistic personality model centers on the idea that individuals who became rescuers have a distinct personality that responds to the complex interaction between three components: 1) the external circumstances they are confronted with; 2) internal characteristics that goad them into action; and 3) their ultimate decision to take action. Although no two‐dimensional model is ever complex enough to capture the intimate complexity of a human personality, the …


Music As A Means To Spread Martin Luther’S Message, Emily A. Brubaker Sep 2020

Music As A Means To Spread Martin Luther’S Message, Emily A. Brubaker

Musical Offerings

While Martin Luther’s message of the Reformation was circulated through a variety of sources, music was highly regarded by Luther and had an undeniably crucial role in spreading his ideas. Luther’s theological stance determined his purpose for music. He emphasized the value of God’s Word and saw music as a means to share truth from the Bible. Luther even compared the importance of music to that of theology. He claimed that music was a gift from God, capable of fighting evil and promoting good. This research traces the effects of music on the transmission of Luther’s message by considering Luther’s …


Judith Augusta And Her Time, Allen Cabaniss Sep 2020

Judith Augusta And Her Time, Allen Cabaniss

Studies in English

No abstract provided.


Beauty And Sadness: Experiencing Poland’S History And Jewish Heritage, Jennifer Weed Sep 2020

Beauty And Sadness: Experiencing Poland’S History And Jewish Heritage, Jennifer Weed

History in the Making

No abstract provided.


Coping With An Impossible Reality: The Jewish Sonderkommando Of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Jennifer Weed Sep 2020

Coping With An Impossible Reality: The Jewish Sonderkommando Of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Jennifer Weed

History in the Making

Despite the vast amount of western scholarly work on the Holocaust, there are issues that remain under-analyzed which would help nuance our understanding of this historical event. One of these issues is the experiences of groups who challenge our conceptual frameworks and present opportunities for developing different analytical methods. The testimonies of the Jewish Sonderkommando, or forced crematorium workers, of Auschwitz- Birkenau present such an opportunity by defying the categories used to describe victims and perpetrators, and by forcing us to reconsider how humans survive when conditions are extreme and violent. This paper argues that the testimonies of the Sonderkommando …


Book Review: Sources Of Holocaust Insight, James J. Snow Sep 2020

Book Review: Sources Of Holocaust Insight, James J. Snow

Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal

No abstract provided.


Italian Jews: A Surprising And Understudied Influence In The Enlightenment, Lura Martinez Aug 2020

Italian Jews: A Surprising And Understudied Influence In The Enlightenment, Lura Martinez

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

The experience of Italian Jews during the Enlightenment is deserving of much more attention. Not only did Italian Jews such as Moshe Ḥayyim Luzzatto, a man born in a ghetto, later embrace a form of secularism, but his works and others written by his peers made an impact on the Italian Enlightenment and seemingly contributed to the practice of toleration that appeared in sporadic installments throughout Europe. While the Jewish experience in Europe hails from a long tradition of persecution, with sporadic and incomplete periods of toleration at various points in its history, it is clear that through a promotion …


Scottish Cattle Companies On The Western Frontier, Kelly A. Witherspoon Aug 2020

Scottish Cattle Companies On The Western Frontier, Kelly A. Witherspoon

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

This article examines how, as part of a larger British economic and financial investment in the American West, two Scottish companies, the Matador Land and Cattle Company, and the Prairie Cattle Company, were particularly successful. They also assisted the development of the American cattle industry by supporting the creation of cattle associations and improving cattle breeds.


God Is King, But So Is Louis Xvi: Royalist Tendencies Among Protestants During The Early Stages Of The French Revolution, Brandon Smith Aug 2020

God Is King, But So Is Louis Xvi: Royalist Tendencies Among Protestants During The Early Stages Of The French Revolution, Brandon Smith

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

No abstract provided.


"This Dangerous Ascendancy": Women's Political Participation In The French Revolution, Natalie Merten Aug 2020

"This Dangerous Ascendancy": Women's Political Participation In The French Revolution, Natalie Merten

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

No abstract provided.


Introduction: A Glorious Phantom: Insurrections In Scottish Literature, Tony Jarrells Aug 2020

Introduction: A Glorious Phantom: Insurrections In Scottish Literature, Tony Jarrells

Studies in Scottish Literature

Introduces the SSL symposium on Insurrections by tracing themes from James Kelman's play Hardie and Baird: the Last Days (1978), about the Scottish Insurrection of 1820.