Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- History (99)
- Religion (25)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (24)
- United States History (24)
- European History (13)
-
- Mormon Studies (11)
- Religious Education (11)
- Christianity (9)
- Education (8)
- Political Science (8)
- Social History (8)
- Women's History (8)
- Music (7)
- Political History (7)
- Classics (6)
- Creative Writing (6)
- Law (6)
- Public History (6)
- Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity (5)
- Art and Design (5)
- Asian History (5)
- Cultural History (5)
- European Languages and Societies (5)
- History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology (5)
- Holocaust and Genocide Studies (5)
- International and Area Studies (5)
- Jewish Studies (5)
- Latin American History (5)
- Music Performance (5)
- Institution
-
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (19)
- Brigham Young University (17)
- Providence College (16)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (8)
- Liberty University (5)
-
- George Fox University (4)
- Butler University (3)
- Dordt University (3)
- Florida International University (3)
- Gettysburg College (3)
- James Madison University (3)
- University of South Carolina (3)
- Western Washington University (3)
- Berklee College of Music (2)
- Bowling Green State University (2)
- Bucknell University (2)
- Harding University (2)
- Old Dominion University (2)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (2)
- Universitas Indonesia (2)
- University of Central Florida (2)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (2)
- University of New Mexico (2)
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (2)
- William & Mary (2)
- American University in Cairo (1)
- Andrews University (1)
- Arcadia University (1)
- Asbury Theological Seminary (1)
- Augustana College (1)
- Publication
-
- Vulcan Historical Review (19)
- History & Classics Undergraduate Theses (12)
- Insights: The Newsletter of the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship (11)
- Faculty Publications - George Fox School of Theology (4)
- Swiss American Historical Society Review (4)
-
- Theses and Dissertations (4)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (3)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (3)
- Honors Theses (3)
- WWU Honors College Senior Projects (3)
- Dorr Scholarship (2)
- Foreign Languages & Literatures ETDs (2)
- Graduate Scholarship and Professional Work (2)
- History & Classics Student Scholarship (2)
- Honors Projects (2)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (2)
- International Review of Humanities Studies (2)
- Journal of Textual Reasoning (2)
- Masters Theses (2)
- Masters Theses, 2020-current (2)
- Open Educational Resources (2)
- Pro Rege (2)
- Rondel V. Davidson Endowed Lecture Series (2)
- The Gettysburg Historical Journal (2)
- Works of the FIU Libraries (2)
- ART 108: Introduction to Games Studies (1)
- Anthós (1)
- Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ) (1)
- Asian Studies: Student Scholarship & Creative Works (1)
- Athena: Undergraduate Research and Literary Journal (1)
- Publication Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 163
Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities
Postmodern Philosophy And Its Influence On Modern Museum Theory And Development, Mauri Liljenquist
Postmodern Philosophy And Its Influence On Modern Museum Theory And Development, Mauri Liljenquist
The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing
History legitimizes its role in society through the benefits it provides for the public. The idea of history in the ivory tower, while it appeals to some historians and scholars, can never be sufficient to justify the field. Instead it is what emerges from the ivory tower and how that product influences and affects the outside world that determines the value of historical endeavors. The dissemination of history to the public is one of the most significant aspects of the profession. Accuracy and integrity in research and writing are the primary responsibilities of the historian. Following these, the next most …
The Renaissance Plutocracy Of Cosimo De’ Medici: How He Used Patronage To His Advantage In 15th Century Florence, Victoria L. Schultz
The Renaissance Plutocracy Of Cosimo De’ Medici: How He Used Patronage To His Advantage In 15th Century Florence, Victoria L. Schultz
The Exposition
This paper provides a detailed account of Cosimo de' Medici's patronage practices and the impact they had on the political and cultural landscape of Renaissance Florence. Cosimo consolidated power and influence in Florence, positioning himself as the city's preeminent political and cultural figure. This paper will examine the ways Cosimo leveraged his wealth and connections to establish a Renaissance plutocracy in Florence with a focus on his use of patronage to gain and maintain power.
Mapping The Theaters Of Brooklyn's Past (1825-1925): A Gis Project, Elena Shefsky
Mapping The Theaters Of Brooklyn's Past (1825-1925): A Gis Project, Elena Shefsky
Publications and Research
Despite its rich performance culture, Brooklyn remains underrepresented in theater history, eclipsed in fame by the well-known theaters of Manhattan. One of the most populous areas in America, Brooklyn has been an artistic home to actors, playwrights, directors, and impresarios for centuries. That said, there is a dearth of accessible information and scholarship on Brooklyn theaters. My objective was to update an ongoing mapping project, The City Performs, to include information and images of theater buildings from Brooklyn. The project is an interactive, open-source digital map that uses ArcGIS software to georeference data about NYC theaters. I collected data …
The Place Of Radiocarbon Dating In A Young Earth Framework, Douglas N. Petrovich
The Place Of Radiocarbon Dating In A Young Earth Framework, Douglas N. Petrovich
Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism
The biblical requirement for earth’s being under 7,500 years old presents a problem for conventional scholarship, as radiocarbon dating implies that life forms existed even earlier. Unjustifiably, some Christian scholars have overreacted by categorically vilifying all radiocarbon evidence. This extremist view fails to explain why radiocarbon evidence fits smoothly with dates obtained from “historical-archaeological evidence” (HAE) at times in ancient history (i.e., any time after 1400 BC) when biblical chronology provides knowable hard dates.
For example, biblical chronology requires that Sennacherib attacked Judah in 701 BC. In preparation, Hezekiah carved the Siloam Tunnel to divert water from the Gihon Spring …
The Reed-Above Embouchure: History, Geography And New Avenues For Clarinet Pedagogy, Gregorio Maria Paone
The Reed-Above Embouchure: History, Geography And New Avenues For Clarinet Pedagogy, Gregorio Maria Paone
Dissertations, 2020-current
Clarinet is a versatile and expressive instrument that can be used in a variety of musical genres. This document is intended to investigate its versatility, how to develop it, and whether there are benefits from the adoption of an old approach, which today is generally considered obsolete.
Chapter 1 explores major issues involved in clarinet playing and tone production. I will discuss the physics of clarinet tone, as well as secondary approaches to tone production, such as double-lip embouchure. I will also devote a section of this chapter to clarinet equipment, especially the mouthpiece and the reed, and their mutual …
The Third Horseman: Preventability Versus Apocalypse In The Great Famine Of 1315 And The Irish Potato Famine, Luke Ziegler
The Third Horseman: Preventability Versus Apocalypse In The Great Famine Of 1315 And The Irish Potato Famine, Luke Ziegler
Honors Theses
Famine is a huge problem for societies, even in the modern world. Throughout history, famine has reared its ugly head and brought about demographic and societal collapse. The Great Famine of 1315 Famine and the Irish Potato Famine, despite their differences, had similar underlying factors of land management and overpopulation paired with an environmental catalyst, and also show that governmental response has the potential to both cause and prevent a famine, but only if the scale of the problem is limited. They both examine the question of national identity and create a multitude of debates in later historiography. Although these …
The Modern Artist's Psyche: Making Meaning In Art Through History, Jenna Banks
The Modern Artist's Psyche: Making Meaning In Art Through History, Jenna Banks
Theses
The Modern Artist’s Psyche: Making Meaning in Art Through History provides a way for students to study and analyze works by Modern artists that explore themes like loneliness, isolation, anxiety, and despair. By studying these artists and their works, students learn about topics like art appreciation and psychoanalysis; specifically, how each artist used their mental state to create their visual products. Students learn about art appreciation through the process of discussing and answering questions about specific art works. Students also study the concept of psychoanalysis, relating to theories and techniques that have been used by Modern artists. This connects to …
Music History Choir & Chamber Ensemble, Andrews University
Music History Choir & Chamber Ensemble, Andrews University
Department Assembly Recitals 2023-2024
The Department of Music History Class MUHL 447 presents a recital on the theme of Advent.
Ethical Data Considerations For Engaging In Reparative Archival Practice, Jamie Rogers, Rhia Rae
Ethical Data Considerations For Engaging In Reparative Archival Practice, Jamie Rogers, Rhia Rae
Works of the FIU Libraries
Archival textually-rich materials--such as warranty deeds, mortgages, legal documents, and letter correspondence--can provide valuable historical insights, and if transcribed and analyzed, can produce data points in the form of unstructured text, tabular data, and geospatial assets. This presentation will provide an overview of the process Florida International University librarians went through to turn the papers of Dana A. Dorsey, Miami's first Black Millionaire, into data. Their work is guided by the concept of "collections as data" as a form of reparative archival practice, enabling the elevation of marginalized individuals' histories. The goal of reparative archival practice is to create a …
Reaching For A Higher Perspective: Exploring Elements Of Multiple Perspectives In Literature And Writing, Audrey I. Biggs
Reaching For A Higher Perspective: Exploring Elements Of Multiple Perspectives In Literature And Writing, Audrey I. Biggs
Masters Theses
In three parts, this thesis for the Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing dives into perspective in writing and in life. After a statement from the author, the critical essay defines and analyzes a craft used in fiction novels: writing from multiple perspectives. First, the author describes the three basic perspectives and their uses in fiction writing. Next, a history of the development of multiple points of view leads the reader from ancient epics to modern novels. Finally, the author's analysis of William Faulkner's novel, As I Lay Dying, gleans a broader understanding of writing clearly and effectively from …
The Famine Foods Co-Op / Bluff Country Co-Op Oral History Project, Michael William Doyle
The Famine Foods Co-Op / Bluff Country Co-Op Oral History Project, Michael William Doyle
Famine Foods Co-op / Bluff Country Co-op Oral History Project
The Famine Foods Co-op / Bluff Country Co-op Oral History Project collects the oral narratives of people associated with the member owned, cooperatively run natural foods grocery store in Winona, Minnesota. The Project was launched in 2022 by Michael William Doyle, a founding member of the Co-op and a retired History professor, in commemoration of the Co-op’s 50th anniversary year. It is endorsed by the Co-op’s board of directors and sponsored by Winona State University and the Winona County Historical Society.
This enterprise began as a buying club in spring 1972, inspired by the example of North Country Co-op …
A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of American And British Military Bandmasters’ Experiences And The Influence On The Development Of The American Public School Band Movement, Michael L. Burrage
A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of American And British Military Bandmasters’ Experiences And The Influence On The Development Of The American Public School Band Movement, Michael L. Burrage
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This study investigates the history of British and American Military Bandmasters’ lived experiences through a Phenomenological Hermeneutic Analysis construct to the development of the Public-School Band movement. This thesis aims to provide insight through transcribed interviews, historical documentation, and pre-recorded transcriptions of the thoughts and practical influences of developing the effectiveness of band teacher preparation in American public school band programs. A better understanding of these advances warrants a comprehensive overview of military band history and a sense of how the curriculum process, formation, and growth in British and American Military Bands influenced approaches and philosophical thought through experiences of …
Reframing Space: Religion, History, And Memory In The Early Documentary Film Of The Yugoslav Space, Milja Radovic
Reframing Space: Religion, History, And Memory In The Early Documentary Film Of The Yugoslav Space, Milja Radovic
Journal of Religion & Film
This paper examines cinematic representations of religion and religious communities in the early cinema of the Yugoslav space. This paper introduces the readers to the rich heritage of the cinema of the Yugoslav space by providing 1) the first study of the representations of religion and the concepts of faith in the early film, and 2) novel approaches in reading religion and history through film. Film is used as a primary rather than supplementary source in historical research on diverse religious and ethnic communities in this part of the Balkan Peninsula. This is the first study that investigates the importance, …
Historian-For-A-Day, Elyse Singer
Historian-For-A-Day, Elyse Singer
Open Educational Resources
Each student will select a class session in which to present a brief (1-2 minute) "fun fact" based on their own research that relates to the time/place being studied. It should be something that is of interest to you, and (hopefully) to the whole class – cultural, political, sociological, scientific, medical…. For example, for the class on Roman Tragedy, the factoid might be about what a citizen in ancient Roman ate for supper! Originality counts.
Due on date of presentation: A one-paragraph description of the fun fact, in your own words, and cite at least one source--that is not Wikipedia. …
Archaeological Photography: The United Kingdom, Madeline Scholten
Archaeological Photography: The United Kingdom, Madeline Scholten
WWU Honors College Senior Projects
Archaeological photography is an interdisciplinary aspect of archaeological endeavors that is key in allowing archaeological finds to be accessible to a general audience. This facet is key in data collection and distribution within the field as it is to the general public.
Photography is something that people are exposed to, possibly even partaking in, on a daily basis, but photography goes a lot deeper than simply capturing a still image. The history of photography, and the ways photography has improved so many disciplines are things that are just as important as the camera itself, and yet not necessarily needed to …
History Lessons From Esther: The Leopold Von Ranke Lecture Delivered At The Phi Alpha Theta Induction Ceremony, Kent R. Olney
History Lessons From Esther: The Leopold Von Ranke Lecture Delivered At The Phi Alpha Theta Induction Ceremony, Kent R. Olney
Scholarship – Academic Affairs Office
The German historian, Leopold Von Ranke, noted the following: “Every epoch is immediate to God, and its value is not based on what emerges from it, but on its very existence.” My assignment was to respond to Von Ranke’s thoughts. I have done so by drawing on four observations made from the OT book of Esther. These observations pertain to truth, years, obscurity, and heroes; all of them matter to God and all of them should matter to the historian. In a sense, these four elements are the raw materials, or building blocks, of history in any generation. I conclude …
Field Guide To Big Bone Lick, Kentucky: Birthplace Of American Vertebrate Paleontology, Glenn W. Storrs, H Gregory Mcdonald, Eric Scott, Robert A. Genheimer, Stanley E. Hedeen, Cameron E. Schwalbach
Field Guide To Big Bone Lick, Kentucky: Birthplace Of American Vertebrate Paleontology, Glenn W. Storrs, H Gregory Mcdonald, Eric Scott, Robert A. Genheimer, Stanley E. Hedeen, Cameron E. Schwalbach
Special Publication--KGS
Big Bone Lick is the birthplace of vertebrate paleontology in the Western Hemisphere and has a long and celebrated history in the exploration of the American colonial frontier and of the early United States. Notable European scientists of the 18th century such as Buffon, Cuvier, and Hunter discussed the fossils found there. Prominent Americans of the time, such as Boone, Washington, Franklin, and Jefferson are also part of the site’s history. It is the type locality for several extinct late Pleistocene megafaunal mammals, most notably the iconic American Mastodon, who were attracted to the area by salt licks dictated by …
The Philippine Economy During The Japanese Occupation, Jasper Lem
The Philippine Economy During The Japanese Occupation, Jasper Lem
Asian Studies: Student Scholarship & Creative Works
The economy of the Philippines was derailed by the Japanese occupation during World War II. As an American colony before World War II, the Philippines had close amicable ties with the United States highlighted by promises of independence on July 4th, 1946. The Philippines also maintained a beneficial economic relationship with the States at this time through extensive foreign trade. However, because of the Japanese invasion, the Philippine economy was robbed of this profitable foreign trade and the promise of independence, severely crippling the island nation and her morale. The first policies implemented by Japan were designed to control the …
An Analysis Of Individualism In Historiography Through Mark Gilderhus And Hannah Arendt, Abigail M. Stanger
An Analysis Of Individualism In Historiography Through Mark Gilderhus And Hannah Arendt, Abigail M. Stanger
The Cardinal Edge
Typically, the works of Mark Gilderhus and Hannah Arendt would not draw comparison or likely even be referenced in defense of the same argument. However, in the context of historiography and historical analysis, Gilderhus’ History and Historians and Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil explore the role of the individual in the agency of historical events and the nature of historical analysis itself. Gilderhus utilizes a variety of anecdotes from significant historical individuals to frame his historiographical introduction. Arendt capitalizes on her position as a subjective party in retelling the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a …
Crossing The Line: Mexican Children Making The Border 1900-1930, Yolanda Chavez Leyva
Crossing The Line: Mexican Children Making The Border 1900-1930, Yolanda Chavez Leyva
Rondel V. Davidson Endowed Lecture Series
Dr. Yolanda Chávez Leyva is a Chicana/ fronteriza historian and writer who was born and raised on the border. She is of Rarámuri descent and honors her grandmother Canuta Ruacho. She is the Director of the Institute of Oral History and Associate Professor in the Department of History at UTEP. She is also the lead historian for the first-ever Bracero Museum (funded by the Mellon Foundation) slated to open in Socorro, Texas in 2024. She has spent her life listening to and now documenting the lives of people who live on la frontera. Professor Leyva specializes in border history, public …
City On A Hill: A History Of American Exceptionalism (Book Review), James C. Schaap
City On A Hill: A History Of American Exceptionalism (Book Review), James C. Schaap
Pro Rege
Reviewed Title: City on a Hill: A History of American Exceptionalism by Abram C. Van Engen. Yale University Press, 2020. 379 pp. ISBN: 9780300229752.
Memory, Violence, And Detours: Strategies Of Resistance To Epidermal Invisibility Within The French Republic, Claudine E. David
Memory, Violence, And Detours: Strategies Of Resistance To Epidermal Invisibility Within The French Republic, Claudine E. David
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
The subjection of black citizens in France and their invisibility in the (post)colonial space has been marked by segregation in peripheral urban zones, with a hardening of policing methods and controls based on racial appearanc. I argue that monumental representation in public space is not neutral but participates in the promotion of a specific ideology. I show thé ellipses in French patrimonial monumental glorification, including the appropriation of the memory of revolutionary heroes such as Louis Delgrès and Toussaint Louverture, concomitant with the occultation of many other black figures. I argue that representation matters, that France must repair this asymmetrical …
The Hidden Aspects Of A Century Of Substance Use Policymaking In Iran, James T. Bradford, Emran Razaghi, Mohammad Binazadeh, Rahimeh Negarandeh, Kaveh Khoshnood
The Hidden Aspects Of A Century Of Substance Use Policymaking In Iran, James T. Bradford, Emran Razaghi, Mohammad Binazadeh, Rahimeh Negarandeh, Kaveh Khoshnood
Faculty Works
The use of substances, especially opiates, has been a longstanding and significant problem in Iran. In response, Iran has experimented with a wide range of policies including nonintervention, regulation, legalization, prohibition, and criminalization. Exploring Iran’s substance use policies suggests that the Iranian government has been more concerned with byproducts of policies such as financial revenue, promoting diplomacy, and maintaining power, rather than genuinely alleviating the substance trade and addiction. First, we explore how opium taxation was the core substance use policy before oil became the main source of government income. Second, we discuss how conflicts of power between the health …
Witchy Politics: Witches And Witchcraft As Political Tropes From Malleus Malleficarum (1487) To Les Sorcières De La République (2016) And The Mercies (2020), Mallaury Joëlle Marie Gauthier
Witchy Politics: Witches And Witchcraft As Political Tropes From Malleus Malleficarum (1487) To Les Sorcières De La République (2016) And The Mercies (2020), Mallaury Joëlle Marie Gauthier
Foreign Languages & Literatures ETDs
The focus of this thesis are two recent novels featuring witches: Chloé Delaume’s Les Sorcières de la République(The Witches of the Republic, 2016) and Kiran Millwood Hargrave’s The Mercies (2020). The first is a futuristic dystopia set in 2062, during the witch trial of the Sibyl of Cumae. The second is a work of historical fiction based on witch trial records and set in seventeenth-century Finnmark (Norway). Both are feminist novels, and both emphasize the political valence of the witch as a gendered figure. This figure emerged from the misogyny of early modern demonology but acquired its contemporary contours …
The Context And The Commissioner: The Effect Of Milwaukee’S Health Commissioners’ Social, Cultural, And Historical Understanding Of Milwaukee’S People During The Last Five Pandemics, Madeline O'Dea Fruehe
The Context And The Commissioner: The Effect Of Milwaukee’S Health Commissioners’ Social, Cultural, And Historical Understanding Of Milwaukee’S People During The Last Five Pandemics, Madeline O'Dea Fruehe
Theses and Dissertations
Resistance to pandemic response policies was observed globally throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. This resistance has been linked by researchers to the prolonged duration and higher mortality rate of COVID-19 compared to previous pandemics, despite advancements in modern medicine, extensive surveillance networks and record vaccine production. However, the strategies implemented by public health officials during the COVID-19 pandemic closely mirrored those successful in mitigating past pandemics. To elucidate this disparity, a historical analysis encompassing the 1918, 1957, 1968, 2009, and Covid-19 pandemics was conducted within the city of Milwaukee. By examining archival documents and over 800 newspaper articles, this research found …
Digitalization Model Of Ciayumajakuning Manuscripts, Nanang Sutisna, Sasongko S. Putro, Dedi Yusar
Digitalization Model Of Ciayumajakuning Manuscripts, Nanang Sutisna, Sasongko S. Putro, Dedi Yusar
International Review of Humanities Studies
Intellectual activity in the archipelago was generally born in various kingdoms that existed at that time, one of which was in the Cirebon Kingdom. One of his works is in the form of a written tradition carried out by poets who gave birth to his writings under the direction of these kings. These writings are generally still in the form of handwriting which is often called manuscripts. In their writings they express their ideas or ideas in the form of values in general life such as religion, art, culture, history, medicine, government, technology, literature, culture, architecture and other life. Considering …
The Borgia Reexamined: A New Look At The Borgia Family And The Influence Of Adoptions Within The Family, Nicholas Ryan Mason
The Borgia Reexamined: A New Look At The Borgia Family And The Influence Of Adoptions Within The Family, Nicholas Ryan Mason
Masters Theses
The Borgia’s were a powerful family that garnered a great deal of their influence through the Catholic Church during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The height of the Borgia was between 1492 and 1503, when Rodrigo Borgia was elected Pope Alexander VI. Throughout history they have been known for the rumors of murder, incest, greed, and corruption that have surrounded the family ever since they first came to power. An examination of the family may not only lead to a different perspective of the family but may also lead to a deeper understanding of how one's enemies may …
Historical Understanding In The U.S. Constitution, Kristopher W. Chesterman
Historical Understanding In The U.S. Constitution, Kristopher W. Chesterman
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
How did the America’s Founding Fathers use historical knowledge to inform their actions and decisions that ultimately led to the creation of the Constitution? This dissertation begins to answer this question by providing context to the Framers’ education on both colonial and personal levels. Starting with exposure to historical content through learning Greek and Latin, this research explores the depth of historical knowledge possessed by the Founders and how they used that knowledge to explain their thoughts and ideas throughout the tumultuous years surrounding the American Revolutionary War. This aspect of the Constitution’s formation is overshadowed by the prominence of …
Decolonizing Kyiv’S Politics Of Memory: Current And Potential Implications Of Russia’S 2022 Invasion Of Ukraine On Ukrainian Monuments And Toponyms., Camilla Gironi
The Journal of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Development
History is the basis of our identity, but it sometimes represents a trap. As well explained by Keith Lowe, monuments are representative of our values, and every society deludes itself that its values will be everlasting. However, in a world changing at an unprecedented pace while we move on, urban furnishment such as monuments or streets’ names remain frozen in time. Statues and toponyms that were erected and chosen a long time ago may no longer be representative of the values we now treasure. While Russia’s aggression is still raging, a lot has been written on the potential implications of …
Tragic Fate And History In Thomas Hardy's "The Return Of The Native", Tristan Pageze
Tragic Fate And History In Thomas Hardy's "The Return Of The Native", Tristan Pageze
Foreign Languages & Literatures ETDs
This thesis explores the operation of the tragic in Thomas Hardy’s The Return of the Native by taking as a starting point the formalist approach to the genre of tragedy, before extending its definition to encompass the key concept of tragic conflict. This thesis argues that Hardy’s tragic vision takes for object human history, and especially the effects of new, unveiled knowledge on the human psyche, thus locating the root cause of tragedy in these contingencies. This continuum between individual action and the larger historical causes that shape it is expressed via the narrator’s discourse, and the discrepancy between his …