Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- English Language and Literature (12)
- Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies (12)
- African American Studies (10)
- American Studies (9)
- History (9)
-
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (8)
- American Literature (7)
- Comparative Literature (6)
- Cultural History (6)
- Literature in English, North America, Ethnic and Cultural Minority (5)
- United States History (5)
- Literature in English, British Isles (4)
- Spanish and Portuguese Language and Literature (4)
- Metaphysics (3)
- Other Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (3)
- Philosophy (3)
- Rhetoric and Composition (3)
- Spanish Literature (3)
- Women's Studies (3)
- American Material Culture (2)
- American Popular Culture (2)
- Creative Writing (2)
- Education (2)
- Ethnic Studies (2)
- Film and Media Studies (2)
- German Language and Literature (2)
- Latin American Languages and Societies (2)
- Latin American Literature (2)
- Latina/o Studies (2)
- Keyword
-
- African American (3)
- Women (3)
- African American Literature (2)
- Slavery (2)
- Translation (2)
-
- 1970s (1)
- AAVE (1)
- Abolition (1)
- Academic literacy (1)
- Affective economy (1)
- African American History (1)
- African American Print Culture (1)
- African American novel; utopia; the end of 19th and early 20th centuries; Sutton E. Griggs; Paulin Hopkins; W. E. B. Du Bois (1)
- African Diaspora (1)
- African-American History (1)
- Afro-American Literature (1)
- Afro-Brazilian Literature (1)
- Afro-Germans (1)
- Afro-Latino (1)
- Afroethnic Renewal (1)
- Afrofusion (1)
- Agency (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Allomorph (1)
- American Literature (1)
- American literature (1)
- Anglo-Spanish relations (1)
- Architecture (1)
- Audre Lorde (1)
- Autobiography (1)
Articles 1 - 30 of 38
Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities
The Concept Of Intrinsic Goodness: Essays In Moorean Moral Philosophy, Miles Tucker
The Concept Of Intrinsic Goodness: Essays In Moorean Moral Philosophy, Miles Tucker
Doctoral Dissertations
I defend and explicate a Moorean program in value theory. I claim that intrinsic goodness is the fundamental concept of axiology, and argue that the notion should be understood as G.E. Moore suggested in the Principia Ethica. In the first three chapters, I address popular challenges to the Moorean project, including objections raised by Judith Jarvis Thomson, Shelly Kagan, and Christine Korsgaard. After, I turn to explication: I attend to the connection between goodness and other normative notions, and present what I take to be the most attractive version of the Moorean view. Finally, I address a perennial puzzle …
Fantasy Frontier: Old West Theme Parks And Memory In California, Amanda Tewes
Fantasy Frontier: Old West Theme Parks And Memory In California, Amanda Tewes
Doctoral Dissertations
This study examines sites of Old West tourism—specifically the three California theme parks of Knott’s Berry Farm, Calico Ghost Town, and Frontier Village—as avenues through which the myth of “the West” gets propagated, even among the people of the American West, and even if these sites do not reflect the actual history of the region. California’s Old West theme parks act as windows into mid-twentieth-century cultural conflicts of politics and identity within the state. But these sites are artifacts of a particular historical moment and their fantasy of the Old West memorializes mid-century renderings of the past rather than nineteenth-century …
Materializing Transfer: Writing Dispositions In A Culture Of Standardized Testing, Lisha Daniels Storey
Materializing Transfer: Writing Dispositions In A Culture Of Standardized Testing, Lisha Daniels Storey
Doctoral Dissertations
This research begins with questions about transition and transfer—about the dimensions of writing happening across and in between contexts. As a writing teacher and writing center worker, I endeavor to help students make their own writing experiences, values, and attitudes a site of inquiry as they move in and out of different educational spaces. Motivated by these interests, and informed by materialist perspectives that situate writing education in material conditions and relations, I conducted an interview study of thirteen college writers to explore their values, attitudes, and beliefs about writing within a culture of standardized testing. In doing so, I …
Applications And Extensions Of Counterpart Theory, Bridgette Peterson
Applications And Extensions Of Counterpart Theory, Bridgette Peterson
Doctoral Dissertations
An exploration of the details of counterpart theory, and some applications of the view. In Chapter 1, I set out the view and clarify the most important features: that the counterpart relation is a context dependent similarity relation, and that individuals are world-bound entities. I then set out what I take to be the most promising methods of filling in important details. Chapter 2 is a discussion of an alternative view, lump theory. I attempt to distinguish lump theory from counterpart theory, and argue that several attempt to do so fail. Chapter 3 is an attempt to apply counterpart theory …
Dialogue And "Dialect": Character Speech In American Fiction, Carly Overfelt
Dialogue And "Dialect": Character Speech In American Fiction, Carly Overfelt
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation investigates the linguistic construction of race and place in turn-of-the-century American novels and short stories. Literary analyses of character speech continue to reinforce the old dichotomy of Standard versus nonstandard/dialectal English. I challenge the ideology of Standard English in my readings of works by Mark Twain, Charles Chesnutt, Sarah Orne Jewett, and little-known Cherokee author, Ora V. Eddleman Reed, among others. I argue that these texts create their own standards that interact with (and sometimes resist) the language ideology of their time. By analyzing all variation, rather than only what has been traditionally viewed as “dialect,” I reveal …
Novel Buildings: Architectural And Narrative Form In Victorian Fiction, Ashley R. Nadeau
Novel Buildings: Architectural And Narrative Form In Victorian Fiction, Ashley R. Nadeau
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation, “Novel Buildings: Architectural and Narrative Form in Victorian Fiction,” offers an interdisciplinary study of the relationship between the economic and social histories of built space and the Victorian literary imagination. At its most fundamental level, it claims that the spaces we inhabit shape the stories we tell. Reading Victorian literature through the architectural archive of the period, it argues that the nineteenth century’s rapidly evolving built environment resulted in a new set of narrative possibilities and laid the foundations for authorial innovations in genre, style, and form. Organized taxonomically around four architectural types reinvented in the nineteenth century—courthouses, …
Demanding Spaces: 1970s U.S. Women's Novels As Sites Of Struggle, Kate Marantz
Demanding Spaces: 1970s U.S. Women's Novels As Sites Of Struggle, Kate Marantz
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation offers a new view of 1970s gender and race politics in the United States by analyzing struggles in and over space in four women’s novels: Joan Didion’s Play It As It Lays (1970), Toni Morrison’s Sula (1973), Alice Walker’s Meridian (1976), and Marilyn French’s The Women’s Room (1977). My project reads space as a dynamic, politically charged realm of interactions between lived bodies, physical landscapes, and imaginative territories—including the formal characteristics of fiction. Using this critical lens, I highlight how these authors interrogate conditions of sexism and racism by representing their characters making and responding to “demands” for …
“The Blackness Of Blackness”: Meta-Black Identity In 20th/21st Century African American Culture, Casey Hayman
“The Blackness Of Blackness”: Meta-Black Identity In 20th/21st Century African American Culture, Casey Hayman
Doctoral Dissertations
The central claim in this dissertation is that much contemporary African American cultural expression would be better conceptualized not as “post-black,” as some would have it, but as what I call “meta-black.” I use the preface “meta-” because while this contemporary black identity also resists sometimes constrictive conceptions of “authentic” black identity from within the African American community, I diverge from theorists of “post-blackness” in observing the ways that, as Nicole Fleetwood observes, blackness necessarily “circulates” within a technologically-driven mediascape, and these postmodern black subjects work within and against the constraints of this aural-visual regime of blackness in order to …
Tragicomic Transpositions: The Influence Of Spanish Prose Romance On The Development Of Early Modern English Tragicomedy, Josefina Hardman
Tragicomic Transpositions: The Influence Of Spanish Prose Romance On The Development Of Early Modern English Tragicomedy, Josefina Hardman
Doctoral Dissertations
The critical origin story for early modern English stage tragicomedy has frequently centered around Italian playwright and theorist Giambattista Guarini, who offered a tragicomic model in his play Il pastor fido (The Faithful Shepherd) and in his treatises on the genre. While Guarini’s impact on playwrights such as John Fletcher is undeniable, tragicomic critics have generally ignored the pervasive influence of Miguel de Cervantes’ work on seventeenth-century English playwrights. This project is the first sustained study of the influence of Cervantean prose romance on the development of early modern English tragicomedy. By looking at English tragicomedies with Spanish …
Me, Myself And I: Reflections On Self-Consciousness And Authority, Jonathan Rosen
Me, Myself And I: Reflections On Self-Consciousness And Authority, Jonathan Rosen
Doctoral Dissertations
The Rationalist conception of the self identifies the subject, the “I”, as a “captain” wielding autonomous rational authority over his subservient attitudes and behaviors—his “crew”. I argue that such a conception of the self is metaphysically untenable and that its practical and ethical ramifications are unattractive. In its place I recommend an alternative, Holistic, “Crew of Captains” conception of the self, and explain its metaphysical, practical and ethical advantages.
Beyond The Boundaries Of Childhood: Northern African American Children's Cultural And Political Resistance, 1780-1861, Crystal L. Webster
Beyond The Boundaries Of Childhood: Northern African American Children's Cultural And Political Resistance, 1780-1861, Crystal L. Webster
Doctoral Dissertations
Notions of childhood as a distinct developmental period of life were concretized during the nineteenth century. Features of children’s lives including innocence, play, and exclusion from labor became markers of ideal childhoods as part of the racialized modernization of childhood. This dissertation uncovers the ways in which modern constructions of childhood attempted to subjugate northern African American children throughout the nineteenth century and highlights the means by which black children and conceptualizations of black childhood became agents and sites of resistance. In doing so, it demonstrates both how African American children experienced age-based forms of subjugation as well as their …
Para Donde Miran Los Ojos: Confluencias Entre Locura, (Des)Identidad Y Violencia En La Obra De João Guimarães Rosa, Silvina Ocampo Y Luis Martín-Santos, Giseli C. Tordin
Para Donde Miran Los Ojos: Confluencias Entre Locura, (Des)Identidad Y Violencia En La Obra De João Guimarães Rosa, Silvina Ocampo Y Luis Martín-Santos, Giseli C. Tordin
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation studies the representation of madness in the literary works of three twentieth-century authors, namely, João Guimarães Rosa (from Brazil), Silvina Ocampo (from Argentina), and Luis Martín-Santos (from Spain). The first chapter argues that madness in Ocampo’s “El castigo”, Rosa’s “Buriti”, and Martín-Santos, Tiempo de silencio, reveals a series of conflicts between tradition and modernity, rather than the alleged symptoms of an individual suffering from a mental illness. After comparing the three works, it is evident that the decisions of their characters reproduce certain values idealized by authoritarian cultures. The second chapter discusses Rosa’s “Substância”, Ocampo’s “La casa …
Theatres Of War: Performing Queer Nationalism In Modernist Narratives, Elise Swinford
Theatres Of War: Performing Queer Nationalism In Modernist Narratives, Elise Swinford
Doctoral Dissertations
Queer writers in Britain during the early twentieth century found themselves in a fraught geopolitical context formed by imperial violence and the First World War. In this dissertation, I argue that many queer modernist artists employed performative strategies in order to navigate the increasingly narrow vision of WWI-era British national culture that accompanied this historical context. While performance allowed them to express queer politics and desires without risking total exposure and persecution, their performative aesthetic depended on a problematic use of racial tropes through which these desires were channeled. By attending to moments of national and gendered performances in the …
Theaters Of Voice, Body, And Page: Beckett, Sophocles, Homer, Joyce, Barry A. Spence
Theaters Of Voice, Body, And Page: Beckett, Sophocles, Homer, Joyce, Barry A. Spence
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation makes a comparative study of Homeric Greek, Classical Greek, Modernist, and late modern works of storytelling with particular attention to strategies and techniques that achieve an exceptional degree of performative immediacy. As such, theater (the dramatic mode) forms a central concern, viewed as the fulfillment of direct performative embodiment—building on Aristotle’s idea of mimesis. An analysis examining multiple media demonstrates how oral epic poetry, Athenian tragedy, modern theater, the short story, and the novel can make use of seemingly disparate storytelling methods that share underlying mechanisms whose effects are decidedly theatrical. Four authors—Sophocles, Samuel Beckett, Homer, and …
We Are Roses From Our Mothers' Gardens: Black Feminist Visuality In African American Women's Art, Kelli Morgan
We Are Roses From Our Mothers' Gardens: Black Feminist Visuality In African American Women's Art, Kelli Morgan
Doctoral Dissertations
ABSTRACT WE ARE ROSES FROM OUR MOTHERS’ GARDENS: BLACK FEMINIST VISUALITY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN’S ART MAY 2017 KELLI MORGAN, B.A., WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Ph.D., UNIVERISTY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Manisha Sinha We Are Roses From Our Mothers' Gardens posits that in differing historical periods African American women visual artists employed various media and create from individual political thoughts, intellectual views, and aesthetic interests to emphasize the innate unification of a Black woman’s race, gender, sexuality, class, and selfhood and how this multifaceted dynamic of Black women’s identity and material reality produces a …
A Site Of Nation: Black Utopian Novels In The Late 19th And Early 20th Centuries, Xianzhi Meng
A Site Of Nation: Black Utopian Novels In The Late 19th And Early 20th Centuries, Xianzhi Meng
Doctoral Dissertations
ABSTRACT Contrary to the traditional view that there is lack of utopian dimension in African American literature, this dissertation argues that African American literature not only develops an exuberant utopian tradition, but also forms its own utopian uniqueness. Based on this conclusion, the dissertation specially focuses on the period between the 1880s and the first two decades of the 20th century that witnessed the first peak of African American utopian writing. Meanwhile, this era has been claimed as the “Golden Age” of Black Nationalism. Through the examination of the historical background of the co-existence of these two conflicting strains, …
The Socialist Devout: Religious Orders And The Making Of An East German Catholic Community, Kathryn Julian
The Socialist Devout: Religious Orders And The Making Of An East German Catholic Community, Kathryn Julian
Doctoral Dissertations
My dissertation explores the central role of Roman Catholic orders in the creation of a resilient and stable Catholic community in post-1945 East German society. The persistence of these highly visible religious figures as well as their work in charities, retirement homes, schools, and hospitals not only threatened the socialist state’s mission to create a secularized society, but also bolstered and unified the dispersed East German Catholic population. Though the German Democratic Republic (GDR) ostensibly embraced scientific atheism, religious orders remained important in the postwar era, particularly in their performance of social functions. Catholic institutes upheld the integrity of their …
Peppermint Kings: A Rural American History, Dan Allosso
Peppermint Kings: A Rural American History, Dan Allosso
Doctoral Dissertations
Explores rural history through the experiences of three families that dominated the American peppermint oil business from its beginning in the early nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. The rural entrepreneurs who became Peppermint Kings acted in ways that challenge traditional historical depictions of rural people. The freethinking Ranney clan built a family business that extended from Massachusetts to western New York and Michigan during the first half of the nineteenth century. The Hotchkiss brothers entered the international market and ventured into finance and banking at a time when the United States government was reducing opportunities for regional bankers. …
Translation, Rewriting, And Fan Fiction: A Literary History Of Transformative Work, Shannon K. Farley
Translation, Rewriting, And Fan Fiction: A Literary History Of Transformative Work, Shannon K. Farley
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation explores the relationship between rewritings of source texts and their cultural contexts in an attempt to raise the prestige of fan fiction. In these early years of the twenty-first century, it's becoming increasingly clear that we're living in a “participatory culture,” in which consumers of texts are becoming more and more engaged with the texts they are consuming. Producers of films and television shows create fictional websites for fans to visit and continue interacting with the stories outside of their regular viewing schedule. Fans have created their own communities, mostly online, where they analyze, debate, deconstruct, reconstruct, and …
‘Woman Thou Art Loosed’: Black Female Sexuality Unhinged In The Fiction Of Frances Harper And Pauline Hopkins, Crystal Donkor
‘Woman Thou Art Loosed’: Black Female Sexuality Unhinged In The Fiction Of Frances Harper And Pauline Hopkins, Crystal Donkor
Doctoral Dissertations
Race-sex narratives that dominated in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries permeated the political, scientific, and social fabric of the nation, but did not solely center on black bodies. These narratives demeaned and degraded a race of black citizens, characterizing them as sexually deviant social pariahs. Consequently, these same notions elevated whites to the highest rungs of society, marking them as moral and desirable. This crafting of racial identity acted as just one way to justify racial subordination through the creation of notions that proved detrimental to black life and worthiness. Writer-activists penning their tales of fiction after the Civil War …
And Liberty For All: Geechee Culture And The Black Freedom Struggle In Liberty County, Georgia, 1752-1946, Felicia Jamison
And Liberty For All: Geechee Culture And The Black Freedom Struggle In Liberty County, Georgia, 1752-1946, Felicia Jamison
Doctoral Dissertations
“And Liberty For All” is a case study of an African-American rural community in Georgia. It argues that to understand the manners in which Southern rural black communities fought for civil rights in the Black Freedom Struggle, one must take the longue durèe approach to researching and writing their histories. Thus, this dissertation covers the period of slavery until the modern Civil Rights Movement of the 1940s. This case study is representative of other Southern rural communities in that it highlights the nuanced ways in which they survived and persevered while facing racism, racial violence, and disenfranchisement by using grassroots …
Comunidad Y Escritura En La Temprana Edad Moderna Española Teresa De Cartagena, María De Santo Domingo Y Teresa De Ávila (1420-1582), Borja Gama De Cossio
Comunidad Y Escritura En La Temprana Edad Moderna Española Teresa De Cartagena, María De Santo Domingo Y Teresa De Ávila (1420-1582), Borja Gama De Cossio
Doctoral Dissertations
My research focuses on the literary production of women in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. My dissertation studies the life and works of three religious women in their respective communities: Teresa de Cartagena, Sor María de Santo Domingo, and Santa Teresa de Ávila. I examine how these women interact with other members of their orders, thus creating symbolic, intellectual, and emotional communities. I argue that their contact with friends and enemies inside and outside of their order and the church displays a variety of empowerment strategies. To deploy these series of strategies, religious women fashioned images of themselves …
Verbal -S Productions In The Structured Writing Samples Of Variable Aae-Speaking Fourth-Grade Students With And Without Language Impairment, Jacklyn High Felton
Verbal -S Productions In The Structured Writing Samples Of Variable Aae-Speaking Fourth-Grade Students With And Without Language Impairment, Jacklyn High Felton
Doctoral Dissertations
Researchers in speech-language pathology and ethnolinguistics have worked to gain knowledge about typical and atypical language patterns of African American children who are identified as African American English (AAE) dialect speakers. Much progress had been made, but limitations in this field of knowledge have persisted, especially for AA children who demonstrate variable use of AAE, presumably through the process of assimilation in the school setting. Therefore, more information is needed to provide diagnostic markers for deviations in typical language development for variable AAE-MAE speakers. Prior empirical research has found that third- and fourth-grade AAE-speaking children with typical language development overtly …
The Drama Of Race: Contemporary Afro-German Theater, Jamele Watkins
The Drama Of Race: Contemporary Afro-German Theater, Jamele Watkins
Doctoral Dissertations
The first investigation of Afro-German theater my dissertation, “The Drama of Race,” argues that Afro-German theater empowers as Black actors take ownership of a German stage, a white German space. My dissertation highlights four crucial Afro-German plays: real life: Germany (2008), Heimat, bittersüße Heimat [Home, bittersweet Home] (2010), Also by Mail (2013), and Mais in Deutschland und anderen Galaxien [Corn in Germany and Other Galaxies] (2015). In Chapter I, I discuss the cultural conditions in which Afro-German theater emerged—after an established literary corpus by Afro-German authors. Chapter II introduces the first Afro-German play and its improvisational methods as empowering for …
Representation, Reflection, And Reconciliation: The Evolving Depiction Of Violence In The Committed Literature Of Manlio Argueta, Gladys E. Vasquez
Representation, Reflection, And Reconciliation: The Evolving Depiction Of Violence In The Committed Literature Of Manlio Argueta, Gladys E. Vasquez
Doctoral Dissertations
This dissertation focuses on the life and works of the committed Salvadoran author Manlio Argueta. It traces pertinent themes in four of his novels, El valle de las hamacas (1969), Caperucita en la zona roja (1978), Milagro de La Paz (1994), and Siglo de O(g)ro (1997). This project traces how Argueta's representation of violence markedly transitions from a mimetic representation of violence that appeals to the senses and raises awareness of the exacerbating circumstances to a subdued and psychological representation of the consequences of the violence in the face of new violence and changing panoramas. It highlights three major moments …
Stories Written On Concrete: Understanding And (Re)Imagining Street Lit And Culture, 1990-2007, Jacinta Saffold
Stories Written On Concrete: Understanding And (Re)Imagining Street Lit And Culture, 1990-2007, Jacinta Saffold
Doctoral Dissertations
“Stories Written on Concrete: Understanding and Re-imagining Street Lit and Culture, 1990-2007,” coalesces around stories of urbanity and coming of age at the turn of the twenty-first century. As the Hip Hop generation reflected on the social, economic, and cultural shifts of the 1980s and 1990s, they took up paper and pen to immortalize the conflicting duality of the gritty and glamorous experience of growing up on a concrete cityscape in America. I interrogate how street lit disrupts normative literary representations of black life in print. Specifically, I consider how urban fiction writes against the African American literary canon in …
Roughly Speaking: A Performance Autoethnography Of Occupation, Aesthetics, And Epistemology, Tyler Boudreau
Roughly Speaking: A Performance Autoethnography Of Occupation, Aesthetics, And Epistemology, Tyler Boudreau
Doctoral Dissertations
Roughly Speaking is a performance autoethnography that explores both conditions of storytelling and narrative strategies for producing alternative interpretations and representations of experience, in particular, the occupation of space and subjectivities. Through creative manipulations of voice and style, this narrative performance attempts to challenge dominant notions of authorship, identity, and epistemology, especially those that mask the situatedness of knowledge production and reproduce systemic marginalization of non-normative bodies, voices, and perspectives. Taking as a starting point the narrative form of identity and building upon the mutually constitutive character of social and personal narratives, with an emphasis on embodiment, performativity, and the …
Catch Feelings: Class Affect And Performativity In Teaching Associates' Narratives, Anna Rita Napoleone
Catch Feelings: Class Affect And Performativity In Teaching Associates' Narratives, Anna Rita Napoleone
Doctoral Dissertations
In this dissertation, I argue that a better understanding of class affectations in teacher identity and the social space of academia may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the way class manifests itself in academic spaces. Previous research in Composition and Rhetoric has shown that social class, specifically working-class literacy practices, frequently challenges or is in direct opposition to academic literacy practices, and that teachers respond to such class interference negatively. Little research has been done on how teachers' attachments to certain class norms and/or backgrounds affects how they interact with academic literacy and/or how they respond to students. …
From Householder To War-Lord To Heavenly Hero: Naming God In The Early Continental Germanic Languages, Michael Moynihan
From Householder To War-Lord To Heavenly Hero: Naming God In The Early Continental Germanic Languages, Michael Moynihan
Doctoral Dissertations
Using an interdisciplinary approach and building upon earlier work by Northcott, Green, Eggers, Schirokauer, and others, the present study presents a reappraisal of the development of the Germanic vocabulary adopted to designate the divine Lord (God or Christ) in the early stages of Christianization on the continent during the first millennium. The words used to translate Greek kyrios and Latin dominus were drawn from the sphere of Germanic social institutions and thus their adoption was influenced—and to some extent determined—by external conditions and values. In Wulfila’s fourth-century translation of the Bible into an East Germanic dialect of Gothic, the word …
A Papered Freedom: Self-Purchase And Compensated Manumission In The Antebellum United States, Julia Bernier
A Papered Freedom: Self-Purchase And Compensated Manumission In The Antebellum United States, Julia Bernier
Doctoral Dissertations
“A Papered Freedom” is a systematic study of how enslaved and self-emancipated African Americans engaged with compensated manumission to become legally free. To do this, I address fundamental issues related to compensated manumission within the United States from the founding era to the fugitive slave crisis of the 1850s. The project works to give voice to the concerns and problems that African Americans faced in their attempts to buy freedom by analyzing how they interacted with different kinds of networks, both social and economic, in the interest of liberation. By accruing different kinds of capital within these networks, African Americans …