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Articles 1 - 30 of 90
Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities
Intrafamilial Role Changes And The Process Of Overcoming Identity Crisis Of Paternal Characters In German And Thai Novels(Innerfamiliärer Rollentausch Und Bewältigung Der Identitätskrise Der Vaterfiguren In Deutschen Und Thailändischen Romanen), Atthaphon Techaphan
Journal of Letters
This article focuses on the problems of identity and paternal roles experienced by paternal characters in German and Thai novels published after 1990. The analysis discusses how new facets of fatherhood, which are the result of the interchange of family roles between men and women and of the increased prevalence of single-parent families, are problematized on the fictional level. The study details the struggles of paternal characters to adjust to their newly assigned roles, to associate themselves with these roles, their alienation from society and the conflict between the male identity and the changing condition in being a father. Struggles …
The Honorific System In German As A Phenomenon Of Courtesy: The Culturally Contrastive Analysis Of Foreign Language Learning Exemplified Through The Use Of The Personal Pronouns Du And Sie By Thai German-Learners At Chiang Mai University(Honorativsystem Im Deutschen Als Höflichkeits-Phänomen: Die Kulturkontrastive Analyse Im Fremdsprachenlernen Am Beispiel Des Gebrauchs Der Personalpronomina Du Oder Sie Der Thailändischen Deutschlernenden An Der Universität Chiang Mai), Praiwan Loto
Journal of Letters
Honorifics are the grammatical encoding of (or by the upper) social rank or intimacy between speakers, listeners, and third parties (cf. Bußmann 2002, 284). Whereas the honorific system is present within Thai and German speech communities, the possibilities of structurally realizing courtesy and politeness in both languages vary. This study focuses on whether Thai German-learners use German personal pronouns "du" and "Sie" appropriately, which socio-cultural factors play roles in choosing Germanpersonal pronouns "du" and "Sie", and which language interferences are present. This study observes that in various conversations Thai students majoring in German at Chiang Mai University were able to …
Three Travelogues About Thailand: Ehlers' Im Sattel Durch Indo-China, Hesse-Wartegg's Siam: Das Reich Des Weissen Elefanten Und Hosseus' Durch König Tschulalongkorns Reich(Drei Reisebeschreibungen Über Thailand: Ehlers' Im Sattel Durch Indo-China, Hesse-Warteggs Siam: Das Reich Des Weissen Elefanten Undhosseus'durch König Tschulalongkorns Reich), Aratee Kaewsumrit
Journal of Letters
The article examines the representation of Thailand in three travelogues: Otto Ehrenfried Ehlers' Im Sattel durch Indochina (1894), Ernst von Hesse-Wartegg's Siam. Das Reich des weissen Elefanten (1899) und Carl Curt Hosseus' Durch König Tschulalongkorns Reich (1913). The representations of Thailand in these three books have some similarities and differences, reflecting influences from different historical contexts, and each author's individual interests and perceptions of Thailand. While Ehlers' book mostly demonstrates an open and unbiased perception of Thailand's exotic culture, Hesse-Wartegg's book exhibits a Eurocentric perspective, despite the author's fascination for the unique aspects of Thai culture. Another such Eurocentric perspective …
Literature And Literature Studies In The Context Of Modern German Studies: Goals And Development Strategies(Literatur Und Literaturwissenschaft Im Kontext Moderner Auslandsgermanistik: Ziele Und Entwicklungsstrategien), Dirk Baldes
Journal of Letters
With a focus on topics related to the study of linguistics and literature, the academic field of German Studies in Germany has developed along traditional lines, independent of the needs of foreign language philology. In contrast to the domestic conception of German Studies, the academic design of the field abroad has resulted in distinct structures - shaped individually by every single country and university.German Studies abroad has therefore departed dramatically from its central concern for the study of linguistics and literature, moving instead toward the circumference of the field. Translation, tourism, and other career-related fields - that is to say, …
Counter-Realities. Impulses For A New Didactics Of Literary History(Gegenwirklichkeiten: Anstöße Zu Einer Neuen Didaktik Der Literaturgeschichte), Karsten Lorek
Journal of Letters
The article aims to give a fresh impetus to the didactics of literary history. For decades literary history has been criticized by literary scholars and educationalists: Poststructuralist and deconstructivist theories often consider it obsolete, and the didactics of literature emphasizes the difficulty of operationalizing, in accordance with a competence-oriented education, a specific literary-historical competence. Following, more or less implicitly, literary theories such as New Historicism, this article points out the remaining or even growing relevance of literary history within language arts and philologies in general, but specifically within German studies abroad. Teaching literary history is conceptualized as highlighting the cultural …
Referencing Conventions In German Scientific Language And Their Acquisition By Vietnamese Students: An Exemplary Longitudinal Study(Darstellungsformen Der Verfasserreferenz In Der Deutschen Wissenschaftssprache Und Ihr Erwerb Bei Vietnamesischen Deutschstudierenden: Eine Exemplarische Langzeitstudie), Dang Thi Thu Hien
Journal of Letters
Scientific language has specific linguistic features due to its particular communicative conditions and functions. This also applies to German scientific language. Special language features of German scientific language include referencing conventions. Understanding and applying these conventions is an important goal in German Studies. This paper gives an overview of different forms German referencing in order to develop a framework for the acquisition of these forms. The framework is then used to explore the acquisition process of a Vietnamese student at Hanoi University. The results of this study provide insight into this process, and form an empirical basis for improving the …
Synonymous Phraseologisms On The Topic Of "Fear" In German And Vietnamese Contrastives(Synonyme Phraseologismen Zum Thema „Angst" Im Deutschen Und Vietnamesischen Kontrastiv), Nguyen Lan Anh
Journal of Letters
Phraseologisms are essential to the understanding and use of language, providing performative range for communication and vocabulary, and for this reason they are considered part of the language system. In particular, they reflect the culture of a country and the mindset of its people, and can be thought of as units of language and culture. Therefore, by studying phraseologisms, one can gain understanding of the peculiarities of a culture, and when phraseologisms in one language are compared with those in another, differences and commonalities between the cultures and languages in question can be discerned. Synonymy plays an important role in …
War In The German Poetry Of The Baroque Period(สงครามในบทกวีนิพนธ์เยอรมันยุคบาร็อค(Der Krieg In Der Deutschen Lyrik Der Barockzeit)), Chusri Meewongukote
War In The German Poetry Of The Baroque Period(สงครามในบทกวีนิพนธ์เยอรมันยุคบาร็อค(Der Krieg In Der Deutschen Lyrik Der Barockzeit)), Chusri Meewongukote
Journal of Letters
The Thirty Years' War, which lasted from 1618 to 1648, was one of the longest and most destructive wars in Central Europe in early Modern Era. Germany, where most of the fighting took place, was completely destroyed. The war had a strong influence on the art of the period; war is therefore one of the major topics found in Baroque poetry.This article studies the portrayal of the Thirty Years' War in the poems of the Baroque period, and the attitudes of its poets towards the war. Four important poems are studied and analyzed. The study concludes that most of the …
India As An (Imagined) Place Of Precarious Self-Reflectivity And Identify Finding. About The Problem Of Reversed Ethnology In Contemporary Literature: Hans Christoph Buch's Reise Um Die Welt In Acht Nächten (2009) And Anna Katharina Fröhlich's Kream Corner (2010) (Indien Als (Imaginierter) Ort Der Prekären Selbstreflexivität Und Identitätsfindung. Zur Problematik Der Umgekehrten Ethnologie In Der Gegenwartsliteratur Am Beispiel Von Hans Christoph Buchs Reise Um Die Welt In Acht Nächten (2009) Und Anna Katharina Fröhlichs Kream Korner (2010)), Krisdi Chairatana
Journal of Letters
The aim of this paper is to analyze two contemporary literary works of two German Authors: Hans Christoph Buch's Reise um die Welt in acht Nächten(2009) and Anna Katharina Fröhlich's Kream Corner(2010). The novels focus on traveling to India as a place where a problematic self-realization of the protagonists occurs through their Euro-centric foreign perceptions. This experience reflects the challenge in ethnological research of understanding foreign elements, which merely leads to understanding of the researcher's own culture. This means that foreign elements act only as a methodological mirror. The two novels go beyond this problem and show that even effective …
Approaches Of Cultural Studies In The Textbook Series Studio 21 (A1.1 - A2.1)(Landeskundliche Ansätze In Daf-Lehrwerksreihe Studio 21(A1.1 - A2.1)), Luu Trong Nam
Journal of Letters
A balanced teaching of cultural knowledge in foreign language teaching in general and in German lessons in particular is of great importance. To make this possible, some promising approaches have been developed to help learners in the reception of cultural knowledge. The aim of the German teacher is that his or her students acquire not only the linguistic, but also the cultural aspects of German culture. Therefore, much consideration is given to bringing cultural content into the classroom and how differentapproaches to the didactics of regional studies make this possible. Theories of Weinmann, Hösch, Pauldrach and Zeuner form the theoretical …
Listening Comprehension: Some Considerations For Students At The German Department Of Hanoi University, Vietnam(Fertigkeit Hörverstehen: Einige Überlegungen Für Studierende An Der Deutschabteilung Der Universität Hanoi, Vietnam), Pham Thi Xuan
Journal of Letters
In their third semester, students at the German Department of Hanoi University aim to attain level B2 in listening comprehension. The textbook Aspekt e Neu B2 is used for this purpose. However, difficulties arise during the learning process, resulting in students not being able to understand thelearning material offered in the classroom.This article addresses two questions: what are the difficulties in listening to a lesson for German as a Foreign Language, and how could a teacher help their learners to overcome these difficulties?(Im dritten Semester haben die Studierenden an der Deutschabteilung der Universität Hanoi die Gelegenheit, sich der Fertigkeit Hörverstehen …
German And Thai Idioms And Their Semantic Similarities: A Contribution To Cultural Comparison(สํานวนเยอรมันและสํานวนไทยที่มีความหมายคล้ายคลึงกัน:การเปรียบเทียบเชิงวัฒนธรรม(Deutsche Und Thailändische Redewendungen: Ihre Bedeutungsähnlichkeiten. Ein Beitrag Zum Kulturellen Vergleich), Wanna Saengaramruang
Journal of Letters
This work was the second of two research projects supported by the Faculty of Arts Research Fund of Chulalongkorn University. Its goal was to discover semantic similarities between German and Thai idioms after the first research project "สํานวนเยอรมันน่ารู้" (Deutsche Redewendungen) had been published. These two projects aimed to assist Thai learners of German as well as translators of German to Thai and vice versa. In this study, German idioms are arranged alphabetically, presented with semantic explanations, examples and their equivalents in Thai, and linked to other German idiomatic expressions with the same or similar meanings. The research aims to answer …
Intralingual Interferences On Examples Of Morphosyntactic Errors Of Vietnamese Learners Of German At Level B1(Intralinguale Interferenzen An Beispielen Der Morphosyntaktischen Fehler Von Vietnamesischen Deutschstudierenden Im Niveau B1), Nguyen Thi Oanh
Journal of Letters
In the foreign language learning process, errors are considered unavoidable, both in terms of speaking and writing. Two sources of errors are detailed in this study: learners' direct translation of their native language or another foreign language they have learned (interlingual errors), and the target language's original errors (intralingual errors). This study details errors in morphology and syntax, errors caused by the target language itself, and explains their causes. Examples are taken from the final writing test of first year students of German at Hanoi University.(Als DaF-Lehrer beschäftigt man sich immer mit Texten der Deutsch-lernenden. Aber bei der Textproduktion können …
Analysis Of Culture-Specific Translation Strategies Applied To German Translation Of Myanmar Short Stories(Eine Übersetzungsanalyse Aus Einer Kulturspezifischen Perspektive: Myanmarische Kurzgeschichten In Deutscher Übersetzung), Ei Ei Khaing
Journal of Letters
Literary translation requires an understanding of cultural context: norms, behavior and cultural values. Translating culture-specific items from literary texts is therefore a very challenging task. The present paper explores translation strategies used in the transfer from Burmese into German of the book Myanmar erzählt: 25 zeitgenössiche Kurzgeschichten (25 Myanmar contemporary short stories) by Klaus R. Schröder und Georg Noack (2008), with a focus on the culture-specific challenges of translation. First, theories of translation are explained, then cultural specificity, culture-specific translation problems and strategies in culture-specific translation are described. To conclude, the applied translation strategies are explored, arranged and analyzed. Results …
The Omission Of Verbs In Coordinate Ellipsis And Confusion Caused By Coordinate Structures(Einsparung Von Verben Innerhalbkoordinationsellipsen Und Zweifelsfälle Bei Koordinationen), Nguyen Thuy Linh
Journal of Letters
The concept of ellipsis is a controversial and much discussed subject within the field of linguistics. Ellipsis is a term that is used to describe the omission of words or phrases in a sentence. However, this kind of omission can lead to misunderstanding and confusion. This paper will focus on one particular type of ellipsis: ellipsis in coordinate structures, in which the similar constituents have been left out. The main aim of this study is to investigate the confusion caused by elided verbs in coordinate elliptical constructions, and provides an opportunity to enhance our understanding of this linguistic phenomenon. Data …
The Image Of Foreigners In Modern German Films And The Use Of Films As Teaching Materials In German As A Foreign Language Classes(Das Ausländerbild In Zeitgenössischen Deutschen Filmen Und Der Filmeinsatz Im Daf-Unterricht), Rassamee Wuttikraikrieng
The Image Of Foreigners In Modern German Films And The Use Of Films As Teaching Materials In German As A Foreign Language Classes(Das Ausländerbild In Zeitgenössischen Deutschen Filmen Und Der Filmeinsatz Im Daf-Unterricht), Rassamee Wuttikraikrieng
Journal of Letters
The purpose of this article is to explore how four contemporary films have represented foreigners: Willkommen bei den Hartmanns by Simon Verhoeven (2016), Einmal Hans mit scharfer Soße by Buket Alakuş (2013), Almanya - Willkommen in Deutschland by Yasemin Şamdereli (2011) andMaria, ihm schmeckt's nicht!! by Neele Vollmar (2009). These films have been selected for analysis due to their accessibility, their popularity in Germany and their contents, which involve cultural conflicts occurring in daily life. This study identifies the following aspects of foreigners' experiences most frequently represented in the films: 1)Foreigners' prejudice towards German people (and vice versa) 2)Foreigners' problems …
Conceptual Metaphors For "Refugees" In Online Newspapers: An Empirical Study In German And In Thai(Konzeptuelle Metaphern Zum Begriff „Flüchtlinge" In Online-Zeitungen: Eine Empirische Studie Im Deutschen Und Im Thai), Phongsakorn Jamjumrus
Journal of Letters
This research article investigates the comparative language usage of refugee metaphors in German and Thai in two selected online newspapers: Süddeutsche Zeitung and Thairath. According to Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) cognitive theory of the conceptual metaphor, metaphors exert a major influence on our thinking, perceptions and behaviour in everyday life. This study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze data from a German and a Thai corpus. It was found that twelve source domains are used in German and Thai data. In both corpora, refugees were represented in six domains, namely as GOODS, ENEMIES, WATER, OBJECTS, GUESTS/VISITORS and VEHICLES. …
The Usage Of The French Definite And Indefinite Articles(การใช้คํานําหน้านามภาษาฝรั่งเศส Article Defini-Indefini), Wannachai Kampeera
The Usage Of The French Definite And Indefinite Articles(การใช้คํานําหน้านามภาษาฝรั่งเศส Article Defini-Indefini), Wannachai Kampeera
Journal of Letters
This article proposes guidelines for the usage of the French definite and indefinite articles. I analyze the problem of using wrong-type articles by Thai learners of French. This difficulty seems to be rooted in the lack of understanding of the meaning of the articles. The survey of books for lea rners of French, written by both Thai and French authors, suggests that most explanations on the use of the articles focus on the "form" and not the "meaning". I thus explain the semantic role of the articles with regard to nouns. I provide guidelines for using the definite and indefinite …
Buddhist Ideologies From Dhamma Aphorisms In Monasteries In Chiang Mai, Thailand, Katbandit Wongsi
Buddhist Ideologies From Dhamma Aphorisms In Monasteries In Chiang Mai, Thailand, Katbandit Wongsi
Journal of Letters
Aphorism signs found in Thai monasteries are a means of communication used by monks to relay the Buddha's teaching (dhamma) to Thai Buddhistsin general, and to share Buddhist ideologies. This study examines how Buddhist ideologies are constructed through these aphorisms. The analytical framework used is the discourse analysis approach of Teun Van Dijk (Van Dijk 1995a; 1995b; 1995c; 1998; 2006) and David Machin and Andrea Mayr(Machin and Mayr 2012). The results reveal that the constructed ideologies are based on the Noble Truths, proclaimed by the Buddha. They underlie Buddhist views on the nature of suffering, the causes of suffering, the …
Priestly Accent?: An Acoustic Study Of Voice Onset Time In Hindi Speakers In Bangkok(สําเนียงพราหมณ์พิธี?: การวิเคราะห์ค่าทางกลสัทศาสตร์ของช่วงเวลาเริ่มเสียงก้องของผู้พูดภาษาฮินดีที่อาศัยอยู่ในกรุงเทพมหานคร), Chatchawan Janadisornchai, Sujinat Jitwiriyanont
Priestly Accent?: An Acoustic Study Of Voice Onset Time In Hindi Speakers In Bangkok(สําเนียงพราหมณ์พิธี?: การวิเคราะห์ค่าทางกลสัทศาสตร์ของช่วงเวลาเริ่มเสียงก้องของผู้พูดภาษาฮินดีที่อาศัยอยู่ในกรุงเทพมหานคร), Chatchawan Janadisornchai, Sujinat Jitwiriyanont
Journal of Letters
This study aims to investigate voice onset time (VOT) values of initial stopsin Hindi produced by Hindi speakers in Bangkok. Hindi has four categories of stops, i.e . voiceless unaspirated stops, voiceless aspirated stops, voicedunaspirated stops, and voiced aspirated stops. Stop consonants in a monosyllabic consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) production were obtained from six Hindi native speakers, aged 27-62, who joined Geeta Ashram Thailand association. The results reveal that voiceless stops have positiveVOT values or "voicing lag". The voicing-lag patterns of voiceless unaspiratedand aspirated stops are different, i.e . short and long lag respectively. Voicedstops have negative VOT values or "voicing lead". …
Problems In Japanese To Thai Translation -A Focus On Lexical Translation-(ปัญหาการแปลภาษาญี่ป่นเป็นภาษาไทย -การแปลคําศัพท์-), Somkiat Chawengkijwanich
Problems In Japanese To Thai Translation -A Focus On Lexical Translation-(ปัญหาการแปลภาษาญี่ป่นเป็นภาษาไทย -การแปลคําศัพท์-), Somkiat Chawengkijwanich
Journal of Letters
This study aims to investigate the problems of translating Japanese into Thai, focusing on lexical translation, and also to explore the causes of the problems and to propose some ideas to solve these problems. The reason for focusing on lexical translationis that lexical translation is one of the most difficult tasks for translators (Imai 2009). The data used in this study are the Thai translations of 22 Japanese articles of various types such as news articles, letters, e-mails, speeches, novels, cartoons etc., translated by Thai learners of Japanese. Various problems were found and analyzed. The causes of the problems are …
Virtues In German Proverbs (Tugenden Im Deutschen Sprichwort)(คุณธรรมในภาษิตเยอรมัน), Chusri Mewongukote
Virtues In German Proverbs (Tugenden Im Deutschen Sprichwort)(คุณธรรมในภาษิตเยอรมัน), Chusri Mewongukote
Journal of Letters
The research aims to study and ascertain essential virtues found in common German proverbs and to analyse the main factors which have caused or affected these virtues. The "Encyclopedia of German proverbs" of Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wander, which contains more than 250,000 proverbs, has been used as the primary source for this purpose.The paper describes 25 essential virtues, which have been found in the proverbs, as well as hints at three major factors that have always maintained such an important effect on those virtues. These three major factors are the Christian doctrine, the patriarchal system of the German society in …
Comparing "Heart" Metaphors From A Sensory Perspective In Mandarin Chinese And Thai Languages(อุปลักษณ์ "ใจ" กับคําแสดงประสาทสัมผัสในภาษาจีนเปรียบเทียบกับภาษาไทย), Yao Siqi Chatchawadee Saralamba
Comparing "Heart" Metaphors From A Sensory Perspective In Mandarin Chinese And Thai Languages(อุปลักษณ์ "ใจ" กับคําแสดงประสาทสัมผัสในภาษาจีนเปรียบเทียบกับภาษาไทย), Yao Siqi Chatchawadee Saralamba
Journal of Letters
This research focuses on studying "heart" metaphors from a sensory perspective, characterizing and analyzing relevant metaphorical expressions of Chinese "HEART" (/ɕin55/) in comparison with the correspondent Thai "HEART" (/tɕaj0/) based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) of Lakoff and Johnson (1980; 1999; 2003) as well as the theory of knowledge "embodiment theory" (Johnson 1987) which was also taken into account. This study also explores the concept of "heart" in the two languages and their metaphorical mapping process, as well as the aspect of meaning extension conveyed by the word "heart" ranges from a body-part term to the more abstract meanings, including …
What Did We Learn Last Class? An Exploratory Study Of Student- Generated Review Questions, Christopher Nathanael Johnson
What Did We Learn Last Class? An Exploratory Study Of Student- Generated Review Questions, Christopher Nathanael Johnson
PASAA
'Student-generated review questions' is a classroom technique in which one or more students are assigned the task of writing a set of questions based on what was studied during a class. These questions are shown to all of the students at the beginning of the next class, and then discussed in pairs or small groups. The current study explored student perceptions of the technique. The studentgenerated review questions activity was run regularly throughout an entire semester with three classes of undergraduate students in a university in Bangkok. At the end of the semester, these students completed a questionnaire comprising Likert …
Inferential Reasoning As A Means Of Avoiding Plagiarism In Paraphrasing, Atikhom Thienthong
Inferential Reasoning As A Means Of Avoiding Plagiarism In Paraphrasing, Atikhom Thienthong
PASAA
Paraphrasing is a signature practice of constructing intertextual discourse in academic writing. It is a story retelling technique commonly employed by academic writing classes to tackle plagiarism. However, teaching and learning of paraphrasing tend to place a very heavy emphasis on literal meanings of source messages and faithful reproductions of source meanings through new linguistic systems (e.g. altering syntactic structures, changing lexical forms, substituting synonyms), which may not effectively respond to authentic academic writing. Given this textual orientation, inferential reasoning which is essential in academic discourse tends to be relatively overlooked. To address this neglect, this article proposes an alternative …
Japanese Language Education For Developing Active And Reflective Learning(การเรียนการสอนภาษาญี่ปุ่นเพื่อพัฒนาการเรียนรู้แบบตื่นตัวและไตร่ตรอง), Kanokwan Laohaburanakit Katagiri
Japanese Language Education For Developing Active And Reflective Learning(การเรียนการสอนภาษาญี่ปุ่นเพื่อพัฒนาการเรียนรู้แบบตื่นตัวและไตร่ตรอง), Kanokwan Laohaburanakit Katagiri
Journal of Letters
Thisstudy presents a Japaneselanguage teaching class which implementedactive and reflective learning. The class focused on the students' learning process and cognitive process with an aim to involve the students in active deep learning. Fifteen can-do statements, in compliance with the guidelines of theCommon European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), were used to design the class. Students' reflective blogs were analyzed to capturedata on learning achievement. The study showed that the correspondinglevelsfor students' development were CEFR levels B1-B2. The study also revealed that all students used cognitive skills, such as summarizing and comparing. In contrast, only some of the students …
Calling And Connecting Cities For Peace: A Participatory Action Program For A Nuclear Free World, Kjell Skyllstad
Calling And Connecting Cities For Peace: A Participatory Action Program For A Nuclear Free World, Kjell Skyllstad
Journal of Urban Culture Research
No abstract provided.
Leonard Bernstein At 100: Uniting The World Through Music, Kjell Skyllstad
Leonard Bernstein At 100: Uniting The World Through Music, Kjell Skyllstad
Journal of Urban Culture Research
No abstract provided.
When Musicians Become A Menace, Kjell Skyllstad
When Musicians Become A Menace, Kjell Skyllstad
Journal of Urban Culture Research
No abstract provided.
The Recreational Landscape Of Weltevreden Since Indonesian Colonization, Evawani Ellisa
The Recreational Landscape Of Weltevreden Since Indonesian Colonization, Evawani Ellisa
Journal of Urban Culture Research
This paper explores the formation of recreational landscapes in Weltevreden (now the central part of Jakarta) during the colonial age. Before the 20th Century, the Dutch colonial government pursued the so-called "liberal policies" that consequently, the colony needed to go beyond the narrow objective of economic gain, by promoting social institution to improve the quality of life. It encompassed governmental, educational, and religious aspects, that bring progress and more opportunities to gain prosperity. Recreations formulated as part of the essential elements of personal development and civilization to reflect the values of the daily life and introduce modernity. The study found …