Architecture Commons^™

Diagrams Of Desire: Psychoanalysis In Architecture, John Shannon Hendrix

Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Maps Of Cropping Patterns In China During 2015–2021, Bingwen Qiu, Xiang Hu, Chongcheng Chen, Zhenghong Tang, Peng Yang, Xiaolin Zhu, Chao Yan, Zeyu Jian

Community and Regional Planning Program: Faculty Scholarly and Creative Activity

Multiple cropping is a widespread approach for intensifying crop production through rotations of diverse crops. Maps of cropping intensity with crop descriptions are important for supporting sustainable agricultural management. As the most populated country, China ranked first in global cereal production and the percentages of multiple-cropped land are twice of the global average. However, there are no reliable updated national-scale maps of cropping patterns in China. Here we present the first recent annual 500-m MODIS-based national maps of multiple cropping systems in China using phenologybased mapping algorithms with pixel purity-based thresholds, which provide information on cropping intensity with descriptions of …

An Architecture Of Cracks, Debris, Junkspace, And The Alethosphere, John Shannon Hendrix

Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Impact Of Covid-19 On The Diversity Of The Construction Workforce, Anil Baral, Yunping Liang, Mingshu Li, Marilyn Gonzalez, Mohsen Shahandashti, Baabak Ashuri

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

Construction industry employment has been severely impacted by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US construction labor market. This study contributes to the state of knowledge by (1) revealing how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted construction employment across different demographic groups and geographic regions in the US, and (2) identifying vulnerable demographic groups (e.g., minorities, women, older workers) in the construction workforce that are disproportionally impacted by the pandemic. Employment data from the Current Population Survey and Current Employment Statistics (CES) programs, which are administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, are …

Availability Heuristic In Construction Workforce Decision-Making Amid Covid-19 Pandemic: Empirical Evidence And Mitigation Strategy, Yunping Liang, Anil Baral, Mohsen Shahandashti, Baabak Ashuri

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

The decision-making situations of the construction workforce have been drastically altered since the outbreak of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The new situation, where decision-makers strive to promptly respond to the unprecedented crisis to sustain essential construction operations without compromising the safety and health of workers, implies the presence of an availability heuristic. An availability heuristic has the potential to bring unconscious, systematic errors to the decision-making process. This study creates a decision-making experiment to empirically examine the presence of an availability heuristic and the effectiveness of a corresponding mitigation strategy in construction workforce decision-making under COVID-19 uncertainties. The experiment …

Art Teams Year 1 Report 2021-2022, Guy Trainin, Hyeonjin Yoon, Kimberley D'Adamo, Lorinda Rice, Carrie Bohmer

Research and Evaluation in Education, Technology, Art, and Design

The Art TEAMs project addressed different art forms including: (1) Visual arts, (2) Emerging Media Arts, (3) Dance/Movement, and (4) Poetry. Other content areas included: (1) Science, (2) Language Arts, and (3) Social Studies. The project completed the development of all measures and research procedures for year one. We successfully recruited our first cohort of educators and were able to deliver our summer workshops and a fall workshop with great feedback from participants slightly ahead of our original plan. Summer workshops were an introduction to the Teaching with Arts and Emerging Media (Art TEAMs) project. Course A/B were designed to …

Regenerating Agroecosystems By Overcoming Human Exceptionalism In Designing For Increased Equity Of Benefits From Ecoservices, Ali Loker, Charles A. Francis

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Our commentary explores three critical issues related to ecosystem services. First is how ecoservices are currently designed and implemented primarily for human benefit without concern for how these impact other species. We conclude that awareness of this imbalance is the first step toward meaningful change. Second we observe that human exceptionalism guides most decisions, and ask whether we can overcome this mind-set to embrace ecoregeneration and design of resilient and mutually beneficial agroecosystems. Our attitude toward the challenge and moving toward greater humility about human roles that guide management decisions in the ecosystem is a requisite for change. Third we …

Deep Learning In Urban Analysis For Health, David Newton

Architecture Program: Faculty Scholarly and Creative Activity

The application of deep learning to urban health analysis is in its early stages, but offers new and promising capabilities in using large image-based datasets to better understand the built environment and its effects on human health. This chapter will introduce and explore some of these capabilities, providing the allied design fields with a roadmap of this emerging area of research, its potentials, and current challenges. The chapter begins with a brief overview of existing research related to urban morphology and health, in which precedent work using traditional methods as well as deep learning are introduced. Next, research is presented …

Moral Distress Among Clinicians Working In Us Safety Net Practices During The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Mixed Methods Study, Donald E. Pathman, Jeffrey Sonis, Thomas E. Rauner, Kristina Alton, Anna S. Headlee, Jerry N. Harrison

Architecture Program: Faculty Scholarly and Creative Activity

Objective To explore the causes and levels of moral distress experienced by clinicians caring for the low-income patients of safety net practices in the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design Cross-sectional survey in late 2020, employing quantitative and qualitative analyses. Setting Safety net practices in 20 US states. Participants 2073 survey respondents (45.8% response rate) in primary care, dental and behavioural health disciplines working in safety net practices and participating in state and national education loan repayment programmes.

Measures Ordinally scaled degree of moral distress experienced during the pandemic, and open-ended response descriptions of issues that caused most moral distress. …

From Cropland To Cropped Field: A Robust Algorithm For National-Scale Mapping By Fusing Time Series Of Sentinel-1 And Sentinel-2, Bingwen Qiu, Duoduo Lin, Chongcheng Chen, Peng Yang, Zhenghong Tang, Zhenong Jin, Zhiyan Ye, Xiao Zhu, Mingjie Duan, Hangyu Huang, Zhiyuan Zhao, Weiming Xu, Zuoqi Chen

Architecture Program: Faculty Scholarly and Creative Activity

Detailed and updated maps of actively cropped fields on a national scale are vital for global food security. Unfortunately, this information is not provided in existing land cover datasets, especially lacking in smallholder farmer systems. Mapping national-scale cropped fields remains challenging due to the spectral confusion with abandoned vegetated land, and their high heterogeneity over large areas. This study proposed a large-area mapping framework for automatically identifying actively cropped fields by fusing Vegetation-Soil-Pigment indices and Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) time-series images (VSPS). Three temporal indicators were proposed and highlighted cropped fields by consistently higher values due to cropping activities. The proposed …

Accessing 3d Data, Francesca Albrezzi, John Bonnett, Tassie Gniady, Heather Richards-Rissetto, Lisa Snyder

Department of Anthropology: Faculty Publications

The issue of access and discoverability is not simply a matter of permissions and availability. To identify, locate, retrieve, and reuse 3D materials requires consideration of a multiplicity of content types, as well as community and financial investment to resolve challenges related to usability, interoperability, sustainability, and equity. This chapter will cover modes, audiences, assets and decision points, technology requirements, and limitations impacting access, as well as providing recommendations for next steps.

Transportation Barriers To Care Among Frequent Health Care Users During The Covid Pandemic, Abigail L. Cochran, Noreen C. Mcdonald, Lauren Prunkl, Emma Vinella‑Brusher, Jueyu Wang, Lindsay Oluyede, Mary Wolfe

Community and Regional Planning Program: Faculty Scholarly and Creative Activity

Background: Transportation problems are known barriers to health care and can result in late arrivals and delayed or missed care. Groups already prone to greater social and economic disadvantage, including low-income individuals and people with chronic conditions, encounter more transportation barriers and experience greater negative health care consequences. Addressing transportation barriers is important not only for mitigating adverse health care outcomes among patients, but also for avoiding additional costs to the health care system. In this study, we investigate transportation barriers to accessing health care services during the COVID-19 pandemic among high-frequency health care users.

Methods: A web-based survey was …

Indoor Air Quality Through The Lens Of Outdoor Atmospheric Chemistry, Jonathan P.D. Abbatt, Douglas B. Collins

Faculty Contributions to Books

Outdoor atmospheric chemistry and air quality have been the topic of research that intensified in earnest around the mid-20^th century, while indoor air quality research has only been a key focus of chemical researchers over the last 30 years. Examining practices and approaches employed in the outdoor atmospheric chemistry research enterprise provides an additional viewpoint from which we can chart new paths to increase scientific understanding of indoor chemistry. This chapter explores our understanding of primary chemical sources, homogeneous and multiphase reactivity, gas-surface partitioning, and the coupling between the chemistry and dynamics of indoor air through the lens of …

Tripping The Light Fantastic: Using Light-Based Techniques To Digitally Document Megalithic Architecture, Eimear Meegan, Maurice Murphy, Anthony Corns, Rob Shaw, Clíodhna Ní Lionáin, Garrett Keenaghan

Conference papers

This paper presents and discusses the preliminary results of a small scale visualisation project as part of which the low-cost LiDAR scanner that now comes as standard with the iPad Pro was used in conjunction with both the Arctec Leo structured light scanner and photogrammetric survey methods to record, analyse and present the recently excavated remains of a Neolithic passage tomb at Dowth Hall, Co, Meath, Ireland. It considers the ease and speed with which the small to medium scale structural components found here can be scanned or photographed, meshed, and textured using each approach and further explores whether the …

The Pitfalls Of Donor-Centricity: Mission-Based Fundraising For A New Era, Natalie Giannos

Historic Preservation Final Projects

As the role of arts nonprofits shift to increasingly serve communities, away from the Wunderkammer model of decades past, fundraising has remained the same. The time is now to assess the implications of the sector’s current model, in which fundraisers rely on a small number of big donations to keep organizations afloat. This paper considers the current state of fundraising for American arts nonprofits: outdated, exclusionary, and above all else, limitative. It offers three case studies that illustrate the ramifications of the major gifts model. Finally, it proposes some solutions, unravelling the commonly held belief that organizations today have little …

Accessible And Inclusive Cities: Exposing Design And Leadership Challenges For Bunbury And Geelong, Adam Johnson, Richard Tucker, Hing-Wah Chau, Elmira Jamei

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This article compares research identifying the systemic barriers to disability access and inclusion in two regional Australian cities, and discusses some of the leadership and design challenges that will need to be addressed by government and industry to embed universal design principles within the planning, development, and redevelopment of urban infrastructure. In Geelong, Victoria, given the often-opaque decision-making dynamics at play in the urban planning and development of cities, the disability community sought a more holistic and consultative approach to addressing access and inclusion. Systems-thinking for a collective impact approach was used to generate recommendations for action around improving universal …

Constructing Colma, Ethan Treiman

Library Map Prize

The American Cemetery Movement tells the story of American cemeteries in roughly four chapters, demarcated by the emergence of new cemetery forms: the rural cemetery, the memorial park, and so on. This paper identifies the salient features associated with each epoch of cemetery development and locates them within the city-cemetery of Colma, California — America’s only official necropolis — to demonstrate how Colma extends America’s cemetery tradition in familiar ways. In Colma, the trends of cemetery growth and ‘flattening’ reached their natural conclusions, throwing the uncertain future of earthen burial in America into the spotlight. This paper analyzes the societal, …

Exploring 3d Data Reuse And Repurposing Through Procedural Modeling, Rachel Opitz, Heather Richards-Rissetto, Karin Dalziel, Jessica Dussault, Greg Tunink

Department of Anthropology: Faculty Publications

Most contemporary 3D data used in archaeological research and heritage management have been created through ‘reality capture,’ the recording of the physical features of extant archaeological objects, structures, and landscapes using technologies such as laser scanning and photogrammetry (Garstki 2020, ch.2; Magnani et al. 2020). A smaller quantity of data are generated by Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) projects, and even fewer data are generated through procedural modeling, the rapid prototyping of multi-component threedimensional (3D) models from a set of rules (Figure 8.1.). It is unsurprising therefore that in archaeology and heritage, efforts around digital 3D …

Tilt-Up Partially Composite Insulated Wall Panels, Marc Maguire, Salam Al-Rubaye

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

This research project was initiated to investigate the behavior of load-bearing concrete insulated wall panels for use in tilt-up construction. The primary objective was to understand the inelastic behavior of these panels so that engineers could perform a proper second-order analysis for combined axial and out-of-plane loading. Toward this aim, the Tilt-up Concrete Institute (TCA) and wythe connector suppliers Innstruct, Thermomass, HK Composites, Dayton Superior, and IconX, funded this study.

This report contains information related to testing of solid and partially composite insulated wall panels that integrated proprietary wythe connection systems. Using the information from these tests, a method to …

Challenges And Enabling Features Of Small And Medium Infrastructure Public-Private Partnerships (P3s): A Case Study Of The Us P3 Infrastructure Market, Yunping Liang, Baabak Ashuri

Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction: Faculty Publications

Purpose: In classical perspective, projects under a certain size are not feasible for P3. However, there is an emerging trend on using P3 to deliver projects that are frequently small to medium sized to meet ever-increasingly complex social needs, including enhancing lifecycle performance of existing facilities, designing and building for resilience and sustainability, ensuring cost effectiveness of public spending, and fostering innovation. In contrast with the increasing implementation, small and medium P3s, especially those in the United States, receive little attention in existing studies. This study aims at answering the question: in the context of the US, what features of …

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment Of Mass Timber And Concrete Residential Buildings: A Case Study In China, Cindy Chen, Francesca Pierobon, Susan Jones, Ian Maples, Yingchun Gong, Indroneil Ganguly

Publications, Reports and Presentations

As the population continues to grow in China’s urban settings, the building sector contributes to increasing levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Concrete and steel are the two most common construction materials used in China and account for 60% of the carbon emissions among all building components. Mass timber is recognized as an alternative building material to concrete and steel, characterized by better environmental performance and unique structural features. Nonetheless, research associated with mass timber buildings is still lacking in China. Quantifying the emission mitigation potentials of using mass timber in new buildings can help accelerate associated policy development and …

Conflicts In Stewardship: A Survey Of Historic Preservation Easement Practice, Jonathan Stark-Sachs

Historic Preservation Theses

Historic Preservation Easements are a unique tool for preserving historic resources, with nonprofits holding easements having unique oversight over the resource. A dispute will arise between the property owner and easement holder if the easement's terms are violated, testing the effectiveness of the easement program. There is a lack of information regarding how the practices of non-profit easement holders inform the effective resolution of disputes and what these organization's experiences have been in addressing violations. This study surveyed easement managers around the United States to better understand how their organizations prepare for and respond to easement violations. It further collected …

Cruser Place Green Streets Plan, Neal Friedman

Master of Urban and Regional Planning Capstone Projects

Combining green and complete street design techniques leads to multiple environmental, social and economic benefits that often enhance each other's effectiveness. In urban areas confronting increased pressures of sea level rise, green streets, which incorporate landscaped features or vegetative areas to manage stormwater within the right of way, can be crucial pieces of pedestrian oriented urban design and multimodal planning frameworks that consider and plan for diverse, complementary transportation options. This plan works with the Colonial Place and Riverview Civic League as well as the Norfolk Preservation Collective to come up with green street design recommendations in order to strengthen …

Food Systems Financing Action Plan, Noah Holmes Foster

Master of Urban and Regional Planning Capstone Projects

Food insecurity is a well-documented issue in Virginia and throughout the United States. Food enterprises, especially those in under-resourced communities, often lack access to the credit needed to start or expand their operations due to the narrow profit margins of food enterprises. Community development financial institutions (CDFIs), such as Virginia Community Capital (VCC) address this issue by providing low-interest financing to food businesses that can increase food security and strengthen local economies. Food systems financing is a developing field for VCC and other CDFIs, and changes to standard practices are required to ensure that lending is as accessible as possible …

Analysing Bim Implementation In The Egyptian Construction Industry, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, Mohamed Marzouk, Heba Elsaay

Architectural Engineering

Purpose – This research is built up upon exploring the concepts of building information modeling (BIM) adoption and strategy formulation with the aim to develop a strategy for implementing BIM in the Egyptian construction industry. Design/methodology/approach – The development of the BIM implementation strategy was based on two pillars, namely the literature review and results of the survey questionnaire and interviews. First, the review of literature helped investigating the BIM challenges and international strategies developed to implement BIM worldwide. Findings – The research presented recommendations to assist policymakers in Egypt to facilitate BIM implementation. Originality/value – Although multiple frameworks have …

Achieving Sustainability Through Reducing Risks During Architecture Design Process: A Lean Management Perspective, Sherouk Abdelrehim, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman

Architectural Engineering

The construction industry, as one of the largest industries in the world, plays a critical role in achieving national and international social and economic sustainable development goals. Socially, it is concerned with delivering long-term projects that turn client and end-user requirements into designs that specify technical aspects, functional specific requirements, and standards of quality. Economically, the construction industry contributes to a country's gross domestic product (GDP) by creating jobs and providing the country's infrastructure. the construction industry's nature is more vulnerable than other industries. This is believed to be due to the complex and dynamic nature of construction projects, as …

Causes Influencing Construction Waste Generation During The Design Process: An Analytical Study, Aya Saad, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman

Architectural Engineering

Despite the social and economic contributions of the construction industry towards achieving sustainable development objectives, it has an adverse effect on the environment such as the generation of waste, water, and energy consumption. Construction waste (CW) is the loss of materials that are produced during or after the construction process and has no remaining value. Several countries promote waste elimination plans at early stages to reduce CW at its source. The Egyptian government is expanding its investments in new mega projects and infrastructure facilities like new administrative capital, bridges, roads, energy projects which resulted in increasing the rate and amount …

Risks Of Innovation In The Architectural Design Process In Egypt: An Investigative Study, Rawan Medhat, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman

Architectural Engineering

Achieving sustainability in construction projects is becoming an increasing priority worldwide. Being one of the crucial phases of the construction process, the design process plays a major role in achieving the goals of sustainability. Adopting innovative design solutions is a promising way of enhancing the sustainable performance of buildings. However, the implementation of innovative solutions is risky and needs to be managed carefully to avoid failure. Due to the increasing number of construction projects being developed in Egypt and because of the need to achieve the Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030, adopting innovative solutions became an essence. Accordingly, this research …

Analysis Of Sustainability Assessment Rating Systems For Existing Healthcare Buildings, Rowaida Ali, Mohamed Afify, Walid Abdel-Meniem, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman

Architectural Engineering

Sustainability is the goal pursued by societies worldwide. Existing buildings have had their share of those issues, specifically healthcare buildings, as most governments encourage green new construction and neglect existing buildings. Additionally, the benefits of existing buildings in preserving the environment, and its resources and reducing energy and global warming crises. The research objective is to achieve a high-level performance of existing healthcare buildings within a framework of evaluating the most important determinants affecting these buildings. The paper will focus on presenting the different rating systems such as LEED and BREEAM, by dividing and analyzing these systems, given that each …

Public-Private Partnerships As An Approach For Alleviating Risks Associated With Adaptive Reuse Of Heritage Buildings In Egypt, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, Nouran Abdeltawab Mahmoud

Architectural Engineering

The status of heritage buildings in Egypt has remained threatened for decades as a result of many factors such as negligence, ignorance and lack of resources, which consequently led to degradation. Hence, opportunities to utilize these buildings efficiently are wasted. Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings has proven to be a beneficial, yet risky approach in Egypt. Additionally, the pressuring demands on the government to conserve these heritage buildings and satisfy other public demands have been growing even more recently. Accordingly, there is a need for the involvement of the private sector to aid the government in its adaptive reuse initiatives …