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Full-Text Articles in Architecture

Beyond Flat Surfaces Parametric Derivations Of Historical Islamic Geometric Designs, Mostafa Alani, Sema Alaçam Mar 2023

Beyond Flat Surfaces Parametric Derivations Of Historical Islamic Geometric Designs, Mostafa Alani, Sema Alaçam

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

This paper sets out to identify a guiding methodology and define algorithms to extend the existence of Islamic geometric designs beyond flat surfaces. The paper discusses two computational approaches to deriving various non-flat geometric compositions: Euclidean Point Extrusion and Curved Surface Fitting. The paper examines historical precedents, conducts an in-depth analysis of patterns employed to generate those elements, then establishes a computational process to explore the potential of translating 2D Islamic Geometric Designs into 3D non-flat surfaces.

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Adapting Digital Architecture Vocabulary To Reformulate Geometric Compositions Of Islamic Facades - Case Study: Proposed Model For Islamic Façade Through Digital Vocabulary, Sarah I. Hassan Mar 2023

Adapting Digital Architecture Vocabulary To Reformulate Geometric Compositions Of Islamic Facades - Case Study: Proposed Model For Islamic Façade Through Digital Vocabulary, Sarah I. Hassan

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Islamic architectural facades characterized by many distinguished vocabularies that formed its character; as arches, ornaments, al-Muqarnas and mashrabeya etc. However, during the modern era, the Islamic heritage regions faced many changes and transformations of its character, either by new buildings that were built according to modern or unplanned styles, or by random and unplanned developments. However, recently and with the beginning of the twenty first century and with the great breakthrough in the digital tools and techniques, it facilitates new horizons in the architectural form generation. Accordingly, the research focuses on how to investigate the positive impacts of digital technologies …

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Computational Design Approach For Applying Neuro-Architecture Principles In Healthcare Facilities, Ayman Assem, Merna Safwat Mar 2023

Computational Design Approach For Applying Neuro-Architecture Principles In Healthcare Facilities, Ayman Assem, Merna Safwat

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Neuroscience tools’ advancements have paved the way for neuroscience and architecture collaboration, spawning "Neuro-architecture." Neuro-architecture studies in various settings have been tentatively translated into design principles to improve the mood, perception, and satisfaction of healthcare facility users, as well as patient wellbeing and recovery rates. Integrating such principles into computational design methodologies should benefit users’ mental health and reduce the gap between computational design and human mental needs. The research was conducted in two phases: in the first phase, typologies used in evidence-based design research (EBD) were applied in order to determine neuro-architecture design principles for the interior environment of …

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Conceptual Process Model For Metaverse Architecture - Ssadt’S Design Process, Meriam Djerad, Sonda Kammoun Mar 2023

Conceptual Process Model For Metaverse Architecture - Ssadt’S Design Process, Meriam Djerad, Sonda Kammoun

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

At the articulation of the two themes: “Virtual Environments and Emerging Realities” and “Parametric Design and Digital Fabrication,” our proposal subscribes at the intersection of innovative technologies in architectural practice, such as blockchain, collaborative platforms and digital twins. Our purpose is to propose a conceptual design process model for architectural digital twin as a compound of metaverse architecture. The challenge is to achieve a Shared and Secure Architectural Digital Twin (SSADT). To model our SSADT’s design process model we are based on blockchain approach. To do this, we will firstly start by defining the principal compounds of an architectural digital …

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Application Of Immersive Technologies In The Early Design Stage In Architecture Education - A Systematic Review, Mohammed Faraj Al-Suwaidi, Asterios Agkathidis, Adonis Haidar, Davide Lombardi Mar 2023

Application Of Immersive Technologies In The Early Design Stage In Architecture Education - A Systematic Review, Mohammed Faraj Al-Suwaidi, Asterios Agkathidis, Adonis Haidar, Davide Lombardi

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

This paper reviews existing research on the use of immersive technologies, Virtual Reality in particular, in various stages of the architectural design process. Nine research papers were systematically reviewed and analyzed. They were filtered down by using the keywords: ‘Virtual/Augmented Reality, Architectural Education, Gravity Sketch, Unity and Virtual Environments’ from two main databases that focus on digital and computer-aided design research: Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design (CuminCAD) and Elsevier's abstract and citation database (Scopus). The selection of papers was filtered down based on relevant approaches which investigate architectural design, creative thinking and teaching methodology using immersive …

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Low-Cost Portable Wireless Electroencephalography To Detect Emotional Responses To Visual Cues - Validation And Potential Applications, Ahmed Marey, Sherif Goubran Mar 2023

Low-Cost Portable Wireless Electroencephalography To Detect Emotional Responses To Visual Cues - Validation And Potential Applications, Ahmed Marey, Sherif Goubran

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

This paper validates the using a low-cost EEG headset – Emotiv Insight 2.0 – for detecting emotional responses to visual stimuli. The researchers detected, based on brainwave activity, the viewer’s emotional states in reference to a series of visuals and mapped them on valance and arousal axes. Valence in this research is defined as the viewer’s positive or negative state, and arousal is defined as the intensity of the emotion or how calm or excited the viewer is. A set of thirty images – divided into two categories: Objects and Scenes – was collected from the Open Affective Standard Image …

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A Methodology For Material-Based Computational Design Supported By Mobile Augmented Reality Application, Esranur Karacif, Sevil Yazici Mar 2023

A Methodology For Material-Based Computational Design Supported By Mobile Augmented Reality Application, Esranur Karacif, Sevil Yazici

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

To represent design, both physical and digital models are utilized in the process. However, they usually don't function in unison. In order to synchronize these two types of models, the changes made in one model are generally translated into the other one later. This study intends to provide a conceptual framework for a simultaneous and synchronized model for the use of material, structure, and performance in the preliminary design stage. The methodology of the study includes evaluating material attributes, structural systems, and building performance of a physical model in the digital environment by using a Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) interface. …

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Solar Energy Control Strategy Using Interactive Modules, Zahraa Falih, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad, Deyala Tarawneh, Hamza Al-Mamaniori Mar 2023

Solar Energy Control Strategy Using Interactive Modules, Zahraa Falih, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad, Deyala Tarawneh, Hamza Al-Mamaniori

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

The concept of interactive canopy emerged as a notable manifestation of smart buildings in architectural endeavors, using artificial intelligence applications in computational architecture, interactive canopies came as a potential response for living organisms to combat external environmental changes as well as reduce energy consumption in buildings. This research aims to explore architecture with higher efficiency through the impact of environmentally technological factors on the design form by introducing solar energy into the design process through the implementation of interactive curtains that interact with the sun in the form of an umbrella. The main objective of the umbrellas is to protect …

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Qualitative Knowledge Graph For The Evaluation Of Metaverse(S) - Is The Metaverse Hype Or A Promising New Field For Architects?, Abeeha Awan, Šimon Prokop, Jiří Vele, Theodor Dounas, Davide Lombardi, Asterios Agkathidis, Lukas Kurilla Mar 2023

Qualitative Knowledge Graph For The Evaluation Of Metaverse(S) - Is The Metaverse Hype Or A Promising New Field For Architects?, Abeeha Awan, Šimon Prokop, Jiří Vele, Theodor Dounas, Davide Lombardi, Asterios Agkathidis, Lukas Kurilla

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

With the advancement of augmented and virtual reality technologies both in scale as well as accessibility, the Metaverse (Stephenson, 1992, Hughes, 2022) has emerged as a new digital space with potential for the application of architectural creativity and design.With blockchain integration, the concept of the Metaverse shows promise in creating a “decentralised” space for design and creativity with rewards for its participants. As a platform that incorporates these technological components, does the Metaverse have utility for architectural design? Is there something truly novel in what the Metaverse brings to architectural computing, and architectural design? The paper constructs a qualitative knowledge …

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Metascapes | Architectural Quests In The Metaverse, Michail Georgiou, Odysseas Georgiou, Ioulios Georgiou Mar 2023

Metascapes | Architectural Quests In The Metaverse, Michail Georgiou, Odysseas Georgiou, Ioulios Georgiou

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

The paper investigates the appropriateness of CAAD software and computational design tools for the creation of metaverse content along with the workflows and limitations involved. In parallel the research aims to assess the validity of architecture design studio research in the context of the metaverse, and its capability to produce results that justify further explorations in such direction.

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A Framework For Creating A Hybrid Experience For Nft Artworks Through 3d Printing, Gozde Damla Turhan, Selen Cicek Mar 2023

A Framework For Creating A Hybrid Experience For Nft Artworks Through 3d Printing, Gozde Damla Turhan, Selen Cicek

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Technology has become a fundamental part of our environment, yet the borders between the physical and virtual realms become even more blurred. The introduction of the Metaverse is one of the most recent and notable innovations. It, just as any other technological advances, adapts to evolution in user needs serving as a link between the real and digital realms. While people can buy goods and services with a certain currency in the physical realm, cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are used for transactions in the Metaverse. NFT provides customers a certificate of ownership, which means that their virtual commodities or …

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A Crypto-Twin Framework For The Aec Industry - Enabling Digital Twins With Blockchain Technologies, Theodoros Dounas, Davide Lombardi, Jiri Vele, Simon Prokop Mar 2023

A Crypto-Twin Framework For The Aec Industry - Enabling Digital Twins With Blockchain Technologies, Theodoros Dounas, Davide Lombardi, Jiri Vele, Simon Prokop

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

The paper describes a conceptual framework and the smart contract architecture for Crypto-Twins (CT) in the AEC industry, i.e. blockchain (BC) enabled digital twins. We describe the background, terminology of technologies involved, while the methodology follows design science research patterns to construct the framework and architecture of the Crypto-Twin. Further avenues for prototype development and validation of the framework are proposed in the conclusion.

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A Novel Design-Based Optimization Solution For Building By Sensitivity Analysis, Qodsiye Najafi, Yousef G. Mahlabani, Ali Goharian, Mohammadjavad Mahdanivejad Mar 2023

A Novel Design-Based Optimization Solution For Building By Sensitivity Analysis, Qodsiye Najafi, Yousef G. Mahlabani, Ali Goharian, Mohammadjavad Mahdanivejad

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

The important objective of a building must be to provide a comfortable environment for people. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems provide a comfortable environment, but they are using high energy consumption, therefore, designing an energy-efficient building that balances energy performance and thermal comfort is necessary. To achieve this subject is important to choose the effective parameters for energy performance. This research aim is to produce a methodology for multi-objective optimization of daylight and thermal comfort in order to study the effect of wall material and shading of an office building (Tehran a basic-location). The building simulation was developed …

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A Pixels-Based Design Approach For Parametric Thinking In Patterning Dynamic Façades, Zaki Mallasi Mar 2023

A Pixels-Based Design Approach For Parametric Thinking In Patterning Dynamic Façades, Zaki Mallasi

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

In today’s Architectural design process, there has been considerable advancements in design computation tools that empowers designer to explore and configure the building façades schemes. However, one could formally argue that some processes are prescribed, lacks automation and are only for the purpose of visualizing the aesthetic design concepts. As a result, these design concept explorations are driven manually to exhibit variations between schemes. To overcome such limitations, the development presented here describes a proactive approach to incorporate parametric design thinking process and Building Information Modeling (BIM). This paper reports on an ongoing development in computational design and its potential …

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Exploring Virtual Reality As An Approach To Resurrect Destroyed Historical Buildings - An Approach To Revive The Destroyed “Egg Building” Through Vr, Aya Chehab, Bilal Nakhal Mar 2023

Exploring Virtual Reality As An Approach To Resurrect Destroyed Historical Buildings - An Approach To Revive The Destroyed “Egg Building” Through Vr, Aya Chehab, Bilal Nakhal

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

An important part of a city, that gives it a sense of community and character, is its history. One way of acknowledging this heritage is by preserving historic building and structures. Old buildings are witnesses to the aesthetic and cultural history of a city, helping to give people a sense of place and connection to the past. Unfortunately, despite their importance within the city, historical buildings are most of the time subject to demolition and to be replaced- leaving behind stories told and untold of what use to be. The paper, therefore, aims to explore the capability of the metaverse, …

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Generative Design For A Sustainable Urban Morphology, Laila Koubaa Turki, Abdelkader Ben Saci Mar 2023

Generative Design For A Sustainable Urban Morphology, Laila Koubaa Turki, Abdelkader Ben Saci

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

The present work concerns the applications of generative design for sustainable urban fabric. This represents an iterative process that involves an algorithm for the generation of solar envelopes to satisfy solar and density constraints. We propose in this paper to explore a meta-universe of human-machine interaction. It aims to design urban forms that offer solar access. This being to minimize heating energy expenditure and provide solar well-being. We propose to study the impact of the solar strategy of building morphosis on energy exposure. It consists of determining the layout and shape of the constructions based on the shading cut-off time. …

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Gamifying Origami - Rule-Based Improvisation For Design Exploration, Zeynep S. Bacinoğlu, Özlem Çavuş Mar 2023

Gamifying Origami - Rule-Based Improvisation For Design Exploration, Zeynep S. Bacinoğlu, Özlem Çavuş

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Origami, which originated as a folding paper game in Japan, has turned into a source of learning and inspiration for design and engineering studies. Complex two-dimensional patterns of origami sustain visual rules of space transformation. So, this paper proposes to gamify origami to get users more involved in the design space exploration process. For the gamification of origami, the study alters the origami patterns in a 3D modular composition with rules, scoring, and rounds in a design context. Gamifying origami becomes a tool for a learning experience for first-year architecture students in the early design phases. Accordingly, this paper presents …

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Affordable Computation For Architecture, António Leitão, Renata Castelo-Branco, Inês Caetano Mar 2023

Affordable Computation For Architecture, António Leitão, Renata Castelo-Branco, Inês Caetano

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Current architectural requirements prioritize the need to minimize the ecological footprint. By taking advantage of computational design approaches like Algorithmic Design (AD), architects can enhance their design processes with analysis, optimization, and visualization mechanisms, which are critical to explore design solutions that meet this need. However, these mechanisms are also highly time- and resource-consuming, often implying a quality tradeoff or the acquisition of High-Performance Computing (HPC) machines. The latter are not yet affordable for most design studios but, fortunately, they can be contracted as a service. This paper evaluates the impact of computation as a service in architecture and, more …

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Digital Framework To Optimize Visual Comfort Using Kinetic Facades, Fatima Belok, Mostafa Khalifa, Ibtihal El-Bastawissi, Mohamad Hanafi Mar 2023

Digital Framework To Optimize Visual Comfort Using Kinetic Facades, Fatima Belok, Mostafa Khalifa, Ibtihal El-Bastawissi, Mohamad Hanafi

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Visual comfort is one of many aspects of human comfort that should be considered in architectural spaces. Visual comfort is an architectural necessity and could be achieved and optimized in spaces through controlling facades’ opening. This could be achieved by applying kinetic facades, which is one of the trends in the field of responsive architecture. However, the research’ s aim is optimizing visual comfort using kinetic facades in educational spaces. This optimization will improve the environmental quality of the educational space. In this research architects will achieve easily more effective kinetic facades to have better visual comfort by enhancing daylight …

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Computational Design For Architectural Space Planning Of Commercial Exhibitions - A Framework For Visitors Interaction Using Parametric Design And Agent-Based Modeling, Nihal Morsi, Shaimaa Kamel, Hanan Sabry, Ayman Assem Mar 2023

Computational Design For Architectural Space Planning Of Commercial Exhibitions - A Framework For Visitors Interaction Using Parametric Design And Agent-Based Modeling, Nihal Morsi, Shaimaa Kamel, Hanan Sabry, Ayman Assem

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Using computational tools for evaluating spatial layouts of commercial exhibitions provides an opportunity for assessment of performance before execution. However, most evaluation techniques take into consideration only the physical qualities of the built environment, excluding important factors such as crowds. Crowds are essentially dynamic obstacles that hinder visibility and can induce flight response, but they are also a sign of good exposure when in reasonable amounts. This is mostly due to the challenge of quantifying spatial qualities such as users’ interaction and movement for computational representations. This paper proposes a framework using agent-based modeling for simulating user interaction in commercial …

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Progeny: A Grasshopper Plug-In That Augments Cellular Automata Algorithms For 3d Form Explorations, İnanç Şencan Mar 2023

Progeny: A Grasshopper Plug-In That Augments Cellular Automata Algorithms For 3d Form Explorations, İnanç Şencan

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Cellular automata (CA) is a well-known computation method introduced by John von Neumann and Stanislaw Ulam in the 1940s. Since then, it has been studied in various fields such as computer science, biology, physics, chemistry, and art. The Classic CA algorithm is a calculation of a grid of cells' binary states based on neighboring cells and a set of rules. With the variation of these parameters, the CA algorithm has evolved into alternative versions such as 3D CA, Multiple neighborhood CA, Multiple rules CA, and Stochastic CA (Url-1). As a rule-based generative algorithm, CA has been used as a bottom-up …

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Using Artificial Neural Networks And Space Syntax Techniques To Understand Mass Housing Design Parameters, Veli̇ Mustafa Yönder Mar 2023

Using Artificial Neural Networks And Space Syntax Techniques To Understand Mass Housing Design Parameters, Veli̇ Mustafa Yönder

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

The design of mass housing is a complex process that involves the use of a large number of components and parameters. The field of design has unavoidably been changed by the impact of digitalization, which has resulted in the proliferation of computational design models, data structures, artificial intelligence, and an algorithmic way of thinking. Artificial neural networks, space syntax methodologies, predefined rules will help shape the steps of the schematic design process and establish certain limitations. Within the confines of this research, predefined guidelines were used to bring about geometric variances in the design of mass houses. Both traditional and …

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A Hybrid Approach Based On Building Physics And Machine Learning For Thermal Comfort Prediction In Smart Buildings, Mona M. Salem, Ramy M. Moussa Mar 2023

A Hybrid Approach Based On Building Physics And Machine Learning For Thermal Comfort Prediction In Smart Buildings, Mona M. Salem, Ramy M. Moussa

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

One of the most important challenges facing the world is the application of modern technology in order to create smart buildings that achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). Thermal comfort and reduction of energy consumption in buildings are considered important factors which, in turn, are reflected in creating a healthy environment and improving human productivity. Internet of Things (IoT) provides an ideal solution for collecting real-time data on the factors affecting indoor thermal comfort and energy consumption. However, comfort level is subjective and depends on many factors, which may not be learned by conventional models, an integrated model depending on thermal …

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Urban Map Generation In Artist’S Style Using Generative Adversarial Networks (Gan), Selen Çiçek, Mustafa Koç, Berfin Korukcu Mar 2023

Urban Map Generation In Artist’S Style Using Generative Adversarial Networks (Gan), Selen Çiçek, Mustafa Koç, Berfin Korukcu

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Artificial Intelligence is a field that is able to learn from existing data to synthesize new ones using deep learning methods. Using Artificial Neural Networks that process big datasets, complex tasks and challenges become easily resolved. As the zeitgeist suggests, it is possible to produce novel outcomes for future projections by applying various machine learning algorithms on the generated data sets. In that context, the focus of this research is exploring the reinterpretation of 21st century urban plans with familiar artist styles using different subtypes of deep-learning-based generative adversarial networks (GAN) algorithms. In order to explore the capabilities of urban …

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Towards Informed Design Decision Support Of Additive Manufacturing In Construction - The Use Of Integrated Knowledge In Bim-Based Architectural Design, Chao Li, Frank Petzold Mar 2023

Towards Informed Design Decision Support Of Additive Manufacturing In Construction - The Use Of Integrated Knowledge In Bim-Based Architectural Design, Chao Li, Frank Petzold

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies have great potential to promote sustainable development in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) domain. But the inherent complexity of AM and lack of domain knowledge hinder decisions about appropriate construction methods. With state-of-the-art Semantic Web technologies, a knowledge base regarding AM technologies can be formalized and integrated into the Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodology. To this end, this paper demonstrates how a Design Decision Support System (DDSS) utilizes formal knowledge to assist architects in choosing the appropriate AM method by assessing the manufacturability of individual building components. By following and refining the essential activities described, …

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Computer Vision Aided Hotspot Creation In Virtual Environments, Lama A. Affara, Bilal E. Nakhal Mar 2023

Computer Vision Aided Hotspot Creation In Virtual Environments, Lama A. Affara, Bilal E. Nakhal

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Hotspot creation is one of the most important modules within virtual environments which helps show the navigators of these environments some information about semantic elements within it and facilitate the navigation between the virtual spaces. In this paper, a system for automatic hotspot proposals and creation in virtual environments is proposed. The system uses computer vision modules to automatically propose hotspot locations in addition to identifying and creating these hotspots with candidate labels. Two main modules used in the system are object detection and scene segmentation. The scene segmentation helps give candidate hotspot areas and provides an overall understanding of …

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Getting A Handle On Floor Plan Analysis - Door Classification In Floor Plans And A Survey On Existing Datasets, João David, António Leitão Mar 2023

Getting A Handle On Floor Plan Analysis - Door Classification In Floor Plans And A Survey On Existing Datasets, João David, António Leitão

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Floor plan interpretation and reconstruction is crucial to enable the transformation of drawings to 3D models or different digital formats. It has recently taken advantage of neural-based architectures, especially in the semantic segmentation field. These techniques perform better than traditional methods, but the results depend mainly on the data used to train the networks, which is often crafted for the specific task being performed, making it hard to reuse for different purposes. In this paper, we conduct a literature survey on the existing datasets for floor plan analysis, and we explore how information regarding door placement and orientation can be …

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Architectural Hybrid (Physical-Digital) Prototyping In Design Processes With Digital Twin Technologies, Gulbahar Emir Isik, Henri Achten Mar 2023

Architectural Hybrid (Physical-Digital) Prototyping In Design Processes With Digital Twin Technologies, Gulbahar Emir Isik, Henri Achten

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

A digital twin is a simultaneous digital reflection of object processes and states. Digital twins are usually made of objects that exist in reality or which are very near completion in a design and production process. In our research, we investigate the potential of digital twin technology for early design. Key to the early application of digital twin in design is the role of information and simulation. Since design information is valuable for predicting the future of design, we assume that design will begin to change as digital twin technologies become more and more adaptable, as designers simultaneously have digital …

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Gestural Design - Hand Tracking For Digital Drawing, Jordan A. Kanter, Kamil Quinteros Mar 2023

Gestural Design - Hand Tracking For Digital Drawing, Jordan A. Kanter, Kamil Quinteros

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Computational design is increasingly interested in the active feedback between the user/designer and the digital space. Often, our initial instinct as designers comes from a gesture, a movement of the hands that gets translated into sketches and 3D models via the tools available to us. While the physical realm allows for muscle memory, tactile feedback, and creative output via movement, digital design often negates the body of the designer as it sequesters us into a screen-mouse-hand relationship. Moreover, current CAD software tools often reinforce this standardization, further limiting the potential of physical bodily gestures as a vehicle for architectural form-making. …

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Generating Mass Housing Plans Through Gans - A Case In Toki, Turkey, Gi̇zem Özerol Özman, Semra Arslan Selçuk Mar 2023

Generating Mass Housing Plans Through Gans - A Case In Toki, Turkey, Gi̇zem Özerol Özman, Semra Arslan Selçuk

Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)

Nowadays, Machine Learning (ML) is frequently used in almost all disciplines having an intersection with technology. Recently, architects are using existing plan data sets in architecture through Deep Learning (DL) algorithms of big data to achieve generative and non-existent plan models by using ML. Especially, Generative Adversarial Neural Networks (GANs), one of the deep learning algorithms, have been in use in the creation of generative models for architectural studies. Within the scope of this paper, architectural drawings were generated by using GANs. This generation method allows for the training of spatial layout planning to networks and for the generation of …

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