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Articles 91 - 120 of 221
Full-Text Articles in Architecture
Planting Design And Its Impact On Efficacy In Therapeutic Garden Design For Dementia Patients In Long-Term Care Facilities In North Texas, Cuiyan Mei
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This research addresses planting design and its therapeutic benefits for bringing lifeenhancing therapy to people dealing with dementia. The senses heightened by plants have proven to be powerful stimulators of early, emotional childhood memories due to the structure and evolution of the human brain (Minter, 2005). Plant materials used in therapeutic gardens are carefully chosen to stimulate the senses of dementia patients (Cooper Marcus and Barnes, 1999; Minter, 2005; Chalfont, 2008) and to enhance safety and security, orientation, stimulation, and autonomy. Many long-term care facilities for dementia patients have been built in the United States to provide settings for optimal …
Assessing The Value Of Multiple Design Degrees For Landscape Architects: Learning From Professionals In North Texas, Alicia Rivera
Assessing The Value Of Multiple Design Degrees For Landscape Architects: Learning From Professionals In North Texas, Alicia Rivera
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
Many of the early professionals in the landscape architecture profession had other previous design education (Tishler, 1989). For example, Hideo Sasaki and Lawrence Halprin had exposure to other academic fields, like environmental design and architecture (Mann, 2009). According to ASLA: 2013 Survey of Graduating Students data nearly one tenth of the landscape architecture graduate degree recipients had a previous degree in landscape architecture and about one fifth of them had a previous degree in another design or planning field (ASLA, 2013). It seems like acquiring another design and or planning degree before coming to landscape architecture is common among landscape …
Landscape Fragmentation As An Impact Of Shale Gas Drilling In North Texas, Anjana Pradhananga
Landscape Fragmentation As An Impact Of Shale Gas Drilling In North Texas, Anjana Pradhananga
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
The objective of this study is to determine the degree to which shale gas drilling contributes to the fragmentation of landscapes in North Texas, especially in prairies. The study is conducted on the Barnett Shale area where shale gas exploration began in the 1980's (Arthur et al. 2008). The Barnett Shale area lies under much of the developed regions of the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area as well as beneath an extensive amount of rural countryside mainly used for private recreational lands, exurban residential development, suburbs, and improved pasture and ranching. However, most of the drilling is occurring in the Grand …
Assessing The Economic Value Of Linear Landscapes: Learning From The Katy And Santa Fe Trails In Dallas, Texas, Dylan Michael Stewart
Assessing The Economic Value Of Linear Landscapes: Learning From The Katy And Santa Fe Trails In Dallas, Texas, Dylan Michael Stewart
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This research is an economic value study for linear landscapes. Additionally, the research builds upon relevant landscape architecture literature in concern to the economic value of landscape. Specifically, the focus occurs upon a landscape typology that is relevant to today's design practice (Crompton, 2001; Brander et.al, 2011; Sherer, 2006). The research's relevancy stems from the landscape architect's ability to analyze and understand dynamic, linear landscapes as they stimulate economic activity beyond their direct footprint (see such as Vandermeulen et al., 2011; Ozdil, 2008; Tzoulas et al., 2007; de Groot et al., 2002; Quayle, 1995).The purpose of this research is to …
Perspectives On Environmental Landscape Performance Indicators And Methods: Learning From Landscape Architecture Foundation's Case Study Investigation Program, Sameepa Kashyap Modi
Perspectives On Environmental Landscape Performance Indicators And Methods: Learning From Landscape Architecture Foundation's Case Study Investigation Program, Sameepa Kashyap Modi
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
Case studies are frequently utilized in landscape architecture to evaluate finished projects and to inform future education and practice (Francis, 1999 and 2003; Ahern et.al., 2007). The effective dissemination of developing theories and knowledge base in the landscape architecture profession seems promising with the adaptation of case study methods (Francis, 2001). The case studies are specifically found to be suitable in landscape performance studies as it can be easily adapted to various project types. Numerous case studies are found in landscape architecture literature, especially after Francis' seminal work in 1999 on the case study method, and more structured study attempts …
The Impact Of Green Walls And Roofs To Urban Microclimate In Downtown Dallas, Texas: Learning From Simulated Environments, Dalit Bielaz Sclar
The Impact Of Green Walls And Roofs To Urban Microclimate In Downtown Dallas, Texas: Learning From Simulated Environments, Dalit Bielaz Sclar
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
Microclimate refers to a localized zone where the climate is different than the surrounding area. In dense urban areas, climate is affected by "urban thermo-physical and geometrical characteristics, anthropogenic activities and heat sources" (Dimoudi et.al. 2013, p.1). Materials such as brick, asphalt, and concrete absorb the sun's energy, and then heat-up, and re-radiate that heat into the ambient air, creating urban heat island effects. These effects can be partially mitigated by modifying the physical surface and mass properties of buildings. By adding vegetation and soil, in addition to the shade made by surrounding buildings, seasonal energy gain may be modified. …
Assessing Knowledge About Hydrology Among Landscape Architects In North Texas, Kent M. Elliott
Assessing Knowledge About Hydrology Among Landscape Architects In North Texas, Kent M. Elliott
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
The purpose of this study is to determine the level of knowledge in hydrology a landscape architect needs in professional practice versus the hydrological knowledge, and resulting skill, gained from his or her education. The research also explores the knowledge and skill of other professionals practicing hydrology and determines the amount of knowledge gained by education and practical experience. Finally, the research compares any overlap of knowledge and skill between the professions of landscape architecture and hydrology.Water is a central resource for all economic, social, and environmental activities. Hydrology and other topics such as, supply, demand, and quality are affected …
The Impact Of Green Walls And Roofs To Urban Microclimate In Downtown Dallas, Texas: Learning From Simulated Environments, Dalit Bielaz Sclar
The Impact Of Green Walls And Roofs To Urban Microclimate In Downtown Dallas, Texas: Learning From Simulated Environments, Dalit Bielaz Sclar
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
Microclimate refers to a localized zone where the climate is different than the surrounding area. In dense urban areas, climate is affected by "urban thermo-physical and geometrical characteristics, anthropogenic activities and heat sources" (Dimoudi et.al. 2013, p.1). Materials such as brick, asphalt, and concrete absorb the sun's energy, and then heat-up, and re-radiate that heat into the ambient air, creating urban heat island effects. These effects can be partially mitigated by modifying the physical surface and mass properties of buildings. By adding vegetation and soil, in addition to the shade made by surrounding buildings, seasonal energy gain may be modified. …
Subsurface Wastewater Treatment Wetlands: Understanding The Barriers To Implementation In The Landscape, Geoff Bitner Hall
Subsurface Wastewater Treatment Wetlands: Understanding The Barriers To Implementation In The Landscape, Geoff Bitner Hall
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
The purpose of this research is to address the barriers to implementation of, the role of landscape architects in, and the potential for acceptance of constructed subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands. Landscape architects, engineers, and scientists are key players in the implementation of subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands in the landscape. Through qualitative inquiry, this research uncovers the opinions of landscape architects, engineers, and scientists regarding the potential barriers to building subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands and ways to overcome these barriers.Subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands are a decentralized form of wastewater treatment, treating wastewater onsite using little to no …
Subsurface Wastewater Treatment Wetlands: Understanding The Barriers To Implementation In The Landscape, Geoff Bitner Hall
Subsurface Wastewater Treatment Wetlands: Understanding The Barriers To Implementation In The Landscape, Geoff Bitner Hall
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
The purpose of this research is to address the barriers to implementation of, the role of landscape architects in, and the potential for acceptance of constructed subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands. Landscape architects, engineers, and scientists are key players in the implementation of subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands in the landscape. Through qualitative inquiry, this research uncovers the opinions of landscape architects, engineers, and scientists regarding the potential barriers to building subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands and ways to overcome these barriers.Subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands are a decentralized form of wastewater treatment, treating wastewater onsite using little to no …
The Utilization Of Social Spaces Near Soccer Fields By Attendees Of Hispanic Soccer League Matches In Dallas, Texas, Blake Samper
The Utilization Of Social Spaces Near Soccer Fields By Attendees Of Hispanic Soccer League Matches In Dallas, Texas, Blake Samper
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
The purpose of this research is to observe and identify the social interactions in pedestrian spaces immediately surrounding soccer fields during Hispanic soccer league matches in Dallas, Texas. The research uses passive observation of spectators at Hispanic soccer league matches in the Dallas area to determine which activities are prevalent and which types of spaces are most commonly used and for what purpose. Recent immigration has greatly boosted the numbers of Hispanics living in North Central Texas (Price & Whitworth, 2004). This population increase is leading to wide demographic changes where immigrants settle. One of these shifts is occurring in …
Study Of Cultural Landscapes In Texas: An Inquiry For Policy Recommendations, Dorothy Joelle Wright
Study Of Cultural Landscapes In Texas: An Inquiry For Policy Recommendations, Dorothy Joelle Wright
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
The object of this thesis is to understand the status of preservation of Texas cultural landscapes and encourage policy recommendations. To do this, the thesis examines the procedure for nominating cultural landscapes in Texas for the National Register of Historic Places (NR), a program administered by the National Park Service (NPS) through state-level agencies. In Texas, the Texas Historical Society (THC) administers NR programs under supervision of the State Historic Preservation Officer. In the 1950s, the term cultural landscape rarely appeared in print. However, beginning with the work of J.B. Jackson, an independent writer and landscape scholar, cultural landscape studies …
Study Of Cultural Landscapes In Texas: An Inquiry For Policy Recommendations, Dorothy Joelle Wright
Study Of Cultural Landscapes In Texas: An Inquiry For Policy Recommendations, Dorothy Joelle Wright
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
The object of this thesis is to understand the status of preservation of Texas cultural landscapes and encourage policy recommendations. To do this, the thesis examines the procedure for nominating cultural landscapes in Texas for the National Register of Historic Places (NR), a program administered by the National Park Service (NPS) through state-level agencies. In Texas, the Texas Historical Society (THC) administers NR programs under supervision of the State Historic Preservation Officer. In the 1950s, the term cultural landscape rarely appeared in print. However, beginning with the work of J.B. Jackson, an independent writer and landscape scholar, cultural landscape studies …
Uses Of Sacred Spaces In Urban Neighborhoods: A Study Of Cemeteries In Uptown Dallas, Huei-Chung Cheng
Uses Of Sacred Spaces In Urban Neighborhoods: A Study Of Cemeteries In Uptown Dallas, Huei-Chung Cheng
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This study examines residents' perceptions regarding potential uses of sacred spaces. It further investigates a cemetery's visual impact on residents in high-density urban environments. Historically, cemeteries have provided open space to urban residents, and have become intertwined with the spaces where humans live and work and they have come to provide historical significance to urban space (Harker and Merolli 2010). As rituals and methods of disposing human remains change, the ways people use cemeteries or burial spaces also change. Specifically as alternative uses for cemetery are emerging, along with changes in attitudes toward commemoration burial sites in contemporary culture (Basmajian …
Crime In Transit Oriented Districts: Learning From Dallas, Texas, Devin D. Guinn
Crime In Transit Oriented Districts: Learning From Dallas, Texas, Devin D. Guinn
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
Recognizing that the components of the built environment may effect crime in urban areas, emerging transit station areas and Transit Oriented Developments (TOD) and districts (TODT) present new challenges for designers and planners. Transit oriented developments, especially within the past decade, are seen as desirable choices for developing metropolitan areas to accommodate the concerns surrounding population growth (Ozdil et. al, 2012), but very little is known about how the spatial environment impacts delinquency around station areas. More specifically, it is not clear how design and planning might address such issues, and influence future TOD and TODT strategic plans. This research …
Urban Morphology, Open Space Planning And Analysis Tools: Fort Worth Since The 1909 Kessler Plan, Dandan Zhu
Urban Morphology, Open Space Planning And Analysis Tools: Fort Worth Since The 1909 Kessler Plan, Dandan Zhu
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This thesis focuses on the relationship between the parks system and city growth patterns in Fort Worth, Texas. It describes the evolution of the city's parks as well as the city's urban morphology since the inception of 1909 Kessler city park plan. Throughout Fort Worth's history, open space planning has played a key role in the city's development policies (City of Fort Worth Planning and Development Department 2004). Kessler's 1909 original park plan for the City of Fort Worth still serves as the basis for major park facilities (City of Fort Worth 2012). Evolution of the parks system in Fort …
Uses Of Sacred Spaces In Urban Neighborhoods: A Study Of Cemeteries In Uptown Dallas, Huei-Chung Cheng
Uses Of Sacred Spaces In Urban Neighborhoods: A Study Of Cemeteries In Uptown Dallas, Huei-Chung Cheng
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This study examines residents' perceptions regarding potential uses of sacred spaces. It further investigates a cemetery's visual impact on residents in high-density urban environments. Historically, cemeteries have provided open space to urban residents, and have become intertwined with the spaces where humans live and work and they have come to provide historical significance to urban space (Harker and Merolli 2010). As rituals and methods of disposing human remains change, the ways people use cemeteries or burial spaces also change. Specifically as alternative uses for cemetery are emerging, along with changes in attitudes toward commemoration burial sites in contemporary culture (Basmajian …
Urban Morphology, Open Space Planning And Analysis Tools: Fort Worth Since The 1909 Kessler Plan, Dandan Zhu
Urban Morphology, Open Space Planning And Analysis Tools: Fort Worth Since The 1909 Kessler Plan, Dandan Zhu
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This thesis focuses on the relationship between the parks system and city growth patterns in Fort Worth, Texas. It describes the evolution of the city's parks as well as the city's urban morphology since the inception of 1909 Kessler city park plan. Throughout Fort Worth's history, open space planning has played a key role in the city's development policies (City of Fort Worth Planning and Development Department 2004). Kessler's 1909 original park plan for the City of Fort Worth still serves as the basis for major park facilities (City of Fort Worth 2012). Evolution of the parks system in Fort …
Master Planning For The Arts: Identifying The Skills And Roles For Landscape Architects, Jack Randal Phillips
Master Planning For The Arts: Identifying The Skills And Roles For Landscape Architects, Jack Randal Phillips
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
Thіs rеsеаrch еxаmіnеs thе skills and experiences of lаndscаpе аrchіtеcts appropriate to lеаd thе dеsіgn аnd dеvеlopmеnt of аrts mаstеr plаns for communіtіеs, by assessing current arts master plan practices in major metropolitan areas in the United States. It first identifies thе requirements of thе arts master planning procеss through systеmаtіc documеntаtіon of еxpеrt opіnіons. A comparison is then made to thе scopе of mаstеr plаnnіng for thе аrts. Thе scope includes prеrеquіsіtеs аnd profеssіonаl аptіtudеs nееdеd to complеtе аn аrts mаstеr plаn for lаrgе cіtіеs іn the United States аnd to аssеss lаndscаpе аrchіtеcts rolе wіthіn those needs. An …
Identifying Perceptions Of The Creative Class Regarding Lost Space In Downtown Dallas, Yao Lin
Identifying Perceptions Of The Creative Class Regarding Lost Space In Downtown Dallas, Yao Lin
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This thesis deals with perceptions held by members of the "creative class" (Florida 2004) regarding lost space (Trancik 1986) in downtown Dallas, Texas. Data from this study come from face-to-face interviews with end-users (the creative class) of lost space, and the results of the study offer insight on design and use of these spaces, so common to contemporary human communities. Trancik (1986) argues that lost space consists of undesirable and seemingly useless urban spaces, which because they are problematic, need to be redesigned. Trancik contrasts the urban voids of lost space with positive urban spaces which he defines as those …
Professional Service Dependencies Between Landscape Architects And Architects, Alexandra Lorraine Romero
Professional Service Dependencies Between Landscape Architects And Architects, Alexandra Lorraine Romero
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This thesis examines the professional service dependencies between landscape architects and architects practicing in single discipline private practice firms. Its intent is to determine the presence (or lack of presence) of dependencies within this subset of professional practice of both landscape architecture and architecture and the reasons dependencies exist. The primary hypothesis of this study is that dependencies exist between these two types of single discipline practices.Bornstein (1993) describes dependencies in a working definition as motivational, cognitive, affective and behavioral. Specifically, the term dependency has "no universally accepted operational definition" (Bornstein 1993, p. 18). It is, in the case of …
Stakeholders' Perceptions On The Design And Feasibility Of The Fused Grid Street Network Pattern, Hong Anh Mang
Stakeholders' Perceptions On The Design And Feasibility Of The Fused Grid Street Network Pattern, Hong Anh Mang
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
The fused grid is a newly developed street network pattern for laying out neighborhoods and districts (Grammenos 2002). It uses the fusion of two traditional North American street designs: the traditional nineteenth-century grid and the conventional curvilinear pattern of looped streets and cul-de-sacs utilized in modern suburbia (Grammenos 2004). In the twenty-first century, two cities in Canada -- Calgary, Alberta and Stratford, Ontario -- adopted this model for their neighborhoods. The site in Calgary have been adopted, implemented and is currently under construction. The site in Stratford have been adopted but not implemented. Although the two sites adopted ideas and …
Precursors To Context Sensitive Design (Csd) In Non-Csd Projects, Xiwen Feng
Precursors To Context Sensitive Design (Csd) In Non-Csd Projects, Xiwen Feng
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This study searches for planning and design strategies required in Context Sensitive Design (CSD) transportation projects executed prior to the establishment of CSD standards. CSD is &ldquo a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach in which all stakeholders develop transportation facilities that fit their physical settings and preserve the aesthetic, scenic, historic and environmental resources, while maintaining safety and mobility&rdquo (Center for Transportation and Environment (CTE), 2007).There were five pilot states which were Connecticut, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, and Utah, agreed to implement the CSD approach in 1998. In the following years, many states looked to CSD as a more effective approach for improving …
Master Planning For The Arts: Identifying The Skills And Roles For Landscape Architects, Jack Randal Phillips
Master Planning For The Arts: Identifying The Skills And Roles For Landscape Architects, Jack Randal Phillips
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
Thіs rеsеаrch еxаmіnеs thе skills and experiences of lаndscаpе аrchіtеcts appropriate to lеаd thе dеsіgn аnd dеvеlopmеnt of аrts mаstеr plаns for communіtіеs, by assessing current arts master plan practices in major metropolitan areas in the United States. It first identifies thе requirements of thе arts master planning procеss through systеmаtіc documеntаtіon of еxpеrt opіnіons. A comparison is then made to thе scopе of mаstеr plаnnіng for thе аrts. Thе scope includes prеrеquіsіtеs аnd profеssіonаl аptіtudеs nееdеd to complеtе аn аrts mаstеr plаn for lаrgе cіtіеs іn the United States аnd to аssеss lаndscаpе аrchіtеcts rolе wіthіn those needs. An …
Identifying Perceptions Of The Creative Class Regarding Lost Space In Downtown Dallas, Yao Lin
Identifying Perceptions Of The Creative Class Regarding Lost Space In Downtown Dallas, Yao Lin
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This thesis deals with perceptions held by members of the "creative class" (Florida 2004) regarding lost space (Trancik 1986) in downtown Dallas, Texas. Data from this study come from face-to-face interviews with end-users (the creative class) of lost space, and the results of the study offer insight on design and use of these spaces, so common to contemporary human communities. Trancik (1986) argues that lost space consists of undesirable and seemingly useless urban spaces, which because they are problematic, need to be redesigned. Trancik contrasts the urban voids of lost space with positive urban spaces which he defines as those …
Stakeholders' Perceptions On The Design And Feasibility Of The Fused Grid Street Network Pattern, Hong Anh Mang
Stakeholders' Perceptions On The Design And Feasibility Of The Fused Grid Street Network Pattern, Hong Anh Mang
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
The fused grid is a newly developed street network pattern for laying out neighborhoods and districts (Grammenos 2002). It uses the fusion of two traditional North American street designs: the traditional nineteenth-century grid and the conventional curvilinear pattern of looped streets and cul-de-sacs utilized in modern suburbia (Grammenos 2004). In the twenty-first century, two cities in Canada -- Calgary, Alberta and Stratford, Ontario -- adopted this model for their neighborhoods. The site in Calgary have been adopted, implemented and is currently under construction. The site in Stratford have been adopted but not implemented. Although the two sites adopted ideas and …
Precursors To Context Sensitive Design (Csd) In Non-Csd Projects, Xiwen Feng
Precursors To Context Sensitive Design (Csd) In Non-Csd Projects, Xiwen Feng
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This study searches for planning and design strategies required in Context Sensitive Design (CSD) transportation projects executed prior to the establishment of CSD standards. CSD is &ldquo a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach in which all stakeholders develop transportation facilities that fit their physical settings and preserve the aesthetic, scenic, historic and environmental resources, while maintaining safety and mobility&rdquo (Center for Transportation and Environment (CTE), 2007).There were five pilot states which were Connecticut, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, and Utah, agreed to implement the CSD approach in 1998. In the following years, many states looked to CSD as a more effective approach for improving …
Native Plant Palettes: Perceptions Of North Texas Homeowners In Upper-Income Suburbia, Amber Michelle Davis
Native Plant Palettes: Perceptions Of North Texas Homeowners In Upper-Income Suburbia, Amber Michelle Davis
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This study examines the perceptions of upper-income homeowners in North Texas regarding their knowledge of native plant palettes and their commitment to using them in their residential landscapes. Literature on the topic highlights different perspectives on the actual definition of `native' plants. However, for the purpose of this study a `native plant palette' refers to the use of a plant species that "occurs naturally in a particular region, ecosystem or habitat without direct or indirect human intervention" and in return helps support its surrounding ecological community (Tallamy 2009; US National Arboretum 2006, pg. 1)."Current literature on homeowners' perceptions of native …
Professional Service Dependencies Between Landscape Architects And Architects, Alexandra Lorraine Romero
Professional Service Dependencies Between Landscape Architects And Architects, Alexandra Lorraine Romero
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
This thesis examines the professional service dependencies between landscape architects and architects practicing in single discipline private practice firms. Its intent is to determine the presence (or lack of presence) of dependencies within this subset of professional practice of both landscape architecture and architecture and the reasons dependencies exist. The primary hypothesis of this study is that dependencies exist between these two types of single discipline practices.Bornstein (1993) describes dependencies in a working definition as motivational, cognitive, affective and behavioral. Specifically, the term dependency has "no universally accepted operational definition" (Bornstein 1993, p. 18). It is, in the case of …
Developing Methods To Measure Naturalness Of Stream Restoration Projects: Learning From Johnson Creek, Nhasala Manandhar
Developing Methods To Measure Naturalness Of Stream Restoration Projects: Learning From Johnson Creek, Nhasala Manandhar
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive
The purpose of this research is to develop methods to assess the naturalness of restored stream environments by studying user perceptions and preferences in the Johnson Creek project in the Dallas and Fort Worth (DFW) metropolitan area. This research specifically concentrates on measuring three indicators of naturalness: greenness, openness, and visual access to water as they are recognized to be critical in components of naturalness in pertinent literature (Hepcan et al., 2004; Dramstad et al., 2006; Kaplan and Kaplan, 1978). This research also examines the suitability of geographic information system (GIS) tools to measure naturalness in order to conduct similar …