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Articles 181 - 210 of 455

Full-Text Articles in Architecture

Perspectives On Environmental Landscape Performance Indicators And Methods: Learning From Landscape Architecture Foundation's Case Study Investigation Program, Sameepa Kashyap Modi Jul 2014

Perspectives On Environmental Landscape Performance Indicators And Methods: Learning From Landscape Architecture Foundation's Case Study Investigation Program, Sameepa Kashyap Modi

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

Case studies are frequently utilized in landscape architecture to evaluate finished projects and to inform future education and practice (Francis, 1999 and 2003; Ahern et.al., 2007). The effective dissemination of developing theories and knowledge base in the landscape architecture profession seems promising with the adaptation of case study methods (Francis, 2001). The case studies are specifically found to be suitable in landscape performance studies as it can be easily adapted to various project types. Numerous case studies are found in landscape architecture literature, especially after Francis' seminal work in 1999 on the case study method, and more structured study attempts …

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Accessing Opportunities Through Active Transportation In Arlington, Texas, Kevin Shane Pace, Ivonne Audirac May 2014

Accessing Opportunities Through Active Transportation In Arlington, Texas, Kevin Shane Pace, Ivonne Audirac

Planning Masters Professional Reports - Archive

This examines active transportation as it relates to accessibility, opportunity, and ultimately equity for residents in disadvantaged communities in the City of Arlington, Texas. Adding to the growing discussion and research surrounding active transportation, the accessibility measures presented contribute an approach to identifying disadvantaged communities in a city and quantifying the opportunities accessible by foot and bike in these communities. The research utilized a replicable index for identifying disadvantaged neighborhoods and a method for quantifying the number of opportunities that can be accessible when pedestrian and bicycle facilities are present. The research and analysis shows that individuals lacking access to …

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The Impact Of Green Walls And Roofs To Urban Microclimate In Downtown Dallas, Texas: Learning From Simulated Environments, Dalit Bielaz Sclar Mar 2014

The Impact Of Green Walls And Roofs To Urban Microclimate In Downtown Dallas, Texas: Learning From Simulated Environments, Dalit Bielaz Sclar

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

Microclimate refers to a localized zone where the climate is different than the surrounding area. In dense urban areas, climate is affected by "urban thermo-physical and geometrical characteristics, anthropogenic activities and heat sources" (Dimoudi et.al. 2013, p.1). Materials such as brick, asphalt, and concrete absorb the sun's energy, and then heat-up, and re-radiate that heat into the ambient air, creating urban heat island effects. These effects can be partially mitigated by modifying the physical surface and mass properties of buildings. By adding vegetation and soil, in addition to the shade made by surrounding buildings, seasonal energy gain may be modified. …

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Assessing Knowledge About Hydrology Among Landscape Architects In North Texas, Kent M. Elliott Mar 2014

Assessing Knowledge About Hydrology Among Landscape Architects In North Texas, Kent M. Elliott

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

The purpose of this study is to determine the level of knowledge in hydrology a landscape architect needs in professional practice versus the hydrological knowledge, and resulting skill, gained from his or her education. The research also explores the knowledge and skill of other professionals practicing hydrology and determines the amount of knowledge gained by education and practical experience. Finally, the research compares any overlap of knowledge and skill between the professions of landscape architecture and hydrology.Water is a central resource for all economic, social, and environmental activities. Hydrology and other topics such as, supply, demand, and quality are affected …

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The Impact Of Green Walls And Roofs To Urban Microclimate In Downtown Dallas, Texas: Learning From Simulated Environments, Dalit Bielaz Sclar Mar 2014

The Impact Of Green Walls And Roofs To Urban Microclimate In Downtown Dallas, Texas: Learning From Simulated Environments, Dalit Bielaz Sclar

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

Microclimate refers to a localized zone where the climate is different than the surrounding area. In dense urban areas, climate is affected by "urban thermo-physical and geometrical characteristics, anthropogenic activities and heat sources" (Dimoudi et.al. 2013, p.1). Materials such as brick, asphalt, and concrete absorb the sun's energy, and then heat-up, and re-radiate that heat into the ambient air, creating urban heat island effects. These effects can be partially mitigated by modifying the physical surface and mass properties of buildings. By adding vegetation and soil, in addition to the shade made by surrounding buildings, seasonal energy gain may be modified. …

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Subsurface Wastewater Treatment Wetlands: Understanding The Barriers To Implementation In The Landscape, Geoff Bitner Hall Mar 2014

Subsurface Wastewater Treatment Wetlands: Understanding The Barriers To Implementation In The Landscape, Geoff Bitner Hall

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

The purpose of this research is to address the barriers to implementation of, the role of landscape architects in, and the potential for acceptance of constructed subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands. Landscape architects, engineers, and scientists are key players in the implementation of subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands in the landscape. Through qualitative inquiry, this research uncovers the opinions of landscape architects, engineers, and scientists regarding the potential barriers to building subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands and ways to overcome these barriers.Subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands are a decentralized form of wastewater treatment, treating wastewater onsite using little to no …

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Subsurface Wastewater Treatment Wetlands: Understanding The Barriers To Implementation In The Landscape, Geoff Bitner Hall Mar 2014

Subsurface Wastewater Treatment Wetlands: Understanding The Barriers To Implementation In The Landscape, Geoff Bitner Hall

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

The purpose of this research is to address the barriers to implementation of, the role of landscape architects in, and the potential for acceptance of constructed subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands. Landscape architects, engineers, and scientists are key players in the implementation of subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands in the landscape. Through qualitative inquiry, this research uncovers the opinions of landscape architects, engineers, and scientists regarding the potential barriers to building subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands and ways to overcome these barriers.Subsurface flow wastewater treatment wetlands are a decentralized form of wastewater treatment, treating wastewater onsite using little to no …

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Evaluating The Unintended Impacts Of Socio-Economic And Demographic Shifts In Transit Served Neighborhoods On Mode Choice And Equity, Steven Apell Jan 2014

Evaluating The Unintended Impacts Of Socio-Economic And Demographic Shifts In Transit Served Neighborhoods On Mode Choice And Equity, Steven Apell

Planning Dissertations - Archive

The use of transit-oriented development (TOD) as a policy intervention is a popular strategy for metropolitan areas seeking to advance sustainable urban growth. At the same time, urban areas in America are experiencing rising energy prices and new geographies of employment, poverty, and wealth. Furthermore, the Millennial generation, and some Baby boomers are changing their residential preference from the suburbs to the central city. These modifications in the urban economy and residential preferences are likely to intensify competition for housing in the central city. Increased demand for housing generates high rents, which often results in the displacement of low-income, transit-dependent …

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Impact Of Urban Planning Policies On Carbon-Dioxide Emissions: An Indian Perspective, Kiranmayi Raparthi Jan 2014

Impact Of Urban Planning Policies On Carbon-Dioxide Emissions: An Indian Perspective, Kiranmayi Raparthi

Planning Dissertations - Archive

Climate change is a multidimensional observable fact and is regarded as one of the greatest challenge human society is facing in the 21st century. Debates on climate change advocate that, urban areas not only contribute to climate change by emitting huge amounts of carbon-dioxide (CO2) gas into the atmosphere, but also play a vital role in addressing climate change. International negotiations highlight the need to respond to climate change by mainstreaming climate change mitigation in urban planning however these have remained research rhetoric. One reason for this gap between research and planning practice may be due to the lack of …

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Increasing Food Accessibility Among Urban Poor: Providing An Alternative Solution Through A City-Wide Community Garden Plan, Nabila Nur Jan 2014

Increasing Food Accessibility Among Urban Poor: Providing An Alternative Solution Through A City-Wide Community Garden Plan, Nabila Nur

Planning Theses - Archive

Community Gardens have been entitled as an emerging solution to food security and injustice issues especially among socially disempowered communities. US Department of Agriculture has designated more than half of the census tracts in City of Dallas as food deserts, representing inadequate access to fresh food in these areas. As an alternative solution, this study proposes a methodology to identify suitable locations for community gardens to increase access to fresh food for disadvantaged population. The suitability analysis was used by primarily taking the relevant socio-economic factors into consideration. The reclassification and weightings are derived through a combination of qualitative and …

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Analyzing The Value Of Mixed Use Urban Infill: An Exploratory Analysis On Changes In Property Values And Demographics In Local Initiatives Of Dallas And Fort Worth Texas, Matthew A. Ables Jan 2014

Analyzing The Value Of Mixed Use Urban Infill: An Exploratory Analysis On Changes In Property Values And Demographics In Local Initiatives Of Dallas And Fort Worth Texas, Matthew A. Ables

Planning Theses - Archive

Mixed-use infill development has gained national attention as a strategy for revitalization and redevelopment for cities. The strategy is viewed by "Smart Growth" proponents and New Urbanists as a potential solution to sprawling urban forms and a potential cure for many problems associated with auto-dependence. However, this strategy is not new, and it has been debated through different disciplines in relation to its true impacts on communities and cities. Yet, the discussion on infill has centered upon measuring the amount of infill occuring, and the economic impacts of residential infill. This thesis utilizes a descriptive analysis to observe property value …

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Mitigating The Urban Heat Island Through A Targeted Look At Reforestation And Preservation Near Vulnerable Populations: An Applied Suitability Model, Derica Peters Jan 2014

Mitigating The Urban Heat Island Through A Targeted Look At Reforestation And Preservation Near Vulnerable Populations: An Applied Suitability Model, Derica Peters

Planning Theses - Archive

The urban heat island (UHI) is a pervasive phenomenon that affects city dwellers. There are certain populations who are especially vulnerable to its affects. Studies have shown that the urban tree canopy helps to mitigate and alleviate the negative effects of the UHI. The research was conducted for the City of Dallas, Texas. The objective of this research is twofold: one to employ an assessment to determine who is vulnerable to the UHI affects, based on the Center for Disease Control's BRACE Framework. Next, a suitability overlay model is used to analyze the optimal places where planting trees or reserving …

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Cfmd Research Journal 2014 Volume 3, Center For Metropolitan Density, Michael P. Buckley, Taner R. Ozdil, Kevin Sloan Jan 2014

Cfmd Research Journal 2014 Volume 3, Center For Metropolitan Density, Michael P. Buckley, Taner R. Ozdil, Kevin Sloan

Center for Metropolitan Density Publications - Archive

The Center's mission is to demonstrate that greater density, including suburban scale density, will produce the most economically productive, operationally effective, fiscally efficient, environmentally responsible, and culturally supportive environments. CfMD will fulfill its mission by conducting sponsored research, convening symposia, and consulting with industry partners.

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Property Tax Appraisal For Green Buildings: Energy Star Certification In Texas, Kevin G. Hogan Jan 2014

Property Tax Appraisal For Green Buildings: Energy Star Certification In Texas, Kevin G. Hogan

Planning Dissertations - Archive

This study investigates whether tax appraised values of commercial office buildings in major Texas cities are influenced by ENERGY STAR (ES) rating. Per square foot (PSF) tax appraised value of property improvements and certification ratings are used to determine whether higher levels ES rating (a numerical grade from 75 to 100) increase tax appraised values in the five most populated Texas cities - Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, and San Antonio.Quantitative data on ES buildings in each selected city is obtained through the EPA and county tax assessor online resources. Data on 723 ES properties is collected and cleaned for …

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What If Hewlett And Packard Had Started A Band Instead?... Denton Texas' Music Scene As Economic Cluster And Its Broader Implications For The City's Economy, Michael Seman Jan 2014

What If Hewlett And Packard Had Started A Band Instead?... Denton Texas' Music Scene As Economic Cluster And Its Broader Implications For The City's Economy, Michael Seman

Planning Dissertations - Archive

A growing body of research examines the production processes, economic activity, and symbolic value of the arts in the urban economy. This research often broadly considers all arts disciplines together, masking structural and operational differences amongst them. Research detailing popular music and its relationship with the urban economy is minimal. Prior research tangentially acknowledges that local music scenes function as economic clusters, but little detailing of their dynamics as such exists. The bulk of attention is paid to how these clusters operate in the framework of the broader music industry and not how they develop or impact their surrounding urban …

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Converting Paved Deserts Into Solar Parking Lots In Urban Areas: Implementing Photovoltaic Systems Into The Parking Lots Of The City Of Arlington, Sangchun Ahn, Yekang Ko Dec 2013

Converting Paved Deserts Into Solar Parking Lots In Urban Areas: Implementing Photovoltaic Systems Into The Parking Lots Of The City Of Arlington, Sangchun Ahn, Yekang Ko

Planning Masters Professional Reports - Archive

This presents projected costs and benefits of a carport style photovoltaic (PV) solar energy system, as well as its potential implementation sited in the City of Arlington. The goal was to estimate the amount of electricity generated from converting the existing sites into PV solar parking lots by assessing spatial, locational, and quantitative analysis, utilizing the available data, tools, and techniques in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Google Earth Pro. This study applied data from currently installed and active solar energy systems to meet the goal of this study. The findings showed the City of Arlington could generate 218,403 MWh/year, …

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Knox Street And The Complete Streets Initiative: A Comparative Analysis Of Complete Street Implementation In The City Of Dallas, Kelsey Berry Dec 2013

Knox Street And The Complete Streets Initiative: A Comparative Analysis Of Complete Street Implementation In The City Of Dallas, Kelsey Berry

Planning Masters Professional Reports - Archive

The Knox Street district, located just a few miles north of downtown Dallas, Texas, offers a variety of high-end retail, residential, and commercial use options. The increased popularity of downtown Dallas development and the Knox / Henderson neighborhood has drawn attention to the community situated on the edge of Highland Park and Dallas. This study examines Dallas' Complete Street best practices and their implementation on the Knox Street project. It asks: how effective has the implementation of this demonstration project been? It aims to answer this question by first comparing the City of Dallas' Complete Streets Manual draft with nationally …

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Wet Ponds As A Stormwater Management Tool And An Alternative Water Source For Irrigating Parks In Arlington, Texas, Cassandra Marie Harashe, Yekang Ko Dec 2013

Wet Ponds As A Stormwater Management Tool And An Alternative Water Source For Irrigating Parks In Arlington, Texas, Cassandra Marie Harashe, Yekang Ko

Planning Masters Professional Reports - Archive

A growing population in the Dallas - Fort Worth area will lead to water shortages if alternative water sources are not utilized. This reports looks into the aspects of utilizing wet ponds as a source of water for irrigating public playing fields in Arlington, Texas. It covers the benefits of reducing stormwater and utilizing this water for irrigation. It also covers different pond types, design aspects, the site selection process, potential cost savings, and the policy implications of utilizing this type of Low Impact Development. This study demonstrates that wet ponds are a viable option for treating stormwater to be …

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Human Services Subsector: The Effects Of Lancaster Outreach Center's Poverty Reduction Efforts In Rural Communities, Robert L. Sewell Dec 2013

Human Services Subsector: The Effects Of Lancaster Outreach Center's Poverty Reduction Efforts In Rural Communities, Robert L. Sewell

Planning Masters Professional Reports - Archive

Lancaster Outreach Center (LOC) has for almost 30 years provided high social welfare quality services with minimum setbacks. However, the faltering economy had a negative influence on the level of donor funding LOC expected. The decreased funding level has greatly affected LOC's operations, and the nonprofit organization no longer sees donor funding as a solid revenue source. This study aims to analyze the challenges that rural social workers encounter working for a small nonprofit. Data regarding the agency was collected directly from members of the LOC staff. The research findings for the literature review were obtained through the UTA online …

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Assessing Bus Rapid Transit (Brt) As An Alternate Mode Of Transportation For Dallas County., Francisco Estrada, Jianling Li Dec 2013

Assessing Bus Rapid Transit (Brt) As An Alternate Mode Of Transportation For Dallas County., Francisco Estrada, Jianling Li

Planning Masters Professional Reports - Archive

Traffic congestion in the Dallas County area continues to worsen while transportation funding continues to decline. Even if funding was available it is no longer possible to build our way out of congestion. The Dallas County area has reached a crucial stage in which new innovative methods are required to address congestion. This paper will propose the integration of an alternative mode of transportation known as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). The analysis performed in this study will utilize the methodology developed by the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy to identify a potential BRT corridor in Dallas County. Existing transportation …

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The Utilization Of Social Spaces Near Soccer Fields By Attendees Of Hispanic Soccer League Matches In Dallas, Texas, Blake Samper Oct 2013

The Utilization Of Social Spaces Near Soccer Fields By Attendees Of Hispanic Soccer League Matches In Dallas, Texas, Blake Samper

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

The purpose of this research is to observe and identify the social interactions in pedestrian spaces immediately surrounding soccer fields during Hispanic soccer league matches in Dallas, Texas. The research uses passive observation of spectators at Hispanic soccer league matches in the Dallas area to determine which activities are prevalent and which types of spaces are most commonly used and for what purpose. Recent immigration has greatly boosted the numbers of Hispanics living in North Central Texas (Price & Whitworth, 2004). This population increase is leading to wide demographic changes where immigrants settle. One of these shifts is occurring in …

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Study Of Cultural Landscapes In Texas: An Inquiry For Policy Recommendations, Dorothy Joelle Wright Jul 2013

Study Of Cultural Landscapes In Texas: An Inquiry For Policy Recommendations, Dorothy Joelle Wright

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

The object of this thesis is to understand the status of preservation of Texas cultural landscapes and encourage policy recommendations. To do this, the thesis examines the procedure for nominating cultural landscapes in Texas for the National Register of Historic Places (NR), a program administered by the National Park Service (NPS) through state-level agencies. In Texas, the Texas Historical Society (THC) administers NR programs under supervision of the State Historic Preservation Officer. In the 1950s, the term cultural landscape rarely appeared in print. However, beginning with the work of J.B. Jackson, an independent writer and landscape scholar, cultural landscape studies …

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Study Of Cultural Landscapes In Texas: An Inquiry For Policy Recommendations, Dorothy Joelle Wright Jul 2013

Study Of Cultural Landscapes In Texas: An Inquiry For Policy Recommendations, Dorothy Joelle Wright

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

The object of this thesis is to understand the status of preservation of Texas cultural landscapes and encourage policy recommendations. To do this, the thesis examines the procedure for nominating cultural landscapes in Texas for the National Register of Historic Places (NR), a program administered by the National Park Service (NPS) through state-level agencies. In Texas, the Texas Historical Society (THC) administers NR programs under supervision of the State Historic Preservation Officer. In the 1950s, the term cultural landscape rarely appeared in print. However, beginning with the work of J.B. Jackson, an independent writer and landscape scholar, cultural landscape studies …

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Uses Of Sacred Spaces In Urban Neighborhoods: A Study Of Cemeteries In Uptown Dallas, Huei-Chung Cheng Jul 2013

Uses Of Sacred Spaces In Urban Neighborhoods: A Study Of Cemeteries In Uptown Dallas, Huei-Chung Cheng

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

This study examines residents' perceptions regarding potential uses of sacred spaces. It further investigates a cemetery's visual impact on residents in high-density urban environments. Historically, cemeteries have provided open space to urban residents, and have become intertwined with the spaces where humans live and work and they have come to provide historical significance to urban space (Harker and Merolli 2010). As rituals and methods of disposing human remains change, the ways people use cemeteries or burial spaces also change. Specifically as alternative uses for cemetery are emerging, along with changes in attitudes toward commemoration burial sites in contemporary culture (Basmajian …

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Crime In Transit Oriented Districts: Learning From Dallas, Texas, Devin D. Guinn Jul 2013

Crime In Transit Oriented Districts: Learning From Dallas, Texas, Devin D. Guinn

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

Recognizing that the components of the built environment may effect crime in urban areas, emerging transit station areas and Transit Oriented Developments (TOD) and districts (TODT) present new challenges for designers and planners. Transit oriented developments, especially within the past decade, are seen as desirable choices for developing metropolitan areas to accommodate the concerns surrounding population growth (Ozdil et. al, 2012), but very little is known about how the spatial environment impacts delinquency around station areas. More specifically, it is not clear how design and planning might address such issues, and influence future TOD and TODT strategic plans. This research …

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Urban Morphology, Open Space Planning And Analysis Tools: Fort Worth Since The 1909 Kessler Plan, Dandan Zhu Jul 2013

Urban Morphology, Open Space Planning And Analysis Tools: Fort Worth Since The 1909 Kessler Plan, Dandan Zhu

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

This thesis focuses on the relationship between the parks system and city growth patterns in Fort Worth, Texas. It describes the evolution of the city's parks as well as the city's urban morphology since the inception of 1909 Kessler city park plan. Throughout Fort Worth's history, open space planning has played a key role in the city's development policies (City of Fort Worth Planning and Development Department 2004). Kessler's 1909 original park plan for the City of Fort Worth still serves as the basis for major park facilities (City of Fort Worth 2012). Evolution of the parks system in Fort …

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Uses Of Sacred Spaces In Urban Neighborhoods: A Study Of Cemeteries In Uptown Dallas, Huei-Chung Cheng Jul 2013

Uses Of Sacred Spaces In Urban Neighborhoods: A Study Of Cemeteries In Uptown Dallas, Huei-Chung Cheng

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

This study examines residents' perceptions regarding potential uses of sacred spaces. It further investigates a cemetery's visual impact on residents in high-density urban environments. Historically, cemeteries have provided open space to urban residents, and have become intertwined with the spaces where humans live and work and they have come to provide historical significance to urban space (Harker and Merolli 2010). As rituals and methods of disposing human remains change, the ways people use cemeteries or burial spaces also change. Specifically as alternative uses for cemetery are emerging, along with changes in attitudes toward commemoration burial sites in contemporary culture (Basmajian …

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Urban Morphology, Open Space Planning And Analysis Tools: Fort Worth Since The 1909 Kessler Plan, Dandan Zhu Jul 2013

Urban Morphology, Open Space Planning And Analysis Tools: Fort Worth Since The 1909 Kessler Plan, Dandan Zhu

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

This thesis focuses on the relationship between the parks system and city growth patterns in Fort Worth, Texas. It describes the evolution of the city's parks as well as the city's urban morphology since the inception of 1909 Kessler city park plan. Throughout Fort Worth's history, open space planning has played a key role in the city's development policies (City of Fort Worth Planning and Development Department 2004). Kessler's 1909 original park plan for the City of Fort Worth still serves as the basis for major park facilities (City of Fort Worth 2012). Evolution of the parks system in Fort …

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Equity Impacts Of Toll Roads In North Texas, Kendall Wendling, Jianling Li May 2013

Equity Impacts Of Toll Roads In North Texas, Kendall Wendling, Jianling Li

Planning Masters Professional Reports - Archive

Toll roads are becoming ubiquitous across the United States as funds for transportation projects have not kept up with traffic demand. In the North Texas region specifically, there are multiple toll road projects currently under construction and it is currently unclear what impact toll roads have on the surrounding demographics and development. This study analyzes the demographic changes that have occurred over time surrounding toll and non-toll corridors in the North Texas region to discover any significant differences between the two types of facilities. If I do find that there are significant differences, then it is likely that equity is …

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Master Planning For The Arts: Identifying The Skills And Roles For Landscape Architects, Jack Randal Phillips Mar 2013

Master Planning For The Arts: Identifying The Skills And Roles For Landscape Architects, Jack Randal Phillips

Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses - Archive

Thіs rеsеаrch еxаmіnеs thе skills and experiences of lаndscаpе аrchіtеcts appropriate to lеаd thе dеsіgn аnd dеvеlopmеnt of аrts mаstеr plаns for communіtіеs, by assessing current arts master plan practices in major metropolitan areas in the United States. It first identifies thе requirements of thе arts master planning procеss through systеmаtіc documеntаtіon of еxpеrt opіnіons. A comparison is then made to thе scopе of mаstеr plаnnіng for thе аrts. Thе scope includes prеrеquіsіtеs аnd profеssіonаl аptіtudеs nееdеd to complеtе аn аrts mаstеr plаn for lаrgе cіtіеs іn the United States аnd to аssеss lаndscаpе аrchіtеcts rolе wіthіn those needs. An …

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