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Craig Chiaccheri V. Zurich American Insurance Co Aug 2026

Craig Chiaccheri V. Zurich American Insurance Co

2026 Decisions

USDC for the District of New Jersey


The Role Of Green Competence In Enhancing Green Performance Among Healthcare Workers In Indonesian Community Health Centers, Dewi Susanna, Tris Eryando, Dwi Agustina, Artha Prabawa, Rabiatul Adawiah, Lusianah Lusianah, Ratna Sari Dewi Aug 2026

The Role Of Green Competence In Enhancing Green Performance Among Healthcare Workers In Indonesian Community Health Centers, Dewi Susanna, Tris Eryando, Dwi Agustina, Artha Prabawa, Rabiatul Adawiah, Lusianah Lusianah, Ratna Sari Dewi

Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia

Climate change poses increasing risks to population health and healthcare systems worldwide. Primary healthcare facilities, partic-ularly community health centers, play a critical role in climate change mitigation and adaptation through environmentally sustainable practices. This study aimed to assess the level of green competency of Puskesmas staff and analyze relationship in the green behavior. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 102 personnel at the Community Health Center in East Jakarta, Indonesia, using a total sampling approach. Green competence was measured across five dimensions (knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes, awareness) involving a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptively and inferentially using chi-square …


2026 Convocation, Dr.Evan Glazer, Dr.Angela Rowley, Dr.Katie Berger, David Kung Aug 2026

2026 Convocation, Dr.Evan Glazer, Dr.Angela Rowley, Dr.Katie Berger, David Kung

Convocation

No abstract provided.


Decision Advantage In Cognitive Warfare, Part 2, John Murray, Elise Annett, James Giordano Aug 2026

Decision Advantage In Cognitive Warfare, Part 2, John Murray, Elise Annett, James Giordano

Strategic Insights

Part Two of "Decision Advantage in Cognitive Warfare" advances the concept of temporal synchronization by considering how human and machine functions can be allocated across the military decision cycle. John Murray, Dr. Elise Annett, and Dr. James Giordano propose assigning speed-bound functions to AI systems operating under human direction while preserving human judgment, accountability, and decision authority. This model enables more persistent observation and contextual integration as informational, behavioral, and social conditions continue to change during the decision cycle. The authors assert that decision advantage depends not only on speed, but also on maintaining alignment between institutional understanding and the …


Exploring Elite Athletes’ Perceptions Of The Practice Of Mindfulness For Mental Health And Optimal Performance, Omar A. Sesay Aug 2026

Exploring Elite Athletes’ Perceptions Of The Practice Of Mindfulness For Mental Health And Optimal Performance, Omar A. Sesay

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Elite athletes experience physical, cognitive, and emotional demands that affect athletic performance and personal well-being, increasing the risk for anxiety, depression, burnout, attentional difficulties, and maladaptive coping strategies. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been examined for its effect on attentional control, emotional regulation, cognitive flexibility, and stress resilience, but limited qualitative research has examined how elite athletes experience the practice of mindfulness. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore elite athletes’ perceptions of the practice of mindfulness for mental health and optimal performance. The theoretical framework draws from mindfulness theory and MBSR principles. Semistructured interviews were conducted …


Anterior Neck Induration As The Initial Sign Of Metastatic Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinoma, Fahad Siddiqui, Jay Nguyen, Victoria Dukharan, Rajiv Nathoo Aug 2026

Anterior Neck Induration As The Initial Sign Of Metastatic Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinoma, Fahad Siddiqui, Jay Nguyen, Victoria Dukharan, Rajiv Nathoo

GME Publications

No abstract provided.


Daniel La Hart V. Sunoco Pipeline Lp Aug 2026

Daniel La Hart V. Sunoco Pipeline Lp

2026 Decisions

USDC for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania


Carolyn Gardner V. Kutztown University Aug 2026

Carolyn Gardner V. Kutztown University

2026 Decisions

USDC for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania


August 18, 2026 Ereporter, University Of Alabama At Birmingham Aug 2026

August 18, 2026 Ereporter, University Of Alabama At Birmingham

eReporter (campus newsletter)

No abstract provided.


Software Tools And Simulation Exercises For Radiation Oncology Cyber-Attack Resiliency, Yevgeniy Vinogradskiy, James Lamb Aug 2026

Software Tools And Simulation Exercises For Radiation Oncology Cyber-Attack Resiliency, Yevgeniy Vinogradskiy, James Lamb

Department of Radiation Oncology Faculty Papers

This review summarizes the rationale for radiation oncology cyberattack simulation exercises, recent results from multi-institutional resiliency drills, and the landscape of software tools developed to help clinics resume radiotherapy treatments rapidly and safely during a cyberattack or other major clinical software outage. Simulation exercises using record-and-verify (R&V) downtime and File Mode treatment delivery have identified failure modes not apparent in theoretical planning alone, including risks related to treatment documentation, repeated fractions, patient setup, and missed safety checks. Available software tools emphasize insulated backup of DICOM-format planning data and clinical notes, treatment-state dashboards, File Mode treatments, redundant R&V installations, and human-readable …


Selective Loss Of Primary Cilia And Neurotrophic Signaling In G51d Α-Synuclein Mice Highlights A Common Pathway To Parkinson’S Disease, Yu-En Lin, Ebsy Jaimon, Youngdoo Kim, Annabeth Loftman, Aaran Vijayakumaran, Benjamin D W Belfort, Claire Y Chiang, Benjamin R Arenkiel, Huda Y Zoghbi, Suzanne R Pfeffer Aug 2026

Selective Loss Of Primary Cilia And Neurotrophic Signaling In G51d Α-Synuclein Mice Highlights A Common Pathway To Parkinson’S Disease, Yu-En Lin, Ebsy Jaimon, Youngdoo Kim, Annabeth Loftman, Aaran Vijayakumaran, Benjamin D W Belfort, Claire Y Chiang, Benjamin R Arenkiel, Huda Y Zoghbi, Suzanne R Pfeffer

Duncan NRI Faculty and Staff Publications

Parkinson's disease is characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss and accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates in the brain. G51D α-synuclein knock-in mice provide a genetically and clinically relevant model of disease, exhibiting early olfactory deficits, age-dependent motor impairment, and progressive phospho-α-synuclein accumulation. In multiple Parkinson's disease models, striatal cholinergic and parvalbumin interneurons, as well as astrocytes, lose primary cilia and the neurotrophic signaling needed to sustain dopaminergic neurons. We show here that G51D α-synuclein mice share these phenotypes. Phospho-Ser129 α-synuclein accumulation correlates with cilia loss in cholinergic interneurons but not in spiny projection neurons that accumulate higher phospho-α-synuclein levels. In the piriform …


Iwu Students, Faculty And Alumni Find Professional Opportunities Close To Home At Illinois Shakespeare Festival, Emily Bollinger Aug 2026

Iwu Students, Faculty And Alumni Find Professional Opportunities Close To Home At Illinois Shakespeare Festival, Emily Bollinger

Press Releases 2020-2029

No abstract provided.


Addressing Knowledge And Data Gaps That Limit Pesticide Risk Assessment For Managed Solitary Bees Used For Alfalfa Pollination, Kimberly J. Hageman Aug 2026

Addressing Knowledge And Data Gaps That Limit Pesticide Risk Assessment For Managed Solitary Bees Used For Alfalfa Pollination, Kimberly J. Hageman

Funded Research Records

No abstract provided.


Using Posters To Increase Vegan Entrées Chosen At Classics In Wmu’S Student Dining Center, Sarah Schneider Aug 2026

Using Posters To Increase Vegan Entrées Chosen At Classics In Wmu’S Student Dining Center, Sarah Schneider

Honors Theses

The following experiment tested the use of specifically designed posters to see the effect on eating habits of those who ate entrées from WMU’s food counter called Classics in the Student Dining Center. The independent variable was a poster with humorous and factual elements displayed at the point of choice in the dining center. The primary dependent variable was the percentage of vegan entrees chosen out of the total number of vegan and meat entrees served. The secondary dependent variables were the number of vegan entrees prepped and served, and the percentage of each entree that was served out of …


Biological And In Silico Evaluation Of Amino Sulfonic Acids With Antioxidant And Cytoprotective Activities, Amir Rahim Khallawi, Kasim Mohammed Hello Aug 2026

Biological And In Silico Evaluation Of Amino Sulfonic Acids With Antioxidant And Cytoprotective Activities, Amir Rahim Khallawi, Kasim Mohammed Hello

Muthanna Medical Journal

Background: Amino-sulfonic derivatives are recognized for their diverse biological roles, particularly in modulating physiological environments and cellular protection. Understanding their interaction with enzyme systems like carbonic anhydrase (CA) is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies against oxidative stress and metabolic imbalances.
Objective: This study aims to systematically evaluate the antioxidant, cytoprotective, and pH-modulating activities of four amino-sulfonic derivatives—taurine (TA), pyridine-3-sulfonic acid (P-3-S), sulfamic acid (SA), and hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HASA)—using CA-containing systems derived from healthy and leukemia samples.
Materials and methods: Antioxidant capacity was determined through DPPH radical and H2O2 scavenging assays. Cytoprotection was assessed via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) …


Molecular Pathogenesis And Genomic Profiling Of Fusobacterium Nucleatum: A Review Of Virulence Determinants & Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms In Dental And Systemic Infections, Mawahb Hatem Mones, Thariat Abdualrahman Al-Joubori, Ibrahim Faisal Ibrahim Aug 2026

Molecular Pathogenesis And Genomic Profiling Of Fusobacterium Nucleatum: A Review Of Virulence Determinants & Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms In Dental And Systemic Infections, Mawahb Hatem Mones, Thariat Abdualrahman Al-Joubori, Ibrahim Faisal Ibrahim

Muthanna Medical Journal

Fusobacterium nucleatum is one of the key bacteria in the oral microbiota, which plays a key role in the structural integrity of dental plaque, an anaerobic bacterium. Emerging clinical evidence has increasingly linked this opportunistic pathogen to severe systemic pathologies, notably colorectal cancer and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This review synthesizes current genomic and molecular insights to elucidate the complex mechanisms driving fusobacterial virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We critically discuss the roles of key adhesins, such as FadA and Fap2, in modulating host cell signaling and facilitating immune evasion. Furthermore, we determine the genomic architecture involved in the transfer …


Demand-Side Measures Improve Long-Term Resilience To Supply Shocks Beyond Emergencies, Caroline Zimm, Benigna Boza-Kiss, Shonali Pachauri, Diana Uerge-Vorsatz, Souran Chatterjee, Alessio Mastrucci, Jihoon Min, Sascha Nick, Johannes Thema, Frauke Wiese, Bas Van Ruijven, Elena Verdolini, Carina Zell-Ziegler Aug 2026

Demand-Side Measures Improve Long-Term Resilience To Supply Shocks Beyond Emergencies, Caroline Zimm, Benigna Boza-Kiss, Shonali Pachauri, Diana Uerge-Vorsatz, Souran Chatterjee, Alessio Mastrucci, Jihoon Min, Sascha Nick, Johannes Thema, Frauke Wiese, Bas Van Ruijven, Elena Verdolini, Carina Zell-Ziegler

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Recent energy supply disruptions have prompted some governments to deploy demand-side measures as emergency responses. These crises reveal that systems built on high and inflexible energy and material demand are structurally exposed to shocks. This vulnerability is rooted in earlier political, infrastructural, and economic choices that locked societies into resource-intensive mobility, housing, and production. Crises are not only moments requiring rapid response; they are junctures where structural weaknesses become available for reform. We argue that demand-side measures are essential for reducing the immediate pain of crises and for reconfiguring provisioning systems toward lasting resilience. Drawing on examples spanning oil, electricity, …


Mindful Parenting And Toddlers' Food Responsiveness: The Role Of Controlling Feeding Practices, Qingyu Jiang, Holly Wilhite, Natalie A. Williams, Dipti A. Dev, Caron A. C. Clark, Pearl Avari, Sarah B. Ladd Aug 2026

Mindful Parenting And Toddlers' Food Responsiveness: The Role Of Controlling Feeding Practices, Qingyu Jiang, Holly Wilhite, Natalie A. Williams, Dipti A. Dev, Caron A. C. Clark, Pearl Avari, Sarah B. Ladd

Journal of Extension

Controlling feeding practices may negatively impact children's eating behaviors. Mindful parenting may offer a promising way to reduce the use of these practices. This study examined the mediating role of pressuring children to eat and using food as a reward in the association between mindful parenting and toddlers' food responsiveness. Results indicated that higher levels of mindful parenting were associated with lower pressuring to eat, which was related to lower food responsiveness in toddlers. The results may inform Extension professionals providing mindfulness strategies for mothers of young children to improve feeding practices, ultimately reducing children's unhealthful eating behaviors.


Advancing The Oresat Adcs: Design & Implementation Of An Open-Source Reaction Wheel System, Chris Kane-Pardy Aug 2026

Advancing The Oresat Adcs: Design & Implementation Of An Open-Source Reaction Wheel System, Chris Kane-Pardy

Dissertations and Theses

Reaction wheels provide the primary means of precision attitude control for many CubeSat attitude determination and control systems by exchanging angular momentum with the spacecraft body. As the Portland State Aerospace Society's OreSat spacecraft transitioned from a 2U to a 3U configuration, the increased spacecraft inertia reduced the attitude control authority available from the legacy reaction wheel system. This thesis addresses that challenge through the redesign of the reaction wheel system and the development of a deterministic embedded controller and experimental framework for evaluating brushless motor commutation strategies under identical operating conditions.

The redesigned system combines an analytically sized flywheel, …


Cover And Contents Aug 2026

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

No abstract provided.


Acetylcholinesterase Immobilization On A Natural Thin Membrane For Stable Biocatalyst Design, Si̇nem Öztürk, Ceyhun Işik, Mustafa Teke Aug 2026

Acetylcholinesterase Immobilization On A Natural Thin Membrane For Stable Biocatalyst Design, Si̇nem Öztürk, Ceyhun Işik, Mustafa Teke

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

This study involved the immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) onto a natural thin membrane extracted from the inner epidermal layer of Allium cepa, with the aim of enhancing the enzyme’s stability, activity, and reusability for potential biotechnological applications. The membrane, composed of biocompatible polymers and naturally occurring functional groups, was used as a sustainable support in a combined strategy involving adsorption followed by glutaraldehyde-mediated cross-linking. Immobilization conditions were optimized by evaluating key factors such as enzyme concentration, membrane quantity, cross-linker dosage, and contact time to achieve maximal catalytic efficiency. Structural and morphological changes on the membrane surface were assessed via scanning …


Electrochemical Determination Of Terbutaline Using A Sno2 Nanoparticle-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode, Rauf Gulamov, Şenol Alpat, Si̇bel Kilinç Alpat Aug 2026

Electrochemical Determination Of Terbutaline Using A Sno2 Nanoparticle-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode, Rauf Gulamov, Şenol Alpat, Si̇bel Kilinç Alpat

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Terbutaline hemisulfate (THS), a selective beta-2 agonist, is preferred as a bronchodilator for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis, as well as a tocolytic agent to delay labor in acute situations during premature birth. The use of beta-2 agonists above a certain dose is considered doping in sports competitions. Therefore, it is important that they be determined with high sensitivity and selectivity within a short analysis time. In this study, a SnO2 nanoparticle-modified carbon paste electrode was developed for the determination of THS. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were employed as electrochemical methods. The operating conditions of the developed …


The Effects Of Phosphorylation On The Structure And Function Of Motif A, An Intrinsically Disordered Region Within Sirt1, Sabrina M. Richter, Hoang Long Bui, Addison Chen, Chloe Tannous, Benjamin R. Butler, Sophia D. Bennett, Samson Quang Anh Nguyen, Justin Prado, Ryan Nhan, Ayan Mohamed, Isaac A. Dubois, Emile Tadros, Nhu Tam Thai, Selina Lima Guan, Carla Marie Peralta, Andy Kwong, Laura M.L. Hawk, Gianmarc Grazioli, Ningkun Wang Aug 2026

The Effects Of Phosphorylation On The Structure And Function Of Motif A, An Intrinsically Disordered Region Within Sirt1, Sabrina M. Richter, Hoang Long Bui, Addison Chen, Chloe Tannous, Benjamin R. Butler, Sophia D. Bennett, Samson Quang Anh Nguyen, Justin Prado, Ryan Nhan, Ayan Mohamed, Isaac A. Dubois, Emile Tadros, Nhu Tam Thai, Selina Lima Guan, Carla Marie Peralta, Andy Kwong, Laura M.L. Hawk, Gianmarc Grazioli, Ningkun Wang

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

The NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is known to elicit cellular defenses against aging, cancer, and other aberrant pathologies. Previous studies have identified an intrinsically disordered region of SIRT1 comprised of N-terminal residues 1–52, herein referred to as motif A, which activates SIRT1 activity, likely through intramolecular interactions. Additionally, phosphorylation of N-terminal residues Ser27 and Ser47 has been shown to be important for regulating SIRT1 activity and stability. The lack of in vitro characterization of these effects hampers our further understanding of the role of motif A in SIRT1 regulation. In this study, we elucidate the role phosphorylation plays …


We Don't See Race, We See Blue: A Case Study Of Police Unions As Racialized Organizations, Sarahfina Aubrey Peterson Aug 2026

We Don't See Race, We See Blue: A Case Study Of Police Unions As Racialized Organizations, Sarahfina Aubrey Peterson

Dissertations and Theses

In the late 1960s, police began to unionize. Today, they are the most well-organized labor force in the United States, with 70% to 80% of sworn officers now represented by a union. Though it has been decades, little scholarship has developed about how police unions affect policing. Much of the research that does exist uses race-neutral frames to address an organization steeped in racial history. This study aims to address this gap in scholarship, in part, by introducing race as a motivation for and explanation of organizational output.

This research applies Victor Ray's racialized organizations theory to police unions. I …


Risk Stratification And Screening For Sleep Apnea In Cardiology Outpatient Setting, Ma Vanessa Simoy Mabazza, Tanya Tanzillo, Paul H. Nguyen, Rubina D. Nguyen Aug 2026

Risk Stratification And Screening For Sleep Apnea In Cardiology Outpatient Setting, Ma Vanessa Simoy Mabazza, Tanya Tanzillo, Paul H. Nguyen, Rubina D. Nguyen

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most prevalent sleep disorder and is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but remains widely underdiagnosed due to inconsistent and non-standardized screening practices in outpatient settings.

Local Problem: Patients with CVD were reported to be diagnosed with OSA following sleep studies at an outpatient cardiology clinic. The need for a consistent, evidence-based approach to risk-stratification and screening was recognized.

Aim: The aim of this project was to increase the sleep apnea risk stratification rate among new adult cardiology patients from 53% to at least 85% over a 16-week implementation period by incorporating the …


Fmea-Based Risk Assessment And Improvements For Vascular Access Education In Hemodialysis, Nai-Hua Hsiao Aug 2026

Fmea-Based Risk Assessment And Improvements For Vascular Access Education In Hemodialysis, Nai-Hua Hsiao

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

This study evaluates and improves the patient education and care process before and after arteriovenous fistula surgery in hemodialysis patients. Inadequate implementation of this process may lead to multiple clinical risks. Currently, Southern X Hospital lacks a standardized patient education protocol, resulting in duplicated, omitted, or inconsistent content. These deficiencies negatively affect patients' comprehension and adherence, potentially leading to resource waste and reduced dialysis quality. To address these issues, this study applies Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to systematically identify potential failure modes within the education and care continuum. The CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) method is used …


Nursing Students’ Experiences With Immersive Pediatric Emergency Learning, Hsiang-Yun Lan, Jen-Jiuan Liaw, Yu-Lun Tsai, Chen-Xi Lin, Chiao-Hsuan Lin, Pao-Ju Chen Aug 2026

Nursing Students’ Experiences With Immersive Pediatric Emergency Learning, Hsiang-Yun Lan, Jen-Jiuan Liaw, Yu-Lun Tsai, Chen-Xi Lin, Chiao-Hsuan Lin, Pao-Ju Chen

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: Pediatric emergencies are characterized by their unpredictability and complexity, yet opportunities for direct clinical exposure remain limited for undergraduate nursing students. This gap poses challenges to the development of clinical judgment and rapid response competencies.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine how the integration of immersive simulation and inquiry-based learning enhances nursing students’ learning outcomes and shapes their experiences in managing pediatric emergency scenarios, using a simulated child seizure event as the core exemplar.

Methods: A qualitative phenomenological approach was adopted. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 12 nursing students who had completed the instructional intervention. Data were collected …


Rewilding Health: A Global Nursing Framework For Nature-Based Interventions And Planetary Well-Being, Amber Lea Vermeesch, Mary Rockwood Lane, Erica Timko Olson Aug 2026

Rewilding Health: A Global Nursing Framework For Nature-Based Interventions And Planetary Well-Being, Amber Lea Vermeesch, Mary Rockwood Lane, Erica Timko Olson

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Purpose: Rewilding—defined as restoring natural ecosystems and reconnecting humans to nature—offers a scalable, evidence-informed strategy to advance global health goals identified by the World Health Organization and United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3. This project examines how nurses can operationalize rewilding and nature-based interventions (NBIs) as ethical, clinical, and policy actions supporting universal health coverage, mental health promotion, non-communicable disease prevention, and global well-being.

Background: Growing evidence demonstrates that exposure to nature reduces stress, improves immune function, decreases depression and anxiety, enhances cancer survivorship outcomes, and promotes social connectedness. Aligning with Watson’s Unitary Caring Science and Chinn’s Emancipatory Nursing, …


Trends And Characteristics Of Behavioral Trials On Hpv Vaccination: A Systematic Review (2006-2025), Jutamas Suwannawat, Megan Whaley, Tsui-Sui Annie Kao, Angela Chia-Chen Chen Aug 2026

Trends And Characteristics Of Behavioral Trials On Hpv Vaccination: A Systematic Review (2006-2025), Jutamas Suwannawat, Megan Whaley, Tsui-Sui Annie Kao, Angela Chia-Chen Chen

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: Although human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has effectively prevented HPV-related cancers and infections since 2006 (Rosenblum et al., 2022; Semprini et al., 2025), uptake remains suboptimal (Franco et al., 2019; Guo et al., 2025; Han et al., 2025). Behavioral clinical trials have increasingly sought to enhance HPV uptake, yet few have examined overall trends. This study examined trends and characteristics of behavioral HPV vaccine trials between 2006 and 2025.

Methods: We searched ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number for behavioral HPV vaccination trials registered between 2006 and 2025. Inclusion criteria …


Trapped In Transition: Structural Change And Political Dynamics In Middle-Income Countries, Gabriel Duvidovich Aug 2026

Trapped In Transition: Structural Change And Political Dynamics In Middle-Income Countries, Gabriel Duvidovich

Dissertations and Theses

The middle-income trap literature has examined why relatively few middle-income countries transition to high-income status. A range of explanations has been proposed, but the political dimension has often been overlooked. Studies that take a political perspective often focus on institutional form rather than the state’s ability to effectively implement policy. This study addresses this gap by bringing political capacity to the center of the analysis. It argues that political capacity appears important for the productive upgrading required for sustained growth in middle-income economies and shapes economic growth trajectories across countries at different income levels.

The empirical analysis uses country-period panel …