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The Place Of Literary Criticism In The Marxist-Leninist-Maoist Praxis Of The Philippine National Democratic Movement, Lance Espejo Dec 2024

The Place Of Literary Criticism In The Marxist-Leninist-Maoist Praxis Of The Philippine National Democratic Movement, Lance Espejo

Kritika Kultura

For Marx, “The weapon of criticism cannot, of course, replace criticism of the weapon, material force must be overthrown by material force” (“A Contribution To The Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right”). Marx also says, “theory also becomes a material force as soon as it has gripped the masses.” It is this materialization of critical thought as theory which this paper expounds on. Marx says that this materialization happens in man himself, hence theory—or thought—is embodied. This paper, first, strives to expose the underlying class struggle which helps shape the discourse, which in this case, is literary criticism. Second, it …

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Reclaiming The Indigenous Body: Discourse, Social Media, And The Aesthetic Of Igorot Activism, Jose Kervin Cesar B. Calabias Dec 2024

Reclaiming The Indigenous Body: Discourse, Social Media, And The Aesthetic Of Igorot Activism, Jose Kervin Cesar B. Calabias

Kritika Kultura

This essay analyzes online activist media addressing the red-tagging and trumped-up criminal charges against members of the Cordillera Peoples Alliance in the wake of the Anti-Terror Law in 2020. Engaging with critical scholarship on the archiving, colonial discourse, and representation of the Igorot body, I argue that these online activist media published on the organization’s official Facebook account deploy strategic essentialism by subverting the colonially othered and criminalized marker of the savage-terrorist. The Igorot body is rendered as a quasi-heroic figure of the Igorot warrior who invokes and appropriates traditional bodily customs on warfare and gender relations to embody a …

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Models Of Revolutionary Action: The Kasama In Ang Bayan During The Anti-Dictatorship Struggle (1982-1985), Karlo Mikhail I. Mongaya Dec 2024

Models Of Revolutionary Action: The Kasama In Ang Bayan During The Anti-Dictatorship Struggle (1982-1985), Karlo Mikhail I. Mongaya

Kritika Kultura

This article discusses the concept of the kasama, or comrade, as articulated in Ang Bayan, the central organ of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), in the years 1982 to 1985. Critically reading Ang Bayan articles and related archival material, I look into the concrete articulation of comradeship in the Philippine experience during the height of the anti-dictatorship struggle against the Marcos dictatorship. I underscore the way kasama becomes fully intelligible as a collective subjectivity among those engaged in revolutionary struggle in juxtaposition to the figures of the masses, allies, and enemies of the people. I contemplate how this …

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Brain Text In Graphic Form: Ethical Identity And Ethical Choices In David Small's Stitches, Yun Lan Dec 2024

Brain Text In Graphic Form: Ethical Identity And Ethical Choices In David Small's Stitches, Yun Lan

Kritika Kultura

In the conceptual system of ethical literary criticism, “brain text” mainly accounts for literary production, reception, and circulation in connection with the moral dimension of literature. This paper1 attempts to broaden the application of brain text as well as ethical literary criticism through a detailed analysis of David Small’s graphic memoir Stitches. Comparing the life stories of David and his mother, we may find striking similarities: both fall victim to mental and physical violence inflicted by their family at a young age; however, their lives meet different ends. David eventually sets out on a promising journey towards becoming a writer …

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A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Teenager: Ethical Literary Criticism And David Mitchell's Black Swan Green, Jiayi Chen Dec 2024

A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Teenager: Ethical Literary Criticism And David Mitchell's Black Swan Green, Jiayi Chen

Kritika Kultura

Inspired by ethical literary criticism, this article1 attempts to bring to critical attention the ethical dimensions of Mitchell’s war writing in Black Swan Green. By analyzing the way in which Jason’s brain text in relation to war formulates and develops, this article tries to throw light on Mitchell’s strategy of approaching and reconsidering the causes and consequences of war from the perspective of a teenager. It is argued that Mitchell has exploited diverse expressive resources—the art of the fragmentary, for example—to break new ground for rethinking the wars that fade into history. Instead of portraying violent scenes where bloody battles …

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A Tropical Traumaturgy: Rereading The Folk In "May Bagyo Ma't May Rilim", Christian Jil R. Benitez Dec 2024

A Tropical Traumaturgy: Rereading The Folk In "May Bagyo Ma't May Rilim", Christian Jil R. Benitez

Kritika Kultura

As a counterpoint to the foremost understanding of the poem dubbed as “May Bagyo Ma’t May Rilim” (lit. “There may be storm and dark”) (1605) as an articulation of an unnamed native’s submission to Catholicism, as well as a testament to their then unwavering faith, the present essay attempts to reconsider the poem through a comparative reading alongside folk poetry wagered to have come from earlier times. In other words, the poem is reread through a temporal realignment of it in the conventional periodization of Philippine (literary) history, moving it from its frequent grouping among texts from (early) Spanish colonization …

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Playwright As Guerilla Warlord: Robert Serumaga's Art, Activism, Revolt, And A Performance Of Uganda's Political Deficits, Niyi Akingbe Dec 2024

Playwright As Guerilla Warlord: Robert Serumaga's Art, Activism, Revolt, And A Performance Of Uganda's Political Deficits, Niyi Akingbe

Kritika Kultura

This paper outlines the maturation of Robert Serumaga’s art, politics, and activism as he confronted the dilemma of totalitarianism unleashed by Idi Amin’s dictatorship on postcolonial Uganda. The paper establishes a direct link between literature, resistance, and performance of Uganda’s political failure within the context of the playwright’s individualistic disposition to art as his complicated inclination to revolt. Most obviously, the association between art and politics in Serumaga’s lifestyle is embedded in his undeniable prosecution of rebellion through guerilla warfare against Amin in 1979. The striking tenets of reactance and resistance theories are appropriated to contextualize the struggle, resistance, and …

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"Don't Be Sorry. We Didn't Do This.": Narrating Diaspora And Problematizing Choice In V.V. Ganeshananthan's Love Marriage, Isabel Alonso-Breto Dec 2024

"Don't Be Sorry. We Didn't Do This.": Narrating Diaspora And Problematizing Choice In V.V. Ganeshananthan's Love Marriage, Isabel Alonso-Breto

Kritika Kultura

Second Generation, Politics of Choice, Tamil, Tamil-Canadian, Sri Lankan Conflict

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Enmeshing Class, Gender, And Ethnicity Of "Family" In Selected Fiction By Women Writers, Sri Mulyani Dec 2024

Enmeshing Class, Gender, And Ethnicity Of "Family" In Selected Fiction By Women Writers, Sri Mulyani

Kritika Kultura

In a Marxist framework, class struggle is prioritized while gender struggle is only secondary. This debate on class over gender priority and vice versa has dominated Anglo-American critical scholarship. Meanwhile, in Asia, Mao Zedong claims that China’s Cultural Revolution has freed women from both class and Confucian patriarchal domination. His claim, however, is far from the truth since Chinese women still have to fight for their equality. Likewise, there are still ongoing struggles for women’s rights and equality in today’s Western societies. This article argues that various revolutionary social changes in Eastern or Western contexts imply a hierarchical relation where …

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Historical Dialogues, Collective Memory Work, And The (Dis)Continuation Of Conflicts, Sara Dybris Mcquaid, Henrik Sonne Petersen, Johnston Price Dec 2024

Historical Dialogues, Collective Memory Work, And The (Dis)Continuation Of Conflicts, Sara Dybris Mcquaid, Henrik Sonne Petersen, Johnston Price

Kritika Kultura

This article is at once about historical dialogues and itself a dialogue: In an effort to discuss historical dialogues in the intersection between the academic field of memory studies and the practical field of peace-building, the article offers a semi-structured conversation between an academic and two practitioners. It is on the one hand an exploratory dialogue aimed at identifying and observing potential entry points for analysis and practice in conflict transformations, whilst on the other a discussion of how historical dialogues themselves are framed as open and exploratory or principled and tied to preconditions. The first conversation is between an …

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Born Of Two Koreas, Of Human Blood: Monstrosity And The Discourse Of Humanity And Pacifism In The Film Bulgasari, Jungman Park Dec 2024

Born Of Two Koreas, Of Human Blood: Monstrosity And The Discourse Of Humanity And Pacifism In The Film Bulgasari, Jungman Park

Kritika Kultura

As in the Western world, Korea has a variety of mythical monsters. Among them is Bulgasari, an iron-eating monster, which will be the main topic of this paper. The monster’s name “Bulgasari” has a paradoxical meaning in Korean, which is “cannot be killed but can be killed by fire.” The meaning of the name represents the wide gamut of ambivalent identity ranging from physical to metaphorical aspects of the monster. It also provides a uniquely Korean reception and interpretation of being monstrous as distinctive from the archetypal imagery and general understanding of monstrosity as “enduring evil,” as seen in most …

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Unreading The Novel, Or Experiencing Ninotchka Rosca’S State Of War As Mythopoeia, Katherine D. Ojano Dec 2024

Unreading The Novel, Or Experiencing Ninotchka Rosca’S State Of War As Mythopoeia, Katherine D. Ojano

Kritika Kultura

The Filipino novel which arose in the 19th century is understood to have consolidated the nationalistic spirit that fueled the anti-colonial revolution against Spain. Contemporary writing drew from the radical lessons of the past as a tradition of resistance writing intensified and grew. Yet as Ninotchka Rosca’s State of War (1988) shows, the novel, despite or alongside its politics, also brings to the fore formal and substantial problems of excess and incoherence. This paper explores the instances of the mythical that bring about these points of incomprehensibility, even scattered, perhaps, absolute subversions of the genre and the nationalist cause in …

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Migration, Imagination, And Transformation: Revisiting E. San Juan’S Carlos Bulosan And The Imagination Of The Class Struggle, Michael D. Pante, Leo Angelo Nery Dec 2024

Migration, Imagination, And Transformation: Revisiting E. San Juan’S Carlos Bulosan And The Imagination Of The Class Struggle, Michael D. Pante, Leo Angelo Nery

Kritika Kultura

This paper argues that an examination of the historiographical trajectory of scholarly works on the Philippine peasantry, particularly peasants in Luzon provinces, and transnational migration can deepen our understanding of Carlos Bulosan’s life and works. Using E. San Juan, Jr.’s Carlos Bulosan and the Imagination of the Class Struggle as the analytic focus in pursuing the argument, we aim to contextualize Bulosan’s life story within the larger framework of the history of Philippine peasant movements and draw connections between his life in America and the contemporary experience of Filipino migrants. To reach these objectives, we need to understand San Juan’s …

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German Art About War Today And A Century Ago: A Curator’S View, Martin Bayer Dec 2024

German Art About War Today And A Century Ago: A Curator’S View, Martin Bayer

Kritika Kultura

The First World War was a true caesura for mankind, also including the world of art. In its beginning, most German artists supported it, similar to many other intellectuals. The realities of the first global war turned artists such as Ernst Barlach into pacifists. Especially in Germany, expressionism was often chosen to address the horrors of war. Today, only a few artists are still well-known, such as Otto Dix, while the majority and their powerful works need to be rediscovered. German pacifism is deeply rooted in the dreadful experiences of both World Wars, and not the least of bearing the …

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Exorcising Communist Specters And Witch Philosophers: The Struggle For Academic Freedom Of 1961, Preciosa De Joya Dec 2024

Exorcising Communist Specters And Witch Philosophers: The Struggle For Academic Freedom Of 1961, Preciosa De Joya

Kritika Kultura

In re-discovering the scholars who pioneered in the practice and teaching of Philosophy in the Philippines, this paper unravels the story and character of UP Philosophy professor Ricardo Pascual in the context of the witch hunts of 1961. While indicted for his alleged communism, the real issues that led to Pascual’s trial were his professed agnosticism and his advocacy of secular liberalism, which was a response to the sectarian aggression threatening academic freedom in the 1930s, and again, in the 1950s. Pascual was, however, not the only one at that time to have fallen prey to this insidious tactic of …

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Reading Carlos Bulosan/Documenting The Filipino Diaspora: An Editorial Introduction To Writer In Exile/Writer In Revolt: Critical Perspectives On Carlos Bulosan, Jeffrey Arellano Cabusao Dec 2024

Reading Carlos Bulosan/Documenting The Filipino Diaspora: An Editorial Introduction To Writer In Exile/Writer In Revolt: Critical Perspectives On Carlos Bulosan, Jeffrey Arellano Cabusao

Kritika Kultura

This editorial introduction to Writer in Exile/Writer in Revolt: Critical Perspectives on Carlos Bulosan (2016) sheds light on the diasporic scope of Bulosan’s literary imagination and the literary scholarship on his diverse body of writing. Writer in Exile/Writer in Revolt gathers for the first time nearly sixty years of literary criticism by scholars in the United States and the Philippines on Bulosan, a pioneering twentieth-century Filipino writer in the United States. The editorial introduction highlights the ways in which Writer in Exile/Writer in Revolt documents the unfolding of Bulosan’s radical literary imagination which straddles the colonial and neocolonial periods of …

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Transforming Theater For The Oppressed: Community Theater As Urban Poor Discourse In Sining Kadamay's Gapok, Michael D. Pante, Leo Angelo Nery Dec 2024

Transforming Theater For The Oppressed: Community Theater As Urban Poor Discourse In Sining Kadamay's Gapok, Michael D. Pante, Leo Angelo Nery

Kritika Kultura

In March 2017, the issue of urban poor housing was exposed on a national scale when thousands of members of the urban poor group Kadamay forcibly occupied nearly 6,000 abandoned housing units meant for members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police in Pandi, Bulacan. Kadamay members were accused of being mendicant anarchists by their critics, while their supporters lauded their determination in demanding, and winning, their rights to housing. While the issue polarized Philippine society, it is evident that the Occupy Pandi movement revitalized urban poor discourse, and brought back to the fore the …

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Athens' Shadows, Victor Merriman Dec 2024

Athens' Shadows, Victor Merriman

Kritika Kultura

This introductory essay attempts to communicate a sense of the articles and artist pages published in this Forum Kritika on Radical Cultural Responses to Crises in Urban Democracy, in the context of a symposium during which some of them were first argued. The contributors theorize relationships between art and protest, and the nature of performance, as well as critiquing interventionist performance projects, among dispatches from the front line of performance as public engagement. It also seeks to convey a sense of how culture—and especially performance—interacts, in Britain, with Project Austerity (2010-present). As culture and cultural workers, respond to neoliberalization, they …

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Sultan Suleiman The Magnificent At The Gates Of Vienna, E. San Juan Jr. Dec 2024

Sultan Suleiman The Magnificent At The Gates Of Vienna, E. San Juan Jr.

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.

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But For The Apocalypse: Wilfrido Nolledo’S Dark Mirror Of Empire, Ryan Canlas Dec 2024

But For The Apocalypse: Wilfrido Nolledo’S Dark Mirror Of Empire, Ryan Canlas

Kritika Kultura

This essay reads Wilfrido Nolledo’s novel, But for the Lovers (1970), across the rocky terrain in which the postcolonial Anglophone novel intersects with the question of postmodernity. Using Paul Ricoeur’s Memory, History, and Forgetting and Fredric Jameson’s exhortation to the critic to “Always historicize!” as my primary theoretical frameworks, I argue against the seemingly common accusation that the “postmodern” Anglophone Filipino novel––of which But for the Lovers is a kind of prototypical example––is incapable of creating a perspective on the political and historical conditions of the Philippines as a postcolonial nation and that it is merely symptomatic of the much …

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Introduction By Guest Editor, Jeffrey Arellano Cabusao Dec 2024

Introduction By Guest Editor, Jeffrey Arellano Cabusao

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.

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Reincarnation Of The Pinay Subaltern In Foreign Cinema, Taeyun Yu Dec 2024

Reincarnation Of The Pinay Subaltern In Foreign Cinema, Taeyun Yu

Kritika Kultura

This paper explores the paradoxical condition of postcolonial practice in South Korea1 that is, in many ways, complicit with dominant discourses such as nationalism, patriarchy, and global capitalism. In such a condition, what remains obscured is the voice of women that behooves us to hypothesize that the image of diasporic Filipino women in Korean cinema is predetermined by such complicity and is ideologically reincarnated as the subaltern. By conflating two postcolonial concepts, hybridity (Bhabha) and subalternity (Spivak), the study inspects the hypothesis through an analysis of two films that depict diasporic Pinay images: as entertainer in Yangil Choi’s All Under …

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Phantom In Paradise: A Philippine Presence In Hollywood Cinema, Joel David Dec 2024

Phantom In Paradise: A Philippine Presence In Hollywood Cinema, Joel David

Kritika Kultura

The Philippines’ experience with its last foreign occupant, the US, resulted in an entire clutch of problematic “special relations” that, coupled with the country’s responses to the challenges of self-government, ultimately led to a global dispersal of the population, effectively turning the Philippines into the major Asian nation arguably most reliant on its citizens’ overseas remittances. This paper takes the position that diasporic Filipinos, for a variety of reasons starting with the effectiveness of maintaining unintrusive presences in alien cultures (including the acceptance of menial positions), have possibly developed and have enabled others to perceive them as silent and discreet …

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Marking "Austerity": Critique, Purpose And Perfromance, Victor Merriman Dec 2024

Marking "Austerity": Critique, Purpose And Perfromance, Victor Merriman

Kritika Kultura

This essay attempts to mark the current phase of capitalist neoliberalism, in order to create a space for articulation, in both senses of the word: there is a need both to articulate, as in to connect together ideas, events and their consequences, and to articulate, as in to voice the dynamics, contradictions, and injustices to which they give rise. As Shock Doctrine (Klein 2007), draped in Austerity’s mantle, enters the Common European Home, articulation as voice is an attempt to shatter, not silence, but the white noise generated by the mantra, “There Is No Alternative” (TINA). “Marking ‘Austerity’” sets out …

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Memories Of Resistance To Slavery In South-Eastern Tanzania, Nancy Rushohora Dec 2024

Memories Of Resistance To Slavery In South-Eastern Tanzania, Nancy Rushohora

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper examines the historical representation and memory of slavery in Tanzania, arguing that the current curriculum predominantly employs a Marxist lens that emphasizes the economic dimensions of slavery while overlooking the complexity of resistance. The study’s objective is to present a more comprehensive understanding of Tanzanian slavery, focusing on forms of resistance at Mgao, a 12th–18th century Swahili site. Methodologically, this study draws on ethnographic accounts, documentary sources, and archaeological findings to uncover diverse acts of defiance, including seeking refuge, negotiating relocation, and engaging in violent confrontations. The results reveal that resistance was a widespread, multi-dimensional phenomenon in Tanzanian …

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Codifying Domesticity: The Story Of The Recommended Minimum Requirements For Small Dwelling Construction Of 1923, The Housing Policy Of The Hoover Secretariat, And The Impact On American Residential Architecture, Noah Morris Dec 2024

Codifying Domesticity: The Story Of The Recommended Minimum Requirements For Small Dwelling Construction Of 1923, The Housing Policy Of The Hoover Secretariat, And The Impact On American Residential Architecture, Noah Morris

Graduate School of Architecture & Urban Design Theses & Dissertations

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, fire disasters and health-safety issues led to the widespread adoption of building codes. While the National Board of Fire Underwriters published the National Building Code in 1905, the code did not maintain regulatory consistency across the nation. This lack of consistency across the nation and socio-economic factors contributed to a nation-wide housing shortage of a million units by 1919. During World War I, the government addressed the housing crisis through the United States Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corporation, building public housing based on the ideals of the Garden City Movement.[1] Following the …

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Russian Use Of Smart Power To Achieve Northern Sea Route Objectives, Troy Bouffard Dec 2024

Russian Use Of Smart Power To Achieve Northern Sea Route Objectives, Troy Bouffard

Interdisciplinary Studies

This dissertation examines Russia's use of smart power in pursuing its strategic objectives for the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in the Arctic. Through three interconnected articles, it analyzes how Russia combines soft and hard power approaches to assert control over the NSR and legitimize its claims. The first article challenges Russia's legal justification for NSR control by presenting new data on sea ice conditions and navigational risks. The second article explores how Russia's military posture in the Arctic has evolved in response to geopolitical shifts, particularly NATO expansion. The third article investigates Russia's strategic communication efforts to shape international perceptions …

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Creating A Digital House Of Knowledge: Ensuring The Continuation And Integrity Of Indigenous Knowledge Transfers In The Digital Era, Jacquelyn C. Cordova Dec 2024

Creating A Digital House Of Knowledge: Ensuring The Continuation And Integrity Of Indigenous Knowledge Transfers In The Digital Era, Jacquelyn C. Cordova

Indigenous Studies

Traditional Indigenous knowledge transfer systems have contributed to the sustainability of highly advanced Indigenous societies since time immemorial. These systems have been purposefully targeted since European arrival to the Americas in the late 1400s and early 1500s, consequently creating barriers for Indigenous Peoples as they strive to conduct their traditional knowledge transfer processes within their communities. These barriers, paired with the continual rise and use of global technologies, have created circumstances where many Native Elders and Knowledge Keepers experience difficulty reaching their youth and community members to ensure the successful transfer of Indigenous data and knowledge to current and future …

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“The Dead Cold Light Of Tomorrow”: Historical Grief In Literature In The Aftermath Of Influenza, Caitlin Liana Robertson Dec 2024

“The Dead Cold Light Of Tomorrow”: Historical Grief In Literature In The Aftermath Of Influenza, Caitlin Liana Robertson

Theses and Dissertations

During the Influenza Pandemic of 1918, commonly referred to as The Spanish Flu, somewhere between 20 and 100 million lives were lost globally, but this tragedy has faded from history in many Western cultures. World War I, while far less deadly, has been memorialized far more frequently and has been overshadowing the devastation of the pandemic since its inception. The grief that survivors experienced–for loved ones and for themselves–was not given an external outlet and as a result there are few contemporary historical sources to turn to when looking for evidence of that grief. In the absence of more traditional …

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The Condition Of Filipino Americanism: Global Americana As A Relation Of Death, Dylan Rodríguez Dec 2024

The Condition Of Filipino Americanism: Global Americana As A Relation Of Death, Dylan Rodríguez

Kritika Kultura

At the nexus of a prevailing Filipino-American discourse that celebrates the Filipino-American as a cooperative participant in the United States nation-building project sits an “unnamable violence” that masks the genocidal preconditions of “multiculturalist” white supremacy, to which this discourse unwittingly subscribes. The article explores the beginnings and development of this discourse, and the workings of American white supremacy in naturalizing relations of death between itself and its “others.” The article ends with a reflection on how “natural” disasters like Hurricane Katrina and the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo become means of legitimizing discourses that reinforce white invulnerability vis-à-vis disposability of non-white …

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