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Optimizing Co2-Expanded Hexane For Enhanced Yield And Antioxidant Activity Of Essential Oils From Citrus Reticulata, Mathayo Gervas Mathias, Idzumi Okajima

Tanzania Journal of Science

Wide range applications of citrus essential oil (EO) and environmental issues resulting from citrus processing industries render in the evolution of extraction techniques. The efficacy of the CO2-expanded hexane (CXH) extraction technique on mandarin orange EO, D-limonene, and total phenolic compounds (TPC) was evaluated and compared with conventional methods; hexane extraction and hydro-distillation. Moreover, the correlation of EO components with antioxidant activity was studied. It was revealed that CXH had better EO and D-limonene yields than conventional methods. The CXH optimal extraction conditions of 25 °C, 6.5 MPa, and 0.70 CO2 mole fraction offered 0.155 g-EO/g-dry peel and 51% D-limonene …

Metagenomic Analysis Of Bacterial Communities In Waters Of Lake Natron, Arusha, Tanzania, Sadikiel E. Kaale, Robert S. Machang’U, Thomas J. Lyimo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Metagenomics involves genetic material extraction and sequencing directly from environmental samples in order to gain insights and relationships that exist between microbes and their surroundings. Few studies have been done in extreme environments including soda lakes such as Lake Natron which is found in Arusha region, Tanzania. This study recorded high pH and salinity values confirming the lake's extremity. Full-length 16S rRNA reads sequenced through PacBio was used to reveal first metagenomic snapshots of bacterial communities from 10 random points at the lake shoreline waters. The results showed the dominance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes with relative abundances of 98.46% and …

Amplifying Ratego Stories And Knowledges: A Co-Research Initiative With Young Mothers In Social Movements In East Africa, Deborah Mrema, Patricia Nudi Orawo, Lydia Otieno, Juhi Jha, Joseph Kalisa, Serge Nyirinkwaya

The Qualitative Report

Young mothers can be negatively affected by dominant and degrading cultural narratives; their stories of resistance and activism are often rendered invisible in broader social contexts. Informed by collective narrative practice methodologies, we undertook a counter-storytelling research project to elicit and acknowledge the stories of survival and sustenance of young mothers in social movements responding to sexual and gender-based violence in East Africa. We facilitated storytelling circles, incorporating various story and knowledges collection methods. Our approach involved documenting collective experiences and counter-narratives, exchanging stories between communities, and inviting young mothers to respond to other participants’ stories. The telling and retelling …

Introduction: Failed Futures? (Post)-Colonial Planning And Future-Making In Tanzania, Ulrike Lindner

Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies

Future-making and planning as social practices are strongly related to the
surrounding society’s political structures and power relations. In this
special issue of ZAMANI, we conceptualize future-making as physical
changes and social practices that shape future conditions by making future
an issue in the present. We analyse how different approaches to the future,
and also surprises and unintended side-effects, have informed the politics
and practices of planning in Tanzania and its various regions.1 When we ask:
“Failed Futures?” we address future in the plural, a term that has diffused
into historical scholarship rather recently and originates from
futurology/future studies, known …

‘Sold Down The River’: Histories Of Production, Trade, And Transport Along The Waterways Of The Kilombero Valley, Tanzania, Jonathan M. Jackson

Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies

This article considers the centrality of waterways in the Kilombero Valley of Tanzania to the region’s histories of development from above, particularly in terms of infrastructure, crop production, trade, and transport. Early colonial investigations hoped Kilombero’s riverine system might prove a navigable link from the coast to the Southern Highlands. The British colonial era instead focused more on utilising riverine networks for internal goods transport. Throughout these colonial visions – simultaneously ambitious and naïve – the prevalent dug- out canoe was considered unsafe, inefficient, and replaceable by modernised methods. But the canoe – a symbol of indigenous knowledge and practice …

Imagining Hydropower: Transnational Narratives And Realities Of The Stiegler’S Gorge Project In Tanzania, 1960s–1980s, Emma Athanasio Minja

Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies

Hydropower development in the Global South has attracted several donor programmes for decades. How have such interventions shaped energy imaginations in Tanzania? Adopting a historical perspective and drawing on transnationalism and travelling frameworks, this article examines hydropower aid interventions and the dynamic shifts of specific actors and discourses in bilateral relations. The primary focus is on Norway, a leading actor in planning the Stiegler’s Gorge hydropower project in Tanzania’s Rufiji Basin in the 1970s to mid-1980s. It seeks to understand how, despite substantial aid support, the project failed to kick off in the face of the country’s post-independence drive for …

Nurturing Traditional Midwifery And Medicine: The Entangled Path Of Health Integration In Post-Independence Kilombero, Tanzania, Veronica Kimani

Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies

This paper focuses on the Tanzanian government’s ambitious endeavour to enhance health, particularly midwifery services following independence. The initial strategy by the government involved promoting Western medicine by establishing healthcare facilities and training medical personnel. However, the strain of a burgeoning population and limited resources soon became evident, prompting the government to recognise the need for the incorporation of traditional medicine, previously overlooked. This integration posed its own set of obstacles, as the focus on herbal remedies overshadowed crucial aspects of conventional midwifery, such as rituals. While research has shown the resolve of the government towards medical integration between different …

Health Infrastructure Planning In Tanzania, 1961–1980s: The Problems Of Future-Making, Frank Edward, Ulrike Lindner

Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies

Between 1961 and 1978, Tanzania invested significantly in the health service provision – from training requisite manpower, provision of health education to building the necessary infrastructure in order to improve health conditions of the population. As existing research indicates, the investment paid off considerably in qualitative terms, for instance, with a gradual increase in life expectancy and a decline in infant mortality. This paper examines the vision of the state of health in Tanzania by using the prism of infrastructure. Its focus is on direct and indirect physical infrastructures, particularly medical buildings and facilities. Through the analysis of archival and …

Front Matter - Zamani 1, No. 1, Editors Note

Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies

This is the maiden issue of Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies. It charts the beginning of a continental journal that is based in an African higher education institution within Africa. It breaks away from the traditional historical journals in Africa of being national or regional and at best being owned and operated by scholars and institutions from Europe and North America. With this maiden issue, the journal seeks to demonstrate that it is part of the bigger knowledge decolonization movement. It seeks to influence historical writing and research by giving more Africanness in ownership, operations, production and knowledge …

Medical Mission Futures: German Protestant Missionaries And Modern Healthcare In Southern Highlands, Tanzania,1891–1940, Luoneko Kaduma

Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies

The history of colonial missionaries in Tanzania is marked by a complex interplay between evangelical efforts and the provision of Western biomedicine, which functioned as crucial mechanisms for conversion and cultural transformation. Missionaries viewed the improvement of African health as a project aimed at attracting converts and propagating Christianity. However, the available data indicates that, instead of genuinely expressing interest in converting to Christianity, the majority of Africans primarily sought mission medical assistance for medical reasons while maintaining strong connections to their traditional beliefs and healing practices. This paper, drawing from archival documents, ethnographic accounts, and missionary writings, focuses on …

‘Prevention Is Better Than Cure’: Smallpox Vaccination In Postcolonial Tanzania, 1961–1980, Musa Sadock

Zamani: A Journal of African Historical Studies

This article examines the smallpox vaccination programme in postcolonial Tanzania from the 1960s to the early 1980s as part of the postcolonial future making in preventive medicine. The article departs from extant scholarship on smallpox vaccination in postcolonial Tanzania, which depicts the intervention as a success, while relegating to the background challenges associated with the intervention. The article argues that the smallpox vaccination programme registered challenges and successes that offer lessons for combating of future epidemics. The achievements of the programme were due to the adoption of specific public health policies, namely mass vaccination and public health education as well …

Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (Tpdc) And Its Role In Self-Reliance And Sustainability, Ladislaus Norbeth Tumbu

Theses - ALL

Tanzania possesses significant natural gas reserves, currently estimated at 57.54 trillion cubic feet, with the potential for further discoveries. This thesis examines the socio-economic impacts of Tanzania’s substantial natural gas reserves, focusing specifically on the Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) and its engagement with the local communities in Mtwara and Lindi. TPDC is the national oil company and owner of all licenses for energy development in the country, wholly owned by the government of Tanzania with all its shares held by the Treasury Registrar. Through comprehensive literature review and field visits to production sites, the study examines TPDC’s management of …

Indian Ocean Nomadic Diasporas: Destabilizing Master Narratives Of Belonging In M. G. Vassanji's Short Fiction, Dolors Ortega

Kritika Kultura

M. G. Vassanji’s evocative short fiction delves into the complex and intertwined tapestry of cultures that Indian Ocean communities represent. His characters lead border and nomadic lives and they occupy in-transit subject positions. Signs of constant navigation between different cultural contexts abound in stories about diasporic subjects who try to negotiate the in-between worlds they inhabit by crossing identity thresholds, such as the ones built around the secular- religious, Western-Eastern, and present-past divide. This article explores the potential that the Indian Ocean experience offers and seeks to unravel the extent to which Indian Ocean migration can effect transformation within more …

Rhizomatic Communities: Myths Of Belonging In The Indian Ocean World, Esther Pujolràs-Noguer, Felicity Hand

Kritika Kultura

This special issue, “Rhizomatic Communities: Myths of Belonging in the Indian Ocean World,” seeks to dismantle the myth of belonging which intrudes in identity constructions and, simultaneously, enhances the in-betweenness that defines a rhizomatic understanding of historical, socio-cultural and national affiliations in the Indian Ocean. The texts we explore here express the need to belong but they also highlight the fact that there is no unilateral sense of belonging. This special issue is formulated upon the theoretical paradigm of the aesthetics of remembering, a theoretical tool that studies postcolonial expressions of selfhood through three axes: empathy, identification and mourning. The …

The Significance And Impact Of Traditional Naming Practices In The Meru Community Of Tanzania, Wariaeli Ismaeli Pallangyo, Eliakimu Sane

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

In Africa, names are not assigned arbitrarily. They are deliberately chosen to reflect communities’ social, economic and political understandings. The Meru people, residing in northeastern Tanzania, near Mount Meru, identify themselves through ethnic names that embody their cultural practices. This article examines the significance of Meru traditional names, variations and their enduring value in increasing globalisation and cultural homogenisation, drawing on data from the Meru community. Employing a case study design, qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with 49 participants recruited using snowball sampling. Thematic analysis, facilitated by Microsoft Excel, was utilised for data transcription …

Performing Masculinities: The Assumption Of Men’S Roles By Women Left Behind By Male Migrant Labourers In Southern Tanzania, Nives Kinunda, Angelus Mnenuka, Samwel Mhajida

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This article examines the empowerment of female farmers in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania due to male labour migration during the British colonial rule. The study sought to highlight the history of gender-based division of labour, the dynamics of labour division during the colonial period, the trend of females’ adoption of males’ activities, and women’s empowerment resulting from their assumption of males’ responsibilities. Data were collected through oral interviews, documentary reviews, group-focused discussions, and archival sources. The data were analysed and interpreted using a gender framework theory, which includes, among other things, gender roles and gender relations. Findings show that …

Quality Interpretation, Quality Interpretation Assessment, Back Translation, Communication Breakdown, Sense-Based Theory, Liyenja Mwinuka

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This study assesses the quality of English-Kiswahili Sermon interpretation in church settings in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, with a specific focus on the accuracy of vocabulary interpretation and its impact on effective communication between preachers and audiences. Conducted in two purposively selected Pentecostal churches, the study employed the Sense-Based Theory as its guiding framework. Data were gathered through interviews, non-participant observation, and video recordings; and were analysed qualitatively. The findings reveal frequent misinterpretation of preachers’ English vocabulary by Sermon interpreters, leading to significant communication breakdowns between preachers and their audiences. The incorrect interpretations of vocabulary were primarily attributed to the …

Memories Of Resistance To Slavery In South-Eastern Tanzania, Nancy Rushohora

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper examines the historical representation and memory of slavery in Tanzania, arguing that the current curriculum predominantly employs a Marxist lens that emphasizes the economic dimensions of slavery while overlooking the complexity of resistance. The study’s objective is to present a more comprehensive understanding of Tanzanian slavery, focusing on forms of resistance at Mgao, a 12th–18th century Swahili site. Methodologically, this study draws on ethnographic accounts, documentary sources, and archaeological findings to uncover diverse acts of defiance, including seeking refuge, negotiating relocation, and engaging in violent confrontations. The results reveal that resistance was a widespread, multi-dimensional phenomenon in Tanzanian …

An Assessment Of Macroeconomic Effects Of Financial Liberalization In Tanzania: 1990-2022, Cornel Joseph

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of financial liberalization on key macroeconomic indicators in Tanzania, specifically focusing on savings, investment, and economic growth. Utilizing extensive annual time series data from 1990 to 2022, the research employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method and incorporates bound testing procedures to ensure robust results. The analysis reveals several significant findings: financial liberalization has a positive impact on savings and promotes economic growth in the long-run, demonstrating its role as a catalyst for economic advancement in Tanzania. However, the study also uncovers a concerning trend: while savings and growth benefit from …

Nexus Between Rural Agricultural Land Ownership And Agricultural Credits Access: A Case Of Tanzania, Gelas Rubakula

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Agricultural investment in low- and middle-income countries faces credit access challenges. Several financial institutions, particularly banks, normally impose some conditions where the possession of a land title deed is required to access agricultural credits. This paper examines whether, and to what extent, rural agricultural land ownership influences agricultural credit access for rural farmers in Tanzania. The study focuses only on rural farmers and tries to find out whether these smallholder farmers can use their land, which is largely unformalized, as a collateral for credit access. The study survey was cross-sectional, using quantitative data collected in December 2017 to March 2018 …

Community, State And Professionalism: Negotiating The Experience Of Community Health Workers In The Provision Of Maternal And Child Health Services In Tanzania, Chakupewa Joseph Mpambije

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Research on community health workers (CHWs) has been on the increase in the past decades in Tanzania, focusing on the provision of maternal and child health (MCH) services. While performing their tasks, CHWs work within three constructs: the community, the state, and their professionalism. However, as CHWs work within these constructs, there exists scanty literature which discourses their experiences within the realm of the community, the state and their professionalism. This review aimed to articulate how these constructs facilitate or inhibit CHWs’ performance in improving MCH services. It employed a scoping review method in which peer-reviewed articles and grey literature …

Does Market Accessibility Improve Household Food Security? Evidence From Small-Holder Maize Producers In Southern Tanzania, Monica Sebastian Kauky

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This study investigated the impact of market accessibility on household food security among smallholder maize producers in Southern Tanzania, utilizing data from a sample of 407 households primarily engaged in maize farming. Tobit and probit models assessed the relationship between food security and market access. Contrary to expectations, the findings revealed no significant association between market access and food security. Instead, the results underscored the importance of resource availability, indicating that larger farm sizes and higher household wealth indices significantly reduce the risk of food insecurity. These findings suggest that rather than focusing exclusively on enhancing market access, policymakers should …

Ad Hominem Arguments In Zimbabwean Political Discourse: An Analysis Of Political Argumentation, Jack Mutsvairo, Mawande Dlali

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

The article investigates the motivation behind the prevalent use of the subtypes of ad hominem (personal attacks) arguments in Zimbabwe political discourse in the build-up to the 2023 harmonised council, parliamentary and presidential elections. This qualitative case study research looks at the use of ad hominem arguments by Zimbabwean politicians. Using analytical tools and concepts from informal logic and pragma-dialectical argumentation theories, this article focuses on identifying, analysing, and evaluating ad hominem arguments used in Zimbabwean political discourse, particularly in parliamentary debates and broadcast interviews. Data were purposively sampled and gathered from Hansard records, and a television interview transcript. It …

A Critical Discourse Analysis Of The Representation Of Gender Images In Wedding Speeches In Tanzania, Reuben Ndimbo, Antoni Keya

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This study examined parents’ counsel during weddings to determine how wedding discourse represents gender relations. This article utilized a qualitative methodology, using audio-visual records of speeches and the focus group discussion technique to gather data. Using critical discourse analysis, the study found that wedding discourse reinforces stereotypical gender roles following the dominant male ideology, portraying men as the supreme heads of households who are responsible for making important decisions, including financial and political matters. On the other hand, women are projected as obedient, showing humility: perpetuating the image of dependent and submissive individuals. The study provides a basis for linguistic …

Biomedical Potential Of Natural Products From Selected Tanzanian Flora: A Review, Stephen S. Nyandoro, Joan J.E. Munissi

Tanzania Journal of Science

Natural products have been used for treatment of various diseases for thousands of years and served as sources of drug lead compounds for the improvement of livelihood. This paper presents a review on the biomedical potentials of selected natural products isolated from eight plant species indigenous to Tanzania. The review covers research work published between 2010 and 2023, and identifies 33 natural products with different pharmacological properties from Tanzanian plants. These bioactive natural products are discussed with other similar compounds isolated elsewhere from the same or different plant species to get further insights on the potential application in modern medicine …

Nutritional Composition Of Mucuna Pruriens Var. Utilis (Velvet Bean) Seeds Grown In Nanyumbu District, Tanzania, Florence Boniface, Stephen I. Nnungu, Washa B. Washa

Tanzania Journal of Science

In tropical countries, Mucuna seeds have been utilized to promote better health and ensure a stable food supply. The use of Mucuna pruriens var. utilis seeds in Tanzania has prompted an evaluation of the nutritional composition of two common cultivars grown in the Nanyumbu district. Mucuna seed samples (black-reddish brown and black-greyish) were collected and analyzed for their nutritional content using standard extraction and spectrophotometric techniques. Data analysis was conducted using GraphPad InStat 3.0 software, with a t-test employed to compare means at a 95% confidence level. The results indicated that the differences in nutritional parameters between the black-reddish brown …

First-Principles Studies On The Electronic And Optical Properties Of Corundum Samples From The Tanga Region, Esther J. Tarimo Tarimo, Pulapa V Kanaka Rao, F.M. Stanley

Tanzania Journal of Science

The characteristics of corundum are significant as they provide accurate identification supporting its diverse applications, facilitating the development of advanced materials, and ensuring its optimal use across various fields. Corundum alumina (α-Al2O3) samples collected from the Tanga mining region were characterized for crystallographic information using XRD analysis. This crystallographic information was used to build the crystal system of the sample in Biovia Materials Studio modelling and simulation software. The electrical and optical properties of this sample were examined by applying first-principles density functional theory and Generalized Gradient Approximations. For the calculations, a sampling mesh of 6×6×2 k-points, with an energy …

Household Dengue Vulnerability Information Model For Disseminating Vector Surveillance, Andri Dwi Hernawan, Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto, Danang Sri Hadmoko, Ema Madyaningrum

Journal of Health Research

Background: The mosquito perception index and habitat suitability score (MPI-HSS) can be a breakthrough for obtaining dengue transmission vulnerability information in households. Routinely observed predictor data for vector density can be used to obtain region susceptibility information. This study develops Household Vulnerability Information (HVI) and Area Susceptibility Information (ASI) models for the dissemination of Aedes vector surveillance information in the community.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The HVI model used the MPI-HSS indicator with data collected from 368 households in Pontianak Municipality, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. The ASI model used secondary data on rainfall, humidity, population density, and larva-free rate …

Stellar Properties From A Self-Consistent Analysis, Pius Privatus, Pulapa V Kanaka Rao, Cirino Pappalardo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Galaxies’ spectral energy distribution (SED) has been explored through the use of spectral synthesis codes. Most of the codes so far are solely stellar and assume a negligible nebular contribution. Fitting Analysis using Differential Evolution Optimisation (FADO) is the first spectral synthesis tool to consider the nebular contribution. The study examines how the primary stellar attributes are affected when FADO is applied to the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics and Johns Hopkins University (MPA-JHU) data, namely the star-formation rate, metallicity, and stellar mass. The findings show that nebular emission results in the change of the slope of the equation of …

Predicting Students At Risk Of Dropping Out In The College Of Medicine At Mohammed Bin Rashid University Of Medicine And Health Sciences. A Machine Learning Approach To Understand Attrition Factors Over The Past Seven Years, Moza Sulaiman Al-Zaabi

Theses

This master’s thesis investigates student attrition within the College of Medicine at Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU) by applying the CRISP-DM methodology to analyse a dataset of 19 variables and around 2,000 records from Student Admission and Academic Performance sources. Although the dataset was relatively small, several machine learning models were developed to predict students at risk of dropping out, including Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Of these models, the ANN model, particularly when combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA), achieved the highest performance with an accuracy …