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Modelling Optimal Control Of Heavy Alcohol Consumption On The Transmission Dynamics Of Hiv/Aids, Emmanuel Ongodia, Gasper G. Mwanga

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Unhealthy consumption of alcohol continues to be found everywhere in our communities leading to behavioural and physiological effects on neuro-cognitive function. This results into high-risk sexual behaviour mainly due to impaired decision- making capacity and impulsivity, a catalyst of HIV infection and ultimately AIDS. This paper investigates the best control combination for HIV/AIDS pandemic in a community with alcohol abuse problem. It proposes a compartmental deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS in a community plagued with alcohol abuse. The paper determines the implementation of optimal control strategies involving reduction of new HIV cases through the ABC (abstinence, being …

Effective Use Of Hearing Aids For Acquisition Of Spoken Language For Learners With Hearing Impairement: Case Of Kisumu County, Kenya, Alice Anyango Auma

Master of Education

The world is waking up to resolve the need to ensure broad-based inclusivity and equity for the hearing impaired. Kenya, a developing nation, is taking deliberate and conscious efforts towards this desired inclusive end, very much in line with Sustainable Development Goals. This study investigated the effective use of hearing aids for the acquisition of spoken language for learners with hearing impairment at St. Joseph’s School for the Deaf in Kisumu County Kenya. The study site was chosen purposively as it was a public primary school for the HI with sufficient access to appreciable governmental and non-governmental investments of HAs …

One Health And Neglected Tropical Diseases—Multisectoral Solutions To Endemic Challenges, Jennifer K. Peterson, Jared Bakuza, Claire J. Standley

University Honors College Faculty Publication and Presentations

One Health is defined as an approach to achieve better health outcomes for humans, animals, and the environment through collaborative and interdisciplinary efforts. Increasingly, the One Health framework is being applied to the management, control, and even elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). NTDs are a set of debilitating and often chronic infectious diseases that, collectively, affect more than one billion people in almost 150 countries, with disproportionate impact on the extremely poor [1,2]. In this Special Issue, we present a diverse body of work united under the One Health ideology and a desire to mitigate …

The Impact Of Governance On The Reputation Of The Organization, Sarah Ahmed Abdulkreem, Hadeel Kadhm Saeed

Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences

The current study aims to determine the extent of SOMO's interest in governance and whether this interest is sufficient to be reflected in enhancing its organizational reputation, and the field of research was in the oil marketing company SOMO. (109), (105) questionnaires were distributed, (94) forms and (11) forms were not retrieved, and the valid questionnaires had reached (91). The analytical and descriptive approach was used for the study, and the current research has found a positive impact of government on the reputation of the organization, and this research demonstrated the existence of the proposed relationship and the impact between …

Training Needs Assessment Of Health Care Professionals In Reproductive, Maternal And Newborn Health In A Low-Income Setting In Tanzania, Columba Mbekenga, Eunice Pallangyo, Tumbwene Mwansisya, Kahabi Isangula, Loveluck Mwasha, James Orwa, Micheal Mugerwa, Michaela Mantel, Leonard Subi, Secilia Mrema, David Siso, Edna Selestine, Marleen Temmerman, Grace Edwards

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Background: Healthcare delivery globally and particularly in low-income setting is challenged by multiple, complex and dynamic problems. The reproductive, maternal and newborn health (RMNH) care is among the most affected areas resulting into high maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity across the Sub Saharan region and Tanzania in particular. However, under-investment in adequate education and training of health care providers (HCPs) is reported worldwide and contributes to the critical shortages, and lack of adequate knowledge and skills among HCPs. The aim of this study was to assess the training needs among HCPs of RMNH care in selected health facilities …

Female Enrolments In Stem In Higher Education: Trend Analysis From 2003 – 2018: Knust As A Case Study, Mercy Vanessa D. Appiah-Castel,, Richard Bruce Lamptey, Kemi Titiloye, Welhemina Adoma Pels

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Tertiary education in Ghana has experienced rapid growth in accessibility and participation. It is evident that Ghana has made some positive and impressive progress towards increasing access to education and narrowing gender gaps at the pre-tertiary education levels, yet these developments have not translated commensurately in higher education level. This study investigates the effectiveness of the directives and the Vice-Chancellors' initiatives introduced and designed to increase female students' enrolment at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). The study used enrolment data from KNUST, the university’s initiatives and directives on female enrolments, KNUST recorders, online articles, publications and …

Overview Of Antiretropulsion Devices For Prevention Of Inadvertent Stone Migration During Pneumatic Lithotripsy For Ureteric Stone, Ali Akbar Zehri, Miten Patel, Philip Adebayo, Authar Ali

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

The purpose of the present chapter is to provide an update about the use of preventive devices used to stop retrograde stone migration during pneumatic lithotripsy for ureteric stone management. The aim to reduce the cost, ancillary procedure, reduce the operative time and improve the stone free rate. The hunt for ideal cadget to stop retrograde stone migration is still continue in 21 century.

Information Resource Sharing In Academic Libraries: Tanzanian Context, Christian Mubofu, Salatiel Chaula

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study assessed the forms, benefits, and extent of academic libraries' reliance on resource sharing. The study consisted of 66 respondents of which four (4) were library directors while sixty-two (62) were library staff. Library directors were purposely sampled while simple random sampling was used to select library staff for inclusion in this study. Data were collected through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) Version 20 was used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Findings revealed that the forms for resource sharing in academic libraries in Tanzania are consortia, networking, …

The Stability Of The Right In The Sale, Suliman Kayed, Rudeineh Al-Rifai

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This research is a study of the concept of the stability of the rights in contracts. This topic was studied by applying it to the sale, mentioning the stages that the right passes starting from the right to its stability and its expiry.The study concluded that the stability of the right is the most important stage in the contract. It is the contractor purpose, because the stability of the right proves the right of the parties in the contract, so that each party can use the right to be responsible for his behavior. And the stability of the right is …

Bivariate Probit Model For Testing Joint Effect Of Affordability And Desirability To Connect Electricity In Mtwara And Pwani, Tanzania, Amina S. Msengwa, Deogratias Matayo Bengesi Rugaimukamu

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

The objective of this study is to determine perceptions of joint effect of affordability and desirability to connect electricity in a household to propose an appropriate advocacy strategy for the regions of Mtwara and Pwani in Tanzania. Bivariate probit model is used to analyse data involving 162 households. Constructed Likert Scales of delightful and wary perceptions on oil- and gas-based on three questions with Likert response formats are used as part of the explanatory set of variables in the model. Marginal mean effects of the bivariate probit model indicate that wary perceptions on the use of gas are statistically significant …

Journal Of Education, Humanities And Sciences, Volume 9 No. 2, 2020: 107–113 © Dar Es Salaam University College Of Education (Duce), 2020 Fatty Acids Composition Of Adansonia Digitata (Baobab) Seed Oil From Tanzania, James T. Zacharia

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Samples of baobab fruits from which oils were extracted were collected from Sandawi and Chamwino villages in Dodoma region, Tanzania. The oil was extracted from the kernel powders using n-hexane and the extracts were derivatized to fatty acid methyl esters, and then subjected to GC and GC-MS analyses for fatty acids content. The physiochemical properties of the oil indicated that baobab seed oil is suitable for soap-making and other cosmetics. The combined GC and GC-MS results showed the existence of eight fatty acids, namely: palmitic acid (22.02%), palmitoleic acid (1.87%), tariric acid (7.08%), elaidic acid (41.29%), oleic acid (35.72%), linoleic …

Status Of Soil Transmitted Helminths Infection Among School-Going Children In Momba, Mbeya, Siame Zebius, Winifrida B. Kidima

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This study conducted cross-sectional and retrospective studies to investigate the burden of intestinal helminths among school-going children in Momba. Direct wet mount and Kato-Katz thick smears techniques were used to determine the prevalence and intensity of intestinal parasites, respectively. Out of 359 stool samples analysed, 28% were positive for intestinal parasites. Hookworm infections attributed to 10% of total infection, Ascaris lumbricoides 6%, Giardia lamblia 7%, and Entamoeba histolytica 5%. The prevalence of intestinal infection decreased with increasing age (p < 0.5). Hookworm was the most prevalent STH infection among children (p = 0.048). There was an association between taking ant-helminthic drugs and the absence of helminth infection in children (OR = 1.9, p < 0.05). No relationship existed between parents’ education level and the presence of STH infection among children (p > 0.05). Overall, children in Momba harboured low intensity helminths infection. The mean intensity of hookworm and ascaris infection decreased with age, …

Effect Of Meteorological Elements On The Dynamics Of Bacillary And Amoebic Dysentery Disease: A Mathematical Approach, Furaha M. Chuma, Rigobert C. Ngeleja, Triphonia Ngailo

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Bacillary dysentery, commonly known as shigellosis, is a potentially perilous and extremely contagious bacterial infection of the colon caused by—but not limited to—bacteria shigella, bacillus, E. coli, Yersinia, and the parasite amoeba. This paper formulates and analyses a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of dysentery epidemic that incorporate the effects of weather variations. It examines the stability of equilibria and compute the basic reproduction number that is coupled with the time-periodic model, and establishes results on the threshold dynamics. In the non-autonomous case, it investigates the disease extinction and uniform persistence. Results suggest that the dynamics of bacillary dysentery …

Assessment Of Heavy Metals In Bottom Ashes From Medical Waste Incinerators And Their Associated Health Risks In Dar Es Salaam, Julius Mbuna, Samwel V. Manyele, Josephat Saria, Honest Anicetus

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Bottom ashes originating from medical waste incineration contain heavy metals capable of causing adverse effects to human beings and the environment. The main goal of this study is to establish levels of heavy metals in bottom ashes from medical waste incinerators to build a basis for the development of sustainable, safe, and efficient methods for healthcare waste management. The study assessed the level of heavy metals in the bottom ashes of thermally treated medical waste from six health care facilities in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania. Heavy metal concentrations were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). …

Bifurcation Analysis Of Newcastle Disease Eco-Epidemiological Model In The Presence Of Vaccination: A Case Of The Backyard Chicken, Furaha M. Chuma, Gasper G. Mwanga

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Journal of Education, Humanities and Sciences, Volume 9 No. 2, 2020: 42–59 © Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE), 2020 Bifurcation Analysis of Newcastle Disease Eco-epidemiological Model in the Presence of Vaccination: A Case of the Backyard Chicken Furaha M. Chuma Dar es Salaam University College of Education University of Dar es Salaam [email protected] Gasper G. Mwanga Dar es Salaam University College of Education University of Dar es Salaam [email protected] Abstract Newcastle is an infectious disease caused by the avian paramyxomovirus-1. It occurs most frequently as a disease of Avians (e.g., chicken, ducks, pigeons, guinea fowls and other …

Selective Interactions Of O-Methylated Flavonoid Natural Products With Human Monoamine Oxidase-A And -B, Narayan D. Chaurasiya, Jacob Midiwo, Pankaj Pandey, Regina N. Bwire, Robert J. Doerksen, Ilias Muhammad, Babu L. Tekwani

Faculty and Student Publications

A set of structurally related O-methylated flavonoid natural products isolated from Senecio roseiflorus (1), Polygonum senegalense (2 and 3), Bhaphia macrocalyx (4), Gardenia ternifolia (5), and Psiadia punctulata (6) plant species were characterized for their interaction with human monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and -B) in vitro. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 showed selective inhibition of MAO-A, while 4 and 6 showed selective inhibition of MAO-B. Compound 3 showed ~2-fold selectivity towards inhibition of MAO-A. Binding of compounds 1-3 and 5 with MAO-A, and compounds 3 and 6 with MAO-B was reversible and not time-independent. The analysis of enzyme-inhibition kinetics suggested a …

The Blood Money Of The Human Body Parts In Islamic Jurisprudence, Jamal Zaid Kielani, Adnan Thahir

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

In This research, entitled (The blood money of the Benefits of the human body partsin Islamic jurisprudence) we talked about the concept of the blood money (Dyia). We have also talked about related terms and the meaning of blood money, which is the financial the victim or heirs of a victim in the cases of murder, bodily harm or property damage. The research also discussed the principles in which the blood money is required and the amount of duty for each sex according to the type and condition of the killing.We concluded the research by showing the amount of blood …

Ethoxylation And Polymerization Of Cardanol Derived Bifunctional Monomers, James Mgaya

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Cardanol and its derivative; 3-(non-8-enyl)phenol (obtained by ethenolysis reaction of cardanol) were ethoxylated via one-pot reaction with urea and ethylene glycol using Na2CO3/ZnO as co-catalysts. The ethoxylates were later methoxycarbonylated using a 1,2-bis(ditertbutylphosphinomethyl)benzene (DTBPMB) modified palladium catalyst to produce ethoxylated bifunctional monomers. Polymerization of these monomers by heating in the presence of a standard polymerization catalyst, Ti(OBu)4, formed oligomers that were plastic-like. Analysis of these oligomers by MALDI-TOF MS indicated the condensation of up to nine monomer units.

The Rural-Urban Divide In Tanzania: Residential Context And Socioeconomic Inequalities In Maternal Health Care Utilization, Neema Langa, Tirth Bhatta

Sociology Faculty Research

Background Existing studies in Tanzania, based mostly on rural samples, have primarily focused on individual behaviors responsible for the lower utilization of maternal health care. Relatively less attention had been paid to inequalities in structural circumstances that contribute to reduced utilization of maternal health care. More importantly, scholarship concerning the impact of the rural-urban divide on socioeconomic disparities in the utilization of maternal health care is virtually nonexistent in Tanzania. Methods Drawing from the Demographic Health Survey (2015-2016) conducted in Tanzania, our study includes a total of 3,595 women aged between 15-49 years old, who had given birth in five …

Finding Aid For The Sterling Plumpp Collection (Mum00368)

Archives & Special Collections: Finding Aids (alphabetical)

Collection contains typed and handwritten manuscripts, poems, notebooks, prose and reviews, galleys, correspondence, journals and magazines, and several cataloged books related to the life and work of Sterling Plumpp. Items were created 1962-1986.

Genetics And Geography Of Leukocyte Telomere Length In Sub-Saharan Africans, Steven C Hunt, Michael A Province, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) might be causal in cardiovascular disease and major cancers. To elucidate the roles of genetics and geography in LTL variability across humans, we compared LTL measured in 1295 sub-Saharan Africans (SSAs) with 559 African-Americans (AAms) and 2464 European-Americans (EAms). LTL differed significantly across SSAs (P = 0.003), with the San from Botswana (with the oldest genomic ancestry) having the longest LTL and populations from Ethiopia having the shortest LTL. SSAs had significantly longer LTL than AAms [P = 6.5(e-16)] whose LTL was significantly longer than EAms [P = 2.5(e-7)]. Genetic variation in SSAs explained 52% of …

Covid-19 Information Seeking Strategies Of Rural Dwellers In Delta North, Nigeria, Rhima Tracy Efe

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study assessed the COVID-19 information seeking strategies of rural dwellers in Delta North, Nigeria. This study adopted a survey research design. Fifty (50) respondents were randomly selected from each of the rural communities in Delta North used for the study, which amounted to 450 respondents used for the study. Out of the 450 copies of the questionnaire distributed to the respondents, the researcher was able to retrieve 418 copies of the questionnaire from the rural dwellers, thus there was 92% response rate. The method of data analysis adopted was descriptive statistics covering frequency count and percentage. The finding of …

Validation Of Kiswahili Version Of Hoqolhivbref Questionnaire Among People Living With Hiv/Aids In Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study, Nuru Kondo, Tumbwene Mwansisya, Eric Aghan, Riaz Ratansi

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Background: Quality of life is an important element of surveillance in people living with HIV/AIDS. WHO has developed an HIV specific quality of life tool (WHOQOLHIV-Bref) for assessing Quality of life of HIV individuals. This tool takes into account the different cultural variations that exist worldwide and hence enable assessment of the quality of life across different cultures. Despite its preliminary sound validity and reliability from several studies, the developers recommend it to be validated in different cultures to fully assess its psychometric properties before its adaptation.

Objectives: To evaluate the validity and reliability of WHOQOLHIV-Bref questionnaire in …

State Transition Modeling Of Complex Monitored Health Data, Jörn Schulz, Jan Terje Kvaløy, Kjersti Engan, Trygve Eftestol, Samwel Jatosh, Hussein Kidanto, Hege Ersdal

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

This article considers the analysis of complex monitored health data, where often one or several signals are reflecting the current health status that can be represented by a finite number of states, in addition to a set of covariates. In particular, we consider a novel application of a non-parametric state intensity regression method in order to study time-dependent effects of covariates on the state transition intensities. The method can handle baseline, time varying as well as dynamic covariates. Because of the non-parametric nature, the method can handle different data types and challenges under minimal assumptions. If the signal that is …

The Influence Of Economic Factors And Policies On Deforestation In Tanzania, Thadei D. Sagamiko, Nyimvua Shaban Mbare

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

In this paper we analysed the influence of economic factors and policy on the rate of deforestation in Tanzania. A multiple linear regression model was formulated and the effects of each factor on deforestation were tested. The ordinary least squares method was used to estimate the model parameters. Correlation analysis revealed that per capita income, per capita purchasing power, and electricity consumption have positive relationship with deforestation rate; while inflation rate and poverty rate have a negative relationship with deforestation rate. All factors were found to be significant and were used for regression analysis. By considering the p-value at 5% …

Overview Of Antiretropulsion Devices For Prevention Of Inadvertent Stone Migration During Pneumatic Lithotripsy For Ureteric Stone, Ali Akbar Zehri, Miten Patel, Philip Adebayo, Authar Ali

General Surgery, East Africa

The purpose of the present chapter is to provide an update about the use of preventive devices used to stop retrograde stone migration during pneumatic lithotripsy for ureteric stone management. The aim to reduce the cost, ancillary procedure, reduce the operative time and improve the stone free rate. The hunt for ideal cadget to stop retrograde stone migration is still continue in 21 century.

Tanzanian Rule While Zanzibar Plays The Fool? The Invalidity Of Zanzibari Unease Over Tanzanian Mainland Dominance, 1964–1991, Bhadrajee S. Hewage

Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History

On April 26, 1964, the People’s Republic of Zanzibar merged with the Republic of Tanganyika to form the Tanzanian Union. Yet the circumstances surrounding the formation of this Union and the nature of the Union itself raise several unanswered questions. Indeed, some Zanzibaris fear that their island archipelago has been effectively “taken over” by Tanganyika through the guise of the Union government of the Tanzanian mainland. This manuscript explains how Zanzibari fears over the archipelago’s usurpation have no basis since the current and evolving nature of Zanzibar’s autonomy and legal rights have enabled the islands to become a strong player …

Comparison Of Centrifugation And Solid Phase Extraction (Spe) Methods Of Sample Preparations In Determination Of Residues Of Drugs Of Abuse In Urine, John Mahugija, Anastazia Wandwi, Kessy Kilulya

Tanzania Journal of Science

Detection of drugs of abuse in urine samples depends on their composition, absorption, distribution, physical and chemical properties, concentrations, elimination properties, and the techniques employed. This study compared the performance of centrifugation and solid phase extraction (SPE) methods in the determination of levels of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in urine samples collected from drug abusers. Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Calibration was done using both internal and external standards. The recovery values were generally greater in centrifugation method than in SPE method, but the recoveries in both methods were within an acceptable range. Linearity …

Antibacterial And Anti-Hiv-1 Reverse Transcriptase Activities Of Selected Medicinal Plants And Their Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Rose J. Masalu, Sai Ngassa, Grace A. Kinunda, Cyprian B. Mpinda

Tanzania Journal of Science

Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and associated opportunistic infections are still global health concerns. Traditional medicines have been used for managing these infections, with little about their biological activities being known. This study evaluated antimicrobial and anti-HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) activities of medicinal plants; Harungana madagascariensis, Sapium ellipticum, Pseudospondias microcarpa, Capparis erythrocarpos, and Plectranthus barbatus; and activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extracts of H.  madagascariensis. Results revealed that aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of H. madagascariensis, S. ellipticum, P. microcarpa; and ethyl acetate extracts from P. barbatus exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging …

Detection Of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia Coli From Urinary Tract Infection In General Hospital, Minna, Nasiru U. Adabara, Naimat D. Bakinde, Sherifat O. Enejiyon, Tijani Salami, Doosuur Iorzua

Tanzania Journal of Science

Possession of virulence factors such as extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) by pathogens generally exacerbates morbidity as well as increases healthcare costs. This study determined the production of ESBL among Escherichia coli isolated from the urinary tracts of subjects attending General Hospital, Minna, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) urine samples were collected from subjects and cultured on CLED agar for the isolation of E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method, while the phenotypic identification of ESBL-producing strains was carried out using double disk synergy test. All results were interpreted based on Clinical and …