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Demographic Factors As Determinants Of Adolescents’ Help-Seeking Intention For Sexual Exploitation In Tanzania, Budeba Petro Mlyakado, Jessica Chi-Mei Li

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This study examines the influence of adolescents’ gender, age, locality, and history of sexual victimisation on adolescents’ help-seeking intention for sexual exploitation. It compares how these demographic variables influence adolescents’ intention to seek help from formal sources (teachers, police, doctors/nurses, counsellors/social workers, local government leaders, and religious leaders); informal sources (parents, i.e., father and mother), guardians (uncles, aunts and grandparents); siblings (brothers, sisters or cousins), and friends. In this study, a cross-sectional survey is used to examine responses from a stratified random sample of 1,116 adolescents aged 13-17 years (M = 15.66; SD = 1.09), recruited from rural and urban …

The Negative Effects Of Cyberbullying Among Secondary School Adolescents In Tanzania, Hezron Zacharia Onditi, Jennifer Shapka

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Cyberbullying and its associated consequences on children and adolescents has recently become a problem of global concern. Using phenomenological research design, this study explores the negative effects of cyberbullying on Tanzanian secondary school female and male adolescents. A total of 20 adolescents (50% female) in secondary schools (Form I to Form IV) who identified themselves as victims of cyberbullying were involved in the interview to share their lived experiences on the negative effects of cyberbullying. From thematic analysis, results indicated that, similar to their counterpart adolescents in the developed countries, Tanzanian female and male adolescents have experienced emotional, social, cognitive, …

The Role Of Media In Promoting Sexuality Information Among Higher Education Students In Tanzania: The Case Of Dar Es Salaam University College Of Education (Duce), Margareth Joseph Bilinga Dr

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

For most students in Tanzania and elsewhere, the use of media is an integral part of their daily life, and as such it has been influencing their studies in various ways. This study explores the role of media in promoting knowledge and skills on sexuality to students in higher learning institutions in Tanzania. A mixed method research design informed the study: a cross-sectional survey design informed quantitative data, while the qualitative data was informed by the phenomenological research design. A sample of 300 students was drawn using simple and stratified random sampling, as well as convenient sampling techniques. The quantitative …

The Participation Of Female Teachers In Educational Leadership In Secondary Schools In Ubungo Municipality, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Sarah Samson Mbogela, Blackson Kanukisya

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This study investigates female teachers’ participation in educational leadership in secondary schools in Ubungo Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The objectives of the study are threefold: (i) to explore the participation of female teachers in secondary schools’ leadership; (ii) to investigate the challenges facing the participation of female teachers in secondary schools’ leadership; and (iii) to establish strategies for enhancing the participation of female teachers in the leadership of secondary schools. The study employs a qualitative research approach using a single case study design. Data collection methods were interviews, focus group discussions and documentary review. The collected data were analysed …

Gender Inequalities In Pedagogical Classroom Practice: What Influence Do Teachers Make?, Rehema J. Mwakabenga,, Sotco Claudius Komba

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Most Sub-Saharan African countries have made great efforts towards promoting gender equality in gaining access to, and completing, education cycles. Regardless of such efforts, less attention has been paid to gender-biased classroom practices that affect students’ effective learning. This disparity calls for nuanced understanding of teachers’ classroom practices that perpetuate gender inequality with a view of devising mechanisms for improvement. This paper specifically analyses patterns of gender inequalities caused by teachers in the classroom through their knowledge, beliefs and behaviours. Data were obtained from a review of 55 empirical and theoretical publications on gender in education, of which 26 articles …

Maris: Scalable Online Scenario Development Tool For Rangeland Conservancy Managers Using High Spatial-Temporal Resolution Carrying Capacity Maps And Livestock Market Data, L. G. J. Boerboom, R. O. Ohuru, A. G. Toxopeus, W. Nieuwenhuis, C. A. J. M. De Bie, P. K. Mwangi, M. L. Schouwenburg, R. L. G. Lemmens

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Although the management of livestock numbers within the bounds of carrying capacity of African rangelands is a way to manage risks, both scientists and practitioners, caution against a momentary and local use of carrying capacity as a management indicator. Carrying capacity should be seen in wider spatial and temporal/seasonal context as well as in a social and economic context. Given the large numbers of conservancies across Kenya, and its Maasai Mara region in particular, with many more landowner members, it is difficult for conservancies’ managers to contextualize phenomena such as carrying capacity and market price over space and time.

We …

Pair Distribution Function Analysis And Electrochemical Performance Of Mesoporous Carbon Nanomaterials Synthesized Through Koh And Zncl2 Activation, Talam E. Kibona, Sarah Frisco, Maxwell W. Terban

Tanzania Journal of Science

Mesoporous carbon has been synthesized by activating carbonized biogas slurry residues with ZnCl2 and KOH simultaneously. The carbon to activating agent mass ratios were kept at 1:4, while the ZnCl2 to KOH mass ratio varied from 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, to 0:4. The highest BET specific surface area of 361 m2 g-1, micropore surface area of 231 m2 g‒1, mesopore surface area of 125 m2 g‒1, and total pore volume of 0.23 cm3 g‒1 which amounted to 78% mesopore content, were obtained for the sample with 3:1 ZnCl2 to KOH mass ratio. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were acquired to …

Effects Of Refuge Prey On Stability Of The Prey-Predator Model Subject To Immigrants: A Mathematical Modelling Approach, Mussa Amos Stephano, Il Hyo Jung

Tanzania Journal of Science

Prey-predator system is enormously complex and nonlinear interaction between species. Such complexity regularly requires development of new approaches which involves more factors in analysis of its population dynamics. In this paper, we formulate a modified Lotka-Volterra model that incorporates factors such as refuge prey and immigrants. We investigate the effects of refuge prey and immigrants by varying the refuge factor, with and without immigrants. The results show that with Holling’s type I functional response, the proposed model is asymptotically convergent when a refuge prey factor is introduced. Moreover, with Holling’s type II functional response, the proposed mathematical model is unstable …

Analysing Climate Change Mitigation Policy Options In The Renewable Energy Sub-Sector In Tanzania, Ladislaus Kyaruzi, Patrick M Ndaki, Richard Ym Kangalawe

Tanzania Journal of Science

Public policies influence reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Also the extent to which policies are developed and implemented can influence the achievement of the national, regional and international climate change mitigation policy framework in the renewable energy sub-sector. This paper provides a critical overview of key policy options influencing the development of renewable energy sub-sector through climate change mitigation policy options in Tanzania. Questionnaire surveys were used to collect primary data from 100 relevant experts who represented 64 organizations in Tanzania. Secondary data were collected by literature review. The state of climate change mitigation policy options in the renewable energy …

Harnessing Nutritional Benefits Of Spirulina Platensis: Standardization Of Cultivating Conditions Of Spirulina In Kilimanjaro, David O. Nyakundi, Phocus Cleophas

Tanzania Journal of Science

Malnutrition remains a challenge in Tanzania, notwithstanding government initiatives and health education geared towards assuaging the problem. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there will be more than 600,000 severely malnourished children in Tanzania by the year 2030. In particular, protein based malnutrition remains the greatest challenge due to the irreplaceable nature of its essential amino acids. Macronutrients and micronutrients which are found in Spirulina platensis have been recommended by WHO to address malnutrition in developing countries. Spirulina platensis is a filamentous Cyanobacterium microalgae with the highest recorded protein content of plant origin with several immune boosting nutrients. Spirulina …

Comparison Of Nutritional And Anti-Nutritional Qualities Of Grewia Forbesii Hav. Ex Mast And Grewia Bicolor Juss Fruits From Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve In Iringa District, Vendeline E. Tairo

Tanzania Journal of Science

The Grewia forbesii and Grewia bicolor fruits were collected from Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve and were analysed for proximate, nutrients and anti-nutrients compositions. Results showed low moisture contents in G. forbesii and G. bicolor amounting to 14.14 and 13.98 percent, respectively. Crude fibre percent was slightly higher in G. bicolor (33.15%) than G. forbesii (31.95%). Lipid content was slightly higher in G. bicolor (1.37%) compared to G. forbesii (1.28%). The crude protein content of G. forbesii (7.44%) was slightly higher than G. bicolor (7.00%). Total carbohydrate content of G. forbesii (68.9%) was higher than that of G. bicolor (70%). Mineral analysis …

Advances In Nanomaterials Sciences And Nanotechnology For Sustainable Development: A Review, Gervas E. Assey, Wilhelm S. Malasi

Tanzania Journal of Science

The fields of materials sciences have great opportunities to address the challenges of sustainable development of modern societies. The sub-disciplines of materials sciences of interest in this review are nanomaterials sciences and nanotechnology. Nanomaterials possess one external dimension measuring 1-100 nm. They have larger surface area for the same mass than their bulk materials. They are more reactive with effects on their electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Thus, nanomaterials are promising for sustainable development in the areas of energy, water, chemicals, electronics, medical and pharmaceutical industries, CO2 mitigation and agriculture. To this end, this review explores the advances in nanomaterials …

Impacts Of Wood Fuel Uses On Forest Cover: The Case Of Semiarid Areas In Northern Tanzania, Debora J Mahushi, Revocatus L Machunda, Talam E Kibona

Tanzania Journal of Science

Satellite images for the years 1987, 1997, 2002 and 2017, and questionnaire surveys were used to assess energy sources and demands as well as the impacts of wood fuel use to forest cover changes in Meru and Mwanga Districts. The major energy sources identified include cow dung cake, firewood, charcoal, liquefied petroleum gas and biogas. The total energy demands from these sources were 1400 (in Meru), 6289, 724 and 21 kg per day, respectively. The amount of biogas was not quantified since the reactors were constructed locally with no reading meter. Analysis from Landsat images showed variations in forest cover. …

Inversion–Free Iterative Method For Finding Symmetric Solution Of The Nonlinear Matrix Equation X-A^* X^Q A=I (Q≥2), Chacha Stephen Chacha

Tanzania Journal of Science

In this paper, we propose the inversion free iterative method to find symmetric solution of the nonlinear matrix equation  where  is an unknown symmetric solution,  is a given Hermitian matrix and  is a positive integer. The convergence of the proposed method is derived. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed iterative method is quite efficient and converges well when the initial guess is sufficiently close to the approximate solution. Keywords: Symmetric solution, nonlinear matrix equation, inversion free, iterative method.

Vulnerability And Responses Of Smallholder Farmers To Climate Change Effects In Semiarid Areas Of Bahi And Kongwa Districts, Tanzania, Helena Elias Myeya

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study examined the vulnerability and responses of smallholder farmers to climate change effects in Semiarid Areas of Bahi and Kongwa Districts. A total of 366 household heads were involved in this study. The study employed questionnaire, interviews and documentary review as data collection techniques. Archival data for temperature, rainfall and crop yields were collected for trend analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse quantitative data, content analysis was employed to analyse qualitative data. Simple linear trend analysis and Mann Kendall were used to establish trends. The findings indicate that smallholder farmers in the study area have noted …

Biological Characterization Of Plasmodium Falciparum Mitochondrial Heat Shock Protein Pfhsp70-3: Possible Involvement In Malaria Pathogenesis, David O. Nyakundi, Aileen Boshoff

Tanzania Journal of Science

Malaria remains a global health burden accounting for many deaths and illnesses in sub-Saharan Africa notwithstanding many decades of research on the disease. P. falciparum, the causative agent of the most fatal form of malaria, expresses a repertoire of heat shock proteins (Hsp) that cushion the parasite against heat shocks as it shuttles between extreme temperatures in human and mosquito vector hosts. By so doing, such proteins promote parasite’s cytoprotection, survival and pathogenesis. Heat shock proteins are named according to their molecular weights and there are six P. falciparum Hsp70 (PfHsp70) found in various cell compartments with mitochondrial putative PfHsp70-3. …

Assessment Of African Blackwood (Dalbergia Melanoxylon) Population Structure In Kilwa District, Tanzania, Agnes M.S. Nyomora, Washa B. Washa, Stephen I. Nnungu

Tanzania Journal of Science

Overharvesting and limited conservation efforts have posed a serious threat to future availability of Dalbergia melanoxylon in Tanzania in recent years. The study was conducted between 2018 and 2020 covering Mitarure Forest Reserve (MFR) and 2 surrounding community forests of Ngea and Nambawala in Kilwa District. The purpose of the study was to assess the existing population status of the species in Tanzania. A total of 36 circular plots in Mitarure and 15 plots in each community forest were laid down. Data were recorded for the number of stems per plot, and then converted on per hectare basis where the …

A Mathematical Analysis Of An In-Vivo Ebola Virus Transmission Dynamics Model, Seleman Ismail, Adeline Peter Mtunya

Tanzania Journal of Science

Ebola virus (EBOV) infection is a hemorrhagic and hazardous disease, which is among the most shocking threats to human health causing a large number of deaths. Currently, there are no approved curative therapies for the disease. In this study, a mathematical model for in-vivo Ebola virus transmission dynamics was analyzed. The analysis of the model mainly focused on the sensitivity of basic reproductive number,  pertaining to the model parameters. Particularly, the sensitivity indices of all parameters of  were computed by using the forward normalized sensitivity index method. The results showed that a slight change in the infection rate immensely influences …

Automated Detection Of Bilingual Obfuscated Abusive Words On Social Media Forums: A Case Of Swahili And English Texts, Geofrey Njovangwa, Godfrey Justo

Tanzania Journal of Science

The usage of social media has exponentially grown in recent years leaving the users with no limitations on misusing the platforms through abusive contents as deemed fit to them. This exacerbates abusive words exposure to innocent users, especially in social media forums, including children. In an attempt to alleviate the problem of abusive words proliferation on social media, researchers have proposed different methods to help deal with variants of the abusive words; however, obfuscated abusive words detection still poses challenges. A method that utilizes a combination of rule based approach and character percentage matching techniques is proposed to improve the …

Women’S Empowerment For Demographic Issues And Conflicts In African Pastoralist Societies, M. R. Cevallos, P. Manzano

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Widespread conflict is a recurring issue in African pastoralist societies. While its roots are debated, there is a missing link with prevailing poverty among communities and particularly among women. We here apply a gender perspective to establish a hypothesis on the role of women in pastoralist conflicts.

The existing polygynic system establishes a violent frame for pastoralist women, who would be sold at increasingly early ages to provide in turn enough resources for furnishing the dowry needed by their brothers. The control on them would thereby be transferred from their own families to their husband and his family, where they …

The Utah Statesman, October 18, 2021, Utah State University

The Utah Statesman

Weekly student newspaper of Utah State University in Logan.

Evaluating Soil Carbon As A Proxy For Erosion Risk In The Spatio-Temporal Complex Hydropower Catchment In Upper Pangani, Northern Tanzania, Aloyce I.M. Amasi, Maarten Wynants, Remigius A. Kawala, Shovi F. Sawe, William H. Blake, Kelvin M. Mtei

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Land use conversion is generally accompanied by large changes in soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC influences soil erodibility through its broad control on aggregate stability, soil structure and infiltration capacity. However, soil erodibility is also influenced by soil properties, clay mineralogy and other human activities. This study aimed to evaluate soil organic carbon as proxy of soil erosion risk in the Nyumba ya Mungu (NYM) catchment in Northern Tanzania. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was measured by an AgroCares scanner from which the soil organic matter (SOM) was derived using the conversional van Bemmelen factor of 1.72. A regression analysis performed …

The Possible Use Of Telemedicine In Developing Countries, R. Wootton

Online Journal of Space Communication

Since the place of telemedicine in the industrialized world is by no means properly worked out yet, it might seem premature to consider its use in developing countries. Nonetheless, there is interest in the possible use of telemedicine in developing countries, from at least two organizations:

1. The Midjan group, an impromptu committee that was formed following the African Regional Telecommunications Development Conference in Abidjan in March 19963. This European telemedicine collaboration group aims to explore the use of telemedicine in developing countries. At present, the group includes representatives from 22 telecommunication and medical informatics suppliers, telecommunication operators, universities, hospitals and …

Modern Concepts Of Marketing Strategy Of Companies, Lk.D. Boboev

Economics and Innovative Technologies

In today’s competitive world the countries are hastily enlarging and integrating with the other countries and are open to global marketing mix, it is important to understand that the best implemented marketing strategy wins the global business battle. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to observe the most proper marketing strategies that provides a comprehensive conception of how to accurately position products in the market place. .

The Curious Incident Of The Dog In The Nighttime, Lynn University

Drama Programs

Don't miss this winner of the 2015 Tony Award for Best Play. Based on the novel by Mark Haddon, adapted by Simon Stephens.

Christopher is a 15-year old with an extraordinary brain; he is exceptional at mathematics but ill-equipped to interpret everyday life. He has never ventured alone beyond the end of his road. He detests being touched and he distrusts strangers. Now it is seven minutes after midnight and Christopher stands beside his neighbor's dead dog, Wellington, who has been speared with a garden fork. Finding himself under suspicion, Christopher is determined to solve the mystery of who murdered …

Integrating Positive Youth Development: Insights From International Youth Development Programming, John Lindsay, Shannon Mcgarry, Assem Satmukhambetova, Katie Raymond

Journal of Youth Development

Effective international youth development programs go beyond single-issue interventions—they leverage the entire organization and project life cycle to advance positive youth outcomes. This paper illustrates how positive youth development (PYD) approaches can be adapted for and applied by organizations to promote positive outcomes for young people and communities globally. The article provides 6 insights from the International Youth Foundation’s (IYF) application of PYD principles across diverse youth development programs. Moreover, the authors present practical insights into what is required by practitioners, regardless of geographic boundaries, to effectively engage with, support, and meet the needs of youth and young adults whom …

Predictors Of Fear Of Childbirth And Depressive Symptoms Among Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Survey In Pwani Region, Tanzania, Agnes Fredrick Massae, Margareta Larsson, Sebalda Leshabari, Columba Mbekenga, Andrea Barnabas Pembe, Agneta Skoog Svanberg

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Background: Many women experience fear of childbirth (FoB) and depressive symptoms (DS) during pregnancy, but little is known about FoB among Tanzanian women. The current study aimed to assess the prevalence of FoB and DS among pregnant women and determine predictors of each and both, focusing on sociodemographic and obstetric predictors.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at six health facilities in two districts in Tanzania between 2018 and 2019. In total, 694 pregnant women with gestational age between 32 and 40weeks and expecting vaginal delivery were consecutively recruited and assessed for FoB and DS. We collected data …

Electronic Journal Of Information System In Developing Countries (2014-2021): A Bibliometric Study, Azeem Akbar, Ayesha Gulzar, Nadeem Siddique, Muhammad Ajmal Khan

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Electronic Journal of Information System in Developing Countries (EJISDC) has already published a bibliometric study from 2000-2013, and this study is a further continuation of the pervious study from 2014-2021. The data retrieved from the Scopus database was analyzed through VOS viewer, biblioshiny, Microsoft Excel, and MS Access. This bibliometric study found the different aspects of the EJISDC, i.e., document types, publishing trends, authorship patterns, most productive countries, prolific authors, organizations, frequently used keywords, and country collaboration during 2014-21. The result found that total 346 publications having 1513 citation and most of the documents type was published research articles. The …

Health Information-Seeking Behaviour Of People And Implications For School-Driven Hiv Prevention Programmes, Nkechinyere Charity Edeh, Chiedu Eseadi

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has remained a social problem owing to the unavailability of a cure for the disease. Scholars have identified preventive behaviour as a remedy for the disease. Preventive behaviour is influenced by the information-seeking behaviour of individuals. This paper provides insight into people's health information-seeking behaviour concerning HIV prevention and implications for school-driven HIV prevention programmes. This was deemed necessary to encourage schools to brace up prevention efforts and foster understanding of what information students seek and how they seek such information particularly in this era of information and communication technology as this is very important for …

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (Prep) Knowledge, Willingness To Use & Uptake Among Black Heterosexual Men, Akeen Lowell Hamilton

Theses and Dissertations

INTRODUCTION: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a pill, taken orally, that has been shown to be effective at reducing the chance that someone who is HIV-negative and at-risk for HIV will contract the disease during sexual intercourse with someone who is living with HIV. One demographic group that has been under-researched is Black heterosexual men. This dissertation presents research on evaluating the heterosexual Black men’s awareness of, prior use, and network of friends/family’s perceived interest in learning more about PrEP.

METHODS: Two-hundred and six Black heterosexual men living in Brooklyn, New York City, were surveyed about their sexual behaviors and PrEP …