Digital Commons Network^™

College Leaders’ Perspectives Of Diversity At A Community College System In Texas: A Phenomenological Study Of Validation, Xandelyn Wright Washington

All Dissertations

The United States has undergone dramatic changes in student demographics over the last 40 years. Nowhere is this reflected more than in the field of education (Center for Public Education, 2012; Fabina et al., 2023). Disaggregation of student demographics is a useful and common method for measuring student outcomes, and in the United States, non-majority students consistently have lower student outcomes (Gay, 2013; Howard, 2010; Ocay et al., 2023).

Ma and Baum (2016) and McNair et al. (2015) stated that the role of community colleges is pivotal in postsecondary education. As such, college leaders and administrators have focused attention on …

Vision To Reality: Groundbreaking Impacts Of Artificial Intelligence On Key Performance Indicators In The Built Environment, Christopher Hamilton Sr

All Dissertations

As construction transitions into an era shaped by Industry 4.0 and data-driven decision-making, Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as a transformative tool with the potential to enhance key performance indicators (KPIs) such as schedule adherence, cost management, quality assurance, safety, resource allocation, and customer satisfaction. However, few studies have empirically assessed the direct influence of AI adoption on operational performance or examined the innovation diffusion factors that facilitate its integration. This gap underscores the need to align AI initiatives with broader organizational strategies, ensuring that technological adoption translates into measurable improvements in construction performance.

This quantitative study investigated two core research …

Breaking Ranks: Recognizing Hiring Bias Associated With Different Military Branches, La Kesha Redel Leonard

All Dissertations

This study aimed to address the gap in research on hiring biases against military veterans, with a focus on branch-specific discrimination. While prior research has examined general veteran employment challenges, no existing scholarly studies have explored how stereotypes tied to a veteran’s branch of service influence hiring outcomes. Current approaches, such as diversity and inclusion policies and skills translation programs, overlook subtle yet impactful branch-related implicit and explicit biases against candidates from different branches of the U.S military during the hiring process, leaving a critical gap in workforce reintegration strategies. The purpose of this study was aimed to examine how …

Three Essays On Entrepreneurial Orientation And Competitive Repertoire, Gang Fan

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

While scholars confirm the positive relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and firm performance with meta-analyses, the mixed findings with widespread effect sizes imply that this critical relationship in entrepreneurship literature deserves further inspection. In this three-essay dissertation, I integrate the entrepreneurial orientation literature with the competitive repertoire literature. Specifically, in essay 1, I develop a theoretical framework of EO, competitive repertoire, and firm performance through the lens of capability theory. In the second essay, I examine the moderating role of competitive pressure on the EO-competitive repertoire relationship with a sample of all U.S.-listed firms. Finally, I articulate and examine how …

Navigating Spaces: Understanding Lgbtq+ Families Who Homeschool Amid Shifting Legislative And Societal Landscapes, Ana Ferrante

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

This qualitative case study explored the motivations and lived experiences of caregivers of LGBTQ+ youth who chose homeschooling amid escalating anti-LGBTQ+ legislation in the United States. Guided by Self-Determination Theory (SDT) (Deci and Ryan, 1980) and Queer Theory (Chevrette, 2013), the study examined how caregivers navigated educational decisions to construct affirming, identity-conscious learning environments in response to exclusionary policies and systemic marginalization. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with four caregivers residing in politically conservative states in the U.S.. The findings revealed that homeschooling functioned both as a protective measure against institutional harm and as a proactive strategy for fostering …

Associations Between Mental Health Outcomes And Discrimination And Victimization Among Adult Lgbtq+ Community Members Or Guardians Of Lgbtq+ Children, 2023-2024, Perla Gisel Mercado

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

BACKGROUND: LGBTQ youth face unique challenges and experiences that can significantly impact their mental well-being. Discrimination, stigma, prejudice, and struggle for self-acceptance contribute to increased rates of mental health issues within this population. Almost one in 8 people, or 970 million individuals worldwide, were living with a mental disorder. PURPOSE: Assess the relationship between discrimination and victimization and mental health outcomes among sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) in the Paso del Norte Region. METHODS: Data was collected through a cross-sectional needs assessment survey among adult LGBTQ+ community members or parents/guardians of LGBTQ+ children/youth living in New Mexico or Texas in …

Judicial And Techno-Securitization Of Immigration: Narratives De Filosofia De Inmigracion Y Justicia, Mohammad Rubaiyat Rahman

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

In the thesis, I develop a philosophical account which is centered on immigration enforcement discrimination, surveillance and procedural justice. The thesis propounds two arguments. The first argument contends that the immigration enforcement of the United States (U.S.), including the use of surveillance technology, contributes to the structural injustice. The second argument is that the U.S. immigration surveillance and immigration enforcement should be qualified by procedural justice and constitutional democracy.

The thesis prioritizes the practice of the U.S. immigration policy, enforcement and how these promote structural injustice against non-citizens and citizens, specifically those who are Latinos living in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. …

Provider Attitudes And Perspectives On Rehabilitation For Pediatric Cancer Patients, Maria C Swartz, Eduardo Gonzalez Villarreal, Keri Schadler, Donna Kelly, Alakh P Rajan, Clark Andersen, Shiming Zhang, Stephanie J Wells, Amy Heaton, Karen M Moody

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

PurposeTwenty percent of childhood cancer survivors experience physical function impairments, and ∼75% develop a chronic health condition. Physical and occupational therapists (PT/OTs) can mitigate these late effects, yet few children receive cancer rehabilitation (CR). This research aimed to identify provider attitudes and perspectives towards CR services for children across inpatient and outpatient settings at a cancer center.MethodsThree cardiac rehabilitation instruments were adapted to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding CR delivery. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant survey results.ResultsTwenty administrators, 20 physicians/advanced practice providers (APPs), and 20 PT/OTs completed surveys. All disciplines strongly agreed on the value of CR …

Large-Scale Genome-Wide Analyses Of Stuttering, Hannah G Polikowsky, Alyssa C Scartozzi, Douglas M Shaw, Dillon G Pruett, Hung-Hsin Chen, Lauren E Petty, Alexander S Petty, Emily J Lowther, Shu-Hsien Cho, Yao Yu, Sahar Mozaffari, Christy L Avery, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Reyna L Gordon, Janet M Beilby, Kathryn Z Viljoen, Robin M Jones, Chad D Huff, Heather M Highland, Shelly Jo Kraft, Jennifer E Below

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Developmental stuttering is a highly heritable, common speech condition characterized by prolongations, blocks and repetitions of speech. Although stuttering is highly heritable and enriched within families, the genetic architecture is largely understudied. We reasoned that there are both shared and distinct genetic variants impacting stuttering risk within sex and ancestry groups. To test this idea, we performed eight primary genome-wide association analyses of self-reported stuttering that were stratified by sex and ancestry, as well as secondary meta-analyses of more than one million individuals (99,776 cases and 1,023,243 controls), identifying 57 unique loci. We validated the genetic risk of self-reported stuttering …

A Longitudinal Examination Of Online Expressive Writing Intervention Outcomes Comparing Hispanic Survivors Of Childhood Trauma And Adult Trauma, Michiyo Hirai, Laura L. Vernon, George A. Clum

Psychological Science Faculty Publications

Childhood traumas such as childhood abuse and neglect are prevalent in Hispanic populations. They have long-term consequences including posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in adulthood. Treatment options suitable for Hispanic survivors of childhood traumas and neglect are needed. Expressive writing (EW) can be a short, self-administered intervention and may address instrumental barriers (e.g. time, transportation) and stigma toward psychological disorders and interventions Hispanic trauma survivors may experience. Online EW has successfully reduced PTSS when targeting mixed traumas but has not been tested for PTSS from childhood traumas. The current study administered an online EW protocol to symptomatic Hispanic young adults with …

Analytics Of Capstone Projects: Understanding Outcomes Through People, Products, And Processes, Hrushikesh C. Godbole

Theses

The capstone project is a bridge from the university to industry. During the project, students not only learn the process of integrating previously learned engineering concepts into an actual product but also practice essential professional skills such as communication, teamwork, and project delivery. How can universities ensure effective capstone student learning and good outcomes? To answer this question, the capstone project is studied as a system comprising of products, people, and processes. People refer to the students and instructors involved. Students develop products by following development processes. Instructors guide students using instruction processes. In educational context there limited control over …

Beyond The Individual: A Dyadic Mixed-Methods Study Of Work–Life Balance In Entrepreneurial Households., Juliana Binhote

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Entrepreneurs operate at the intersection of work and family systems; yet, their experiences with work–life balance (WLB) remain underexplored—particularly in relational contexts. While existing research highlights the psychological demands of entrepreneurship, it often overlooks how family dynamics shape entrepreneurs’ experiences of balance, conflict, and boundary management. Guided by boundary theory, conservation of resources theory, and the goal attainment balance model, this dissertation investigates the question: How do entrepreneurs experience and make sense of their work-life balance? To answer this question, I designed a dyadic exploratory mixed-methods study. In Study 1, I conducted in-depth interviews with family business entrepreneurs and their …

Stand-Up Guys: Using Stand-Up Comedy Conventions To Reimagine Film Narratives, Dugald Graydon

Postgraduate

This project focuses on interdisciplinary genre blending, and how embedding oneself into a particular cultural perspective can serve to create more authentic film narratives. Research into established film genre and stand-up comedy conventions provided a starting point from which to explore how insights from the Brisbane stand-up comedy scene could be utilised to inform the creation of a dramatic screenplay.

Building Toward A Timbral Tool-Kit: A Practice-Led Exploration Of Timbre As An Inspirational Tool In The Composition Process, Kailan O’Dell

Postgraduate

This exegesis is a practice-led investigation into the role of timbre as a tool of inspiration and musical expression in the composition process, with a specific focus on keyboard instruments. Two contrasting compositions for grand piano were recorded, then recorded again using four other distinct keyboard instrument timbres. The composer’s emotional perception of each keyboard instrument timbre was evaluated through reflective analysis, and with the use of the Geneva Emotional Music Scale. Knowledge of the emotional associations of the various timbres was used in the creation of four new compositions, one for each of the four distinct keyboard instrument timbres. …

Knowledge And Perceptions Of Prebiotics And Probiotics Among University Students, Itzel Martinez

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Background: Gut health gained significant attention in recent years, with prebiotics and probiotics widely promoted for their potential health benefits. However, misinformation about this topic was common, particularly among young adults who were heavily influenced by social media and advertising on health-related topics. Research studies had indicated that knowledge and perceptions of prebiotics and probiotics are based on factors such as age, gender, and academic background. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and perceptions of university students on prebiotic and probiotic foods, identify commonly used resources for information, and analyze the impact of media and demographic variables on their …

Addressing Jail Recidivism Among Inmates With Substance Use Disorders Through Treatment Interventions: A Scoping Review, Rosa C. Contreras

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

This project studies effective treatments for formerly incarcerated individuals with substance use disorders (SUD’s) who become homeless. This study examines evidence-based, non-pharmaceutical interventions identified in current research, analyzing their effectiveness in addressing key social issues. It explores how these interventions contribute to improving outcomes for individuals and communities, particularly in areas such as mental health, addiction recovery, and rehabilitation. Additionally, the study assesses their significance within the field of social work, emphasizing their role in shaping policies, informing best practices, and fostering more holistic, client-centered approaches to care. The potential impact of these interventions is considered in relation to reducing …

Lgbt+ Poc Well-Being And Resilience, Terra Reynoso

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Historically, both LGBT+ individuals and People of Color have each been subjected to stressors linked to oppression, with those belonging to both groups experiencing a potentially higher degree of distress. This study examined factors that contribute to resilience and well-being in LGBT+ People of Color to highlight potential means to mitigate this distress, guided by queer theory and intersectionality theory in order to provide a relevant framework to inform preliminary research, interview questions, and content analysis. Interviews were conducted with twelve participants with subsequent content analysis revealing the use of social support networks, access to community, productive coping strategies, and …

Medical Surveillance In Custodial Jsas: Preventing Bloodborne Pathogen Exposure, Kiara Gadea

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Custodians play an important role in maintaining our surroundings safe and sanitary. However, in doing so, they are their exposure to health hazards that put them at risk, yet these exposures are often overlooked. One major risk they face is contact with bloodborne pathogens, which put custodial staff at risk for infections such as hepatitis B. While Job Safety Analyses (JSA’s) outline various protective measures, many fail to incorporate medical surveillance as part of their risk management program. Overlooking this important detail leaves custodians vulnerable to health risks that can be prevented.

Adding a medical surveillance section to custodial JSA’s, …

Lack Of Relationships Between Ketamine Treatment And Peripheral Neurotrophic And Inflammatory Factors In A Randomized Controlled Ketamine Trial Of Major Depressive Disorder, Manivel Rengasamy, Benjamin Panny, Zakary Hutchinson, Anna Marsland, Tessa Kovats, Angela Griffo, Crystal Spotts, Robert H Howland, Meredith L Wallace, Sanjay J Mathew, Shabnam Hossein, Rebecca B Price

Staff and Researcher Publications

Background: Ketamine is a rapid-acting treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), though mechanisms related to ketamine's effects remain unclear. Blood-based neurotrophic and inflammatory factors (NIFs; e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin-6) have emerged as markers potentially linked to ketamine and ketamine treatment response.

Methods: In this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), 133 adults with TRD received a single-dose infusion of ketamine (n = 89; 0.5 mg/kg) or saline (n = 44) and provided measures of peripheral blood NIF levels and depression severity across a five-day post-infusion period. Differences between ketamine and saline groups were examined for (1) NIF levels, …

Genetic Diversity And Expanded Phenotypes In Dystonia: Insights From Large-Scale Exome Sequencing, Mirja Thomsen, Fabian Ott, Sebastian Loens, Gamze Kilic-Berkmen, Ai Huey Tan, Shen-Yang Lim, Ebba Lohmann, Kaja M Schröder, Lea Ipsen, Lena A Nothacker, Linn Welzel, Alexandra S Rudnik, Frauke Hinrichs, Thorsten Odorfer, Kirsten E Zeuner, Friederike Schumann, Andrea A Kühn, Simone Zittel, Marius Moeller, Robert Pfister, Christoph Kamm, Anthony E Lang, Yi Wen Tay, Ana Luísa De Almeida Marcelino, Marie Vidailhet, Emmanuel Roze, Joel S Perlmutter, Jeanne S Feuerstein, Victor S C Fung, Florence Chang, Richard L Barbano, Steven Bellows, Aparna A Wagle Shukla, Alberto J Espay, Mark S Ledoux, Brian D Berman, Stephen Reich, Andres Deik, Andre Franke, Michael Wittig, Sören Franzenburg, Jens Volkmann, Norbert Brüggemann, H A Jinnah, Tobias Bäumer, Christine Klein, Hauke Busch, Katja Lohmann

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Objective: Dystonia is one of the most prevalent movement disorders, characterized by significant clinical and etiological heterogeneity. Despite considerable heritability (~25%), the etiology in most patients remains elusive. Moreover, understanding correlations between clinical manifestations and genetic variants has become increasingly complex.

Methods: Exome sequencing was conducted on 1924 genetically unsolved, mainly late-onset isolated dystonia patients, recruited primarily from two dystonia registries (DysTract and the Dystonia Coalition). Rare variants in genes previously linked to dystonia (n = 406) were examined, confirmed via Sanger sequencing, and analyzed for segregation when possible.

Results: We identified 137 distinct likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants (according to ACMG …

Diagnostic Value Of Cell-Free Dna Fetal Fraction In Patients With Prenatally Suspected Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder, Danielle Chirumbole, Christian M Parobek, Alex Tai, Haleh Sangi-Haghpeykar, Yamely H Mendez, Spoorthi Kamepalli, Christina C Reed, Arthur Ladron De Guevara, Keneshia Lane, Claire Hoppenot, Amir A Shamshirsaz, Michael A Belfort, Jessian L Munoz, Hendrik A Lombaard

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between fetal fraction (FF) and placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) pathology in patients with prenatally suspected PAS.

Methods: This was a case-control study utilizing a database of pregnancies with suspected or proven PAS delivered between 6/2012 and 7/2024 at a single institution. Pregnancies were excluded if FF was not reported. The primary outcome was mean FF in pregnancies with a final clinical diagnosis of low FIGO grade (no PAS or FIGO1-2) versus high FIGO grade (FIGO3) placenta accreta. Results were reported as mean FF ± standard error of the mean. …

Measuring The Impact Of A Delay In Care On Pediatric Otolaryngologic Surgery Completion, Geethanjeli N Mahendran, Ching Siong Tey, Mary Frances Musso, Grace Shebha Anand, Jeffrey Larson, Mitesh Mehta, Lara Reichert, Kara Prickett, Nikhila Pinnapureddy Raol

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Objective: To determine if postponement of elective pediatric otorhinolaryngology surgeries results in a change in overall healthcare utilization and if there is any commensurate impact on disease progression.

Methods: We identified patients ≤18 years of age whose surgeries were postponed at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic-related shutdown. We then tracked patients' rate of and patterns of rescheduling surgery. Surveys were also sent to caregivers to better characterize his/her decision regarding moving forward with his/her child's surgery during COVID-19.

Results: A total of 1915 pediatric patients had elective surgeries canceled, of which 992 (51.8%) were rescheduled within 4 months. No …

Hospital Experiences And Medical Traumatic Stress In Adults With Spina Bifida, Ellen Fremion, Nora Deibler, Juliana Abel, Monique Ridosh

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Purpose

This study examined hospital and emergency department (ED) experiences of adults with spina bifida (SB), medical traumatic stress (MTS) and participant characteristics including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and resiliency scores.

Methods

Adults with SB who had a hospital or ED encounter within the last five years were recruited from a medical home clinic and completed a structured interview and validated questionnaires. Narrative inquiry was used and descriptive analyses were conducted. MTS scores were reported per participant characteristics and emotional health questionnaire score counts and percentages.

Results

Twenty-five adults with SB representing 37% of eligible patients were …

Exploring The Impact Of Inclusion Initiatives On The Retention And Engagement Of People Of Color In Nonprofit Organizations: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Kesha Carter

Education Doctoral

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the impact of inclusion initiatives on the retention and engagement of people of color (POC) in nonprofit organizations. Grounded in Ray’s (2019) theory of racialized organizations, this study examined how organizational structures and practices influence inclusive workplace cultures for POC employees. Although diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) strategies have gained traction, many nonprofit organizations struggle to move beyond performative efforts and address the systemic inequities that shape POC experiences. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 full-time POC employees working in nonprofit organizations across New York State to capture their lived …

An Examination Of How Black Church Leaders Support The Long-Term Impact Of Trauma In The Black Community: A Qualitative Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Loretha J. Mccullough

Education Doctoral

The prevalence of mental illness due to untreated childhood trauma continues to be a concern, particularly for Black people. The consequence of obtaining formal treatment is perceived to be discriminatory and stigmatizing in the Black culture. Instead, the preferred method of treatment is religious coping. The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to examine how Black clergy leaders support the long-term impact of trauma in the Black community. The primary source of data collection was semi-structured interviews. These interviews captured the essence of how Black clergy leaders described their preparedness to effectively advise, and counsel congregants on mental health …

Mood And Sleep In Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes, Samantha A Carreon, Marissa N Baudino, Charles G Minard, Sarah K Lyons, Randi Streisand, Barbara J Anderson, Siripoom V Mckay, Tricia S Tang, Sara Nowakowski, Ashley M Butler, Sridevi Devaraj, Marisa E Hilliard

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Objective: Depression is associated with sleep problems, and both are associated with higher HbA1c in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, little is known about depressed mood and sleep in young adults with T1D. The aims of this secondary analysis were to provide descriptive statistics of multiple aspects of mood and sleep in young adults with T1D and evaluate associations of depressed mood, diabetes distress, and sleep quality and duration.

Methods: At baseline of a behavioral intervention trial, young adults with T1D completed self-report measures of sleep, diabetes distress, and depressive symptoms. We described sleep metrics across racial/ethnic groups …

Psychometric Evaluation Of The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale In Pregnant Women, Catherine E Rast, Rashelle Musci, Jonathan S Abramowitz, Gerald Nestadt, Paul Nestadt, Mary C Kimmel, Tracey Dibbs, Lauren M Osborne, Jack Samuels, Janice Krasnow, Eric A Storch

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Purpose: Although many women experience obsessive-compulsive symptoms during the perinatal period, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) has not yet been psychometrically evaluated in this population. This study examined the internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and factor structure of the YBOCS among pregnant women.

Methods: 256 Women who were 20 to 24 weeks pregnant completed the clinician-administered YBOCS and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) along with a series of self-report questionnaires including the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS) and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R).

Results: Internal consistency of the YBOCS was excellent, and there were strong …

How Do Ceos Communicate Their Activism For Social Change?: A Content Analysis Of Fortune 500 Ceos’ Activism Statements, Katharine E. Miller, Young Kim

College of Communication Faculty Research and Publications

The purpose of this study is to explore the social actions taken by organizational leaders in the pursuit of activism. In recent years, corporate leaders, namely CEOs, have garnered substantial public notice due to their activism and personal rhetoric around social issues, therefore attracting attention within organizational scholarship and practice. By applying the theoretical frameworks of framing, this study conducted a content analysis of activism statements (N = 199) from CEOs of Fortune 500 companies using a mixed-methods approach involving manual coding and computational methods (NVivo). By doing so, this study advances CEO activism communication research by identifying dominant …

Examining The Effects Of Firearm Lethality And Aggressors’ Intentions To Kill On Injurious Firearm Violence At American Schools: A Research Note, Brent R. Klein, Cory Schnell, Steven M. Chermak, Joshua D. Freilich

Faculty Publications

This study examined firearm lethality and aggressors’ lethal intent on injurious fatal and nonfatal school shootings using data from The American School Shooting Study, which covers 329 school shootings in the United States from 1990 to 2016. We developed a new multidimensional construct for measuring shooters’ determination to kill and examined firearm characteristics while considering confounding factors. We identified 11 distinct categories of shooters’ intent, with most showing a strong desire to kill. Both intent and weapon lethality significantly impacted school shooting homicides. Overall, we recommend that prevention and theoretical models should address both factors.

Privacy In Perspective: Research Participants’ Priorities And Concerns Related To Sharing Data Generated In Human Neuroscience Studies, Christi J Guerrini, Jill O Robinson, Norah L Crossnohere, Mary A Majumder, Kathryn Maxson Jones, Whitney Bash Brooks, Sameer A Sheth, Amy L Mcguire

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The societal benefits from sharing and reusing data collected in human neuroscience studies are widely appreciated. However, there are persistent barriers to data sharing as well as privacy concerns related to unauthorized access, misuse, and reidentification of deidentified data. Thus far, few studies have been conducted with neuroscience research participants to understand their data sharing priorities and concerns. We conducted a survey utilizing an experimental design with N=52 participants in neuroscience studies funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health representing diverse neurotechnologies and health conditions. Respondents prioritized sharing practices that maximize reuse of data to benefit patients and reduce …