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Opportunities And Barriers To Business Engagement In The Uk Domestic Retrofit Sector: An Industry Perspective, B Butt, Rv Jones, A Fuertes Nov 2020

Opportunities And Barriers To Business Engagement In The Uk Domestic Retrofit Sector: An Industry Perspective, B Butt, Rv Jones, A Fuertes

School of Art, Design and Architecture

This paper investigates the opportunities and barriers to business engagement in the UK domestic retrofit sector. There are approximately 28 million UK dwellings accounting for 30% of UK total energy consumption. Almost all of the existing housing stock will require some form of retrofit in order to meet the UK Government’s Net Zero emissions target by 2050. However, adoption has been much lower than required. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with industry professionals to investigate the key barriers and opportunities for businesses in the retrofit market. The results suggest that there is significant opportunity for businesses, but engagement has been suppressed …

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Barriers And Facilitators To Dental Care Access Among Asylum Seekers And Refugees In Highly Developed Countries: A Systematic Review, Martha Paisi, Rebecca Baines, Lorna Burns, Anastasios Plessas, Philip Radford, Jill Shawe, Robert Witton Nov 2020

Barriers And Facilitators To Dental Care Access Among Asylum Seekers And Refugees In Highly Developed Countries: A Systematic Review, Martha Paisi, Rebecca Baines, Lorna Burns, Anastasios Plessas, Philip Radford, Jill Shawe, Robert Witton

School of Nursing and Midwifery

Abstract Background Dental diseases are prevalent among asylum seekers and refugees (ASRs). Despite significant treatment needs, access to dental care in host countries is often limited. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the barriers and enablers to dental care access for ASRs in host countries of very high development. Methods Five health and social care databases and eight grey literature sources of information were searched. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool was used to critically appraise included studies. Thematic analysis was undertaken to identify common themes. These were then deductively organised according to Penchansky and Thomas’s modified …

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The Relationship Between Life Stressors And Academic Procrastination Among Ajloun National University Students In Jordan, Mohammad Abood Nov 2020

The Relationship Between Life Stressors And Academic Procrastination Among Ajloun National University Students In Jordan, Mohammad Abood

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between life stresses and academic procrastination among a sample of (124) undergraduate students in Ajloun national university in Jordan. Two Scales were used in this study including a scale of life stresses and a scale of academic procrastination. The correlation descriptive method was used for data analysis. The results showed that there is statistically significant correlation between life stresses and academic procrastination. Significant differences were found in the strength of relationship between life stresses and academic procrastination according to gender in favour of meals. No Significant differences were found in the strength of …

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Construction Tool For Measuring Anger Management Skills To Adolescents With Intellectual Disabilities, Reda El-Ashram Nov 2020

Construction Tool For Measuring Anger Management Skills To Adolescents With Intellectual Disabilities, Reda El-Ashram

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The study aimed to design a scientific tool to measure anger management skills for adolescents with intellectual disabilities, and the disclosure of its dimensions, and to determine the psychometric properties that enjoy it, so I have a sample of adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Where the study sample consisted of 108 adolescents with intellectual disabilities (67 male 0.41 female) of preparatory and secondary vocational students schools Intellectual Education provinces of Dakahlia and Eastern Arab Republic of Egypt, aged (14-18 years), and the ratios of their wits between ( 50-70), all of them with social, economic and cultural level below average. It …

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The Development Of Psychological Resilience Scale For The Jordanian Environment, Mariam Al-Ziadat Nov 2020

The Development Of Psychological Resilience Scale For The Jordanian Environment, Mariam Al-Ziadat

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study amied at developing psychological resilience scale for the Jordanian environment. The sample of the study consists of (341) individuals (39) addicts, (39) psychopaths, (183) university students (36 males - 147 females) and (50) patients completed the scale in order to find it’s psychometric indicators. In addition to (30) University students participate in pilot study to investigate content validity indicators. The Results of the Study show that after making appropriate analysis the scale contains (30) statements distributed on (4) items and has got high validity and reliability indicators.

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Sounding Islam: Voice, Media, And Sonic Atmospheres In An Indian Ocean World, Jim Sykes Nov 2020

Sounding Islam: Voice, Media, And Sonic Atmospheres In An Indian Ocean World, Jim Sykes

Yale Journal of Music & Religion

A book review is presented for Patrick Eisenlohr, Sounding Islam: Voice, Media, and Sonic Atmospheres in an Indian Ocean World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018. 174 pp. ISBN: 9780520298712

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Metta, Mudita, And Metal: Dhamma Instruments In Burmese Buddhism, Gavin D. Douglas Nov 2020

Metta, Mudita, And Metal: Dhamma Instruments In Burmese Buddhism, Gavin D. Douglas

Yale Journal of Music & Religion

Bells, gongs, and other dhamma instruments offer valuable insights into the role of sound in Buddhist practice. Participation in musical events in the Theravada Buddhist world is deemed inappropriate for devote laity and for those who have taken monastic vows. The seventh Buddhist precept implores monks “to abstain from dancing, singing, and music,” yet Buddhist monasteries and pagodas are sonically vibrant places that contain a wide variety of layered bells, gongs, chants, and prayers sculpting the sonic environment. This study examines the soundscape of Burmese Buddhist social space and argues that these sounds are essential to understanding the lived practice …

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Computational Cognition And Deep Learning, Andy Malinsky Nov 2020

Computational Cognition And Deep Learning, Andy Malinsky

The Compass

No abstract provided.

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The Compass, Issue 7 Nov 2020

The Compass, Issue 7

The Compass

No abstract provided.

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The Efficiency Of A Group Counseling Program Based On Gestalt Play In Improving The Level Of Perceived Self Efficiency Among A Sample Of Abused Children, Fayez Mahamid Nov 2020

The Efficiency Of A Group Counseling Program Based On Gestalt Play In Improving The Level Of Perceived Self Efficiency Among A Sample Of Abused Children, Fayez Mahamid

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The present study aims at find out the effect of a group counseling program based on Gestalt Play in improving the level of perceived self Efficiency among a sample of abused children. The sample consisted of (20) male and female abused children who received counseling services at Madeed Center for Counseling and Mental Health in Nablus city. Then they where randomly distributed to two groups; Experimental group whose members received a group counseling program based on Gestalt play, and control group whose members did not receive the counseling program. The performance of the two groups on perceived self Efficiency scale …

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The Relationship Between Self- Concept And Aspiration Amongst Professional Soccer Players In Palestine, Mahmoud Atrash, Aladdin Sheta Nov 2020

The Relationship Between Self- Concept And Aspiration Amongst Professional Soccer Players In Palestine, Mahmoud Atrash, Aladdin Sheta

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-concept and the level of aspiration among professional soccer players in Palestine. In addition, to determine the differences in self-concept and aspiration according to the order of the club, playing position, and experience. The results of the study showed the following: - The level of self-concept among professional soccer players in Palestine was moderate, where the percentage of the response was (69.0%). The level of aspiration amongst professional soccer players in Palestine was low, where the percentage of the response was (56.8%). There was a positive correlation between self-concept …

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To What Extent Pakistani Citizens Are Enjoying The Right Of Access To Information? An Exploratory Study, Ammara Yousaf, Khalid Mahmood Nov 2020

To What Extent Pakistani Citizens Are Enjoying The Right Of Access To Information? An Exploratory Study, Ammara Yousaf, Khalid Mahmood

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The purpose of this study was to explore and explain the provision of the right of access to information (RAI), a remarkable development particularly in the field of human rights and information management in Pakistan. This study has two objectives: (1) to track the practice and propensity of public information officers (PIOs) in providing information under the Punjab Transparency and Right to Information Act, 2013; (2) to examine the perceptions of information seekers in retrieving the information under the Punjab Transparency and Right to Information Act, 2013 (PTRIA, 2013). A mixed-method, sequential design with a parallel database variant was used …

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The Impact Of Teaching Strategy Based On Montessori Theory On The Level Of Phonemic Awareness Among The 1st Grade Students In Jordan In Light Of The Mother's Educational Level, Taghreed Mustafa, Abdul Rahman Al Hashemi Nov 2020

The Impact Of Teaching Strategy Based On Montessori Theory On The Level Of Phonemic Awareness Among The 1st Grade Students In Jordan In Light Of The Mother's Educational Level, Taghreed Mustafa, Abdul Rahman Al Hashemi

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aims torevealthe impactof the teachingmethods based on the Montessori theory. Itfocuses on the first graders phonological awareness in Jordan, and shedding the light on the mother's educational background. The sample included (50) students, both male and female, divided into two controlling and experimental groups. The researcher had planned an educational strategy along with a phonological awareness test. The experimental group implemented the developed educational strategies for eight weeks. While the controlling group experienced eight weeks of regular educational methods. Both groups were tested for phonological awareness before and after the experiments. Results for (MANCOVA) analysis showed a difference …

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The Reality Of Contemplative Practices And Its Impact On Achievement Of High Basic Stage Teachers In Province Of Irbid, Lamia Obidat Nov 2020

The Reality Of Contemplative Practices And Its Impact On Achievement Of High Basic Stage Teachers In Province Of Irbid, Lamia Obidat

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aimed at identifying the reality of reflective Practicesand its Impact on Achievement Motivationof High Basic Stage Teachers in Irbid, the sample of the study consisted of (650) teachers (males and females) In Irbid Directorate of Education, whereas the Scale of reflective Practices and the Scale of Achievement Motivation were used to collect data. The study results showed that there was the high degreein the level of reflective Practicesand Achievement Motivationof High Basic Stage Teachers and there was significant statistical relationship between reflective Practicesand Achievement Motivation of High Basic Stage Teachers and there was significant statistical relationship between the …

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The Impact Of Incentives On The Players Of First Division Clubs For Handball In Jordan, Yaser Telfah Nov 2020

The Impact Of Incentives On The Players Of First Division Clubs For Handball In Jordan, Yaser Telfah

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of psychological incentives, social, administrative, physical, health and physical on the players of first division clubs for handball in Jordan.The researcher used the descriptive approach to achieve the objectives of the study, the study sample consisted of (136)players on the players of first division clubs for handball in Jordan for a season (2016), Questionnairethat Developed by Haddad (2005)was used for data collection, The results showed that there were impact of incentives (psychological, social, administrative, physical and health) for players of first clubs for handball in Jordan in a high degree, and there is …

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The Impact Of Competition On The Self-Confidence Of The Jordanian National Football Team For Young Women Under (17) Years, Abdullah Almkhademh, Hamzh Sallam Nov 2020

The Impact Of Competition On The Self-Confidence Of The Jordanian National Football Team For Young Women Under (17) Years, Abdullah Almkhademh, Hamzh Sallam

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The study aimed to identify the impact of the competition on the self-confidence of the Jordanian national football team for young women under (17)years, as well as the level of self-confidence depending on the variables (experience, place of residence, state of play, play center), the study sample consisted of (22) player of the women's football team, it has been used descriptive approach his image survey to collect information and data, the researchers designed a questionnaire to measure the characteristic self-confidence, which is three-pronged: (performance, loss, win), where the number of ferries (40), results were treated statistically using the arithmetic mean, …

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The Effect Of Using Puzzles And Games On Students’ Mathematical Thinking At The Faculty Of Educational Sciences And Arts (Unrwa), Mohammad Al-Absi Nov 2020

The Effect Of Using Puzzles And Games On Students’ Mathematical Thinking At The Faculty Of Educational Sciences And Arts (Unrwa), Mohammad Al-Absi

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aimed at investigating the effect of using puzzles andgames on students’ mathematical thinking at the faculty of educational sciences andarts (UNRWA),accordingto their self-efficacy, by using the qausi-experimental approach, with nonequivalent control group design. The sample of the study consisted of (79) students, registered the “basic concepts in mathematics” course, distributed totwo sections,one section chosenrandomly as an experimental group who wastaughtduring the “Number theory”unit by teachingthem throughpuzzles and games, and the other section as a control group who wastaughtusing the traditional method of instruction. Results of the study revealed that puzzles and games had a positive effect on improving …

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The Effect Of Teaching Using Suchman Investigative Model And Systematic Cognitive Comprehensive Model On The Acquisition Of Scientific Concepts And Developing Critical Thinking Skills Among Female Eighth Graders, Yazan Alsaadneh, Sinaria Abdel Jabbar Nov 2020

The Effect Of Teaching Using Suchman Investigative Model And Systematic Cognitive Comprehensive Model On The Acquisition Of Scientific Concepts And Developing Critical Thinking Skills Among Female Eighth Graders, Yazan Alsaadneh, Sinaria Abdel Jabbar

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of teaching using Suchman Investigative Model and Systematic Cognitive Comprehensive Model on the Acquisition of scientific concepts among female eighth graders. In orderto achieve the purposes of the study the researchers developeda test to acquire scientific concepts.The validity and reliability of the test were verified.The purposivesample consistedof (74) femaleeighth graders,selected fromkhadiga Bint Khuwaylid School in Maan Governorate for the Academic Year 2016/2017.Theparticipants wereassigned randomly to the two experimental groups: the first groupof the participants consisting of (37) studentswere taughtusing Suchman Investigative Model, and the second group of the participants consisting of (37) students …

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The Effect Of Using K-W-L Strategy In The Achievement Of Fifth-Grade Students In Reading And Their Attitudes Towards It's Learning In Public Schools In Nablus, Ali Habayeb, Jana Mubaslat Nov 2020

The Effect Of Using K-W-L Strategy In The Achievement Of Fifth-Grade Students In Reading And Their Attitudes Towards It's Learning In Public Schools In Nablus, Ali Habayeb, Jana Mubaslat

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The aim of this study is to explore the effect of an instructionalprogram based on K-W-L strategy in acquiring the reading skills of the fifth grade students in public schools within Nablus Governorate. Quasi experimental designwas used in the study. The sample consisted of (61) students from Yasser Arafat’s elementaryschool split into 2 groups,Experimental and control. The experimental group was taught using the K-W-L strategy,while the control group was taught using the traditional method. An instructionalprogram based on K-W-L strategy to develop the reading skills was designed to achieve the goals of this study,the researcher has carried out an achievement …

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Negotiation Straegies And Their Relationship To Decision-Making Among Secondary School Principals In Taif City, From The Viewpoint Of The Agents And Teachers, Amjad Daradkah, Shati Albqami Nov 2020

Negotiation Straegies And Their Relationship To Decision-Making Among Secondary School Principals In Taif City, From The Viewpoint Of The Agents And Teachers, Amjad Daradkah, Shati Albqami

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aimed to identify the level of practice of negotiation and relationship with strategies to take the decision to the secondary school principals in Taif, also investigated the degree of divergence of views levels of exercise strategies and decision-making processes in different variables (Job Title, specialization, and the number of years of experience). Was used descriptive method Correlative, The study sample consisted of (336) Agent and a teacher, were chosen randomly from the study population, and to collect data used a questionnaire composed of two axes first negotiating strategies, and the second decision-making, has been to ensure the veracity …

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Verifying The One-Dimensional Assumption Under Item Response Theory, Using Exploratory Factor Analysis Versus Confirmatory Factor Analysis - Comparative Study, Arwa Alhawari Nov 2020

Verifying The One-Dimensional Assumption Under Item Response Theory, Using Exploratory Factor Analysis Versus Confirmatory Factor Analysis - Comparative Study, Arwa Alhawari

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aimed to verifythe One-dimensionalAassumptionunder Item Response Theory, UsingExploratoryFactorAnalysis Versus ConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis. Comparative study. To achieve this aim, the concept of One-dimensionalassumptionwas defined, andits importance,andthe consequences resulting from its violation, were illustrated.The required conditions for One-dimensionalwere identified,and the One-dimensionalIndicatorswere explained, in addition to the definition of structural equation model and its importance,and the required conditions of confirmatory analysis. were identified too.The indicators are discussed,exploratory factor analysis versus confirmatory factoranalysiswhichthey concedefitindicators.Among the procedures of the study was to generate data andgenerating anitemswere alsogeneratingthe examinee's ability, andgeneratingdatarate(1000) were examined,test length (30)item, andAbility distribution(normal)accordingtoItem Response Theory Models (three-parameter)andanalysisofdata generateddepending on thesoftwareAMOS21and SPSS. The …

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Achievement Motivation Of Racket Coaches In Jordan, Shafe' Telfah Nov 2020

Achievement Motivation Of Racket Coaches In Jordan, Shafe' Telfah

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The study aimed at investigating level of achievement motivation among Jordanian coaches in racket sports according to personal variables (qualification, experience, Workplace, type of game, monthly income, age). Researcher used the descriptive approach. The study sample consisted of (50) male coaches of Racket Sport (tennis, table tennis, badminton, squash) with Job in Universities, Sport Federation, and Sport Clubs in Jordan. Data was collected through the use of questionnaire developed by the researcher. The questionnaire includes two parts: a personal variables, level Achievement Motivation questionnaire includes (29) items divided into five subscales (ambition and the quest for success, achievement, tendency of …

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The Relation Between Job Enrichment And Motivation Work Among Balqa Applied University Employees': Survey Study At Main Campus, Majed Al-Khayat Nov 2020

The Relation Between Job Enrichment And Motivation Work Among Balqa Applied University Employees': Survey Study At Main Campus, Majed Al-Khayat

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between job enrichmentand work motivation. In addition, to identify a difference of job enrichment and motivation work according to gender and job rank variables amongadministrative employeesat Al-Balqa Applied University Main Campus.The study sample consisted of(300) employees' which including (170) Males and (130) Females.It has been selected using a stratified random sample method. The study develops two instruments to measurejobenrichment elements and work motivation; after finding psychometric propertiesfor two scales.The finding reveals that there is a significant positive relationshipbetween job enrichment elements and intrinsicmotivation among employees. Therefore,the levels of job …

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The Degree Of Needs For The Faculties Of Arts In The Jordanian Universities Students' To Include The National Security Concepts In The Subject Of National Education, Sawsan Badrakhan, Mohammad Qattawi Nov 2020

The Degree Of Needs For The Faculties Of Arts In The Jordanian Universities Students' To Include The National Security Concepts In The Subject Of National Education, Sawsan Badrakhan, Mohammad Qattawi

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The study aimed at investigating students' views of Faculties of Arts in the Jordanian Universities Need in the Inclusion of theSubject National Educationin light of the variables of gender and the studying level in the first semester2015/2016.To achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire which included (45) items was administered and distributed to four domains: the political security, intellectual security, social security and economic security. The study sample consisted of (443) male and female students. The results of the study showed that the degree of faculties of arts students' need in the inclusion of the national securityconcept in thesubject …

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The Effect Of Using Mind Maps And Conceptual Maps On The Achievement And The Development Of Creative Thinking For Sixth Grade Students In Science In Palestine, Abdel Ghani Saifi, Abeer Abu Diak Nov 2020

The Effect Of Using Mind Maps And Conceptual Maps On The Achievement And The Development Of Creative Thinking For Sixth Grade Students In Science In Palestine, Abdel Ghani Saifi, Abeer Abu Diak

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aimed at investigating the effect of using Mind maps and Conceptual maps on theachievement and development of creative thinking for the Sixth Grade Students.The research population included all sixth grade female students in the governmental schools of Qabatya Governorate in Palestine (1143 female students). The study was conductedon asample of (70) female students, in Jaba'basic school in the Education Directorate of Qabatya. The sample consisted of two groups, an experimental group (35) students taught using Mind maps and Conceptual maps, andacontrol group (35) students taught using traditional teaching; i.e. without maps. Two tools were used in the present …

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Evaluating A Proposed Training Program To Improve The Competences Of Unrwa's Teachers In The Blended Learning In North West Bank, Jamal Marshood, Abdel-Fattah Masheikh Nov 2020

Evaluating A Proposed Training Program To Improve The Competences Of Unrwa's Teachers In The Blended Learning In North West Bank, Jamal Marshood, Abdel-Fattah Masheikh

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The aim of the present study is to evaluate a proposed training program to improve the competences of UNRWA's teachers in the blended learning in North West Bank, for this purpose the researchers usedaquasi-experimental design of two groups with pre-test and post-test. The study population consists of all teachers from Nablus educational area at UNRWA schools; the randomsample consisted of (44) male and female teachers, (24) teachers were an experimental group experienced training program, (20) teachers were control group did not expose to the proposed training program.The researchers designed a practical test and classroomvisitform in order to assess the impact …

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The Extent Of The Application Of Referees In The Jordanian Union Football To Life Skills From The Standpoint Of Professional Referees, Ahmed Batayneh, Mohammad Maqableh Nov 2020

The Extent Of The Application Of Referees In The Jordanian Union Football To Life Skills From The Standpoint Of Professional Referees, Ahmed Batayneh, Mohammad Maqableh

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The study aimed to identify the extent of the application of referees in the jordanian union football to life skills from the standpoint of professional referees, as well as to identify the differences in views regarding the application of life skills depending on the variable (age, educational qualification), and researchers used the descriptive method and sample consisted of (35) referee of professional football and registered for the sports season (2014 - 2013), was selected purposively, where they answer a questionnaire study consisted of (33) items distributed on five areas (decision-making, problem-solving, communication, leadership spirit, self-esteem), the results of the study …

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Exploring The Factors Contributing To Grades’ Inflation In Jordanian Universities: Faculty – Oriented View Point, Maen Jaradat, Hassan Alomari Nov 2020

Exploring The Factors Contributing To Grades’ Inflation In Jordanian Universities: Faculty – Oriented View Point, Maen Jaradat, Hassan Alomari

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aimed to exploring the factors contributing grades’inflation in jordanian universities: Faculty - Oriented ViewPoint،The study sample consisted of (300) faculty member selected as stratified random sample from four public and private universities، the study followed the descriptive analytical approach and build a questionnaire for grades inflation factors. Results detected three factors that contribute to grades inflation and its relationship with some variables: the factor (the role of members in grades inflation) has get first place، followed by a factor (the diversity and abundance of options available to the student)،and finally came (university policies)، all values achieved (medium) value. …

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The Assessment Of Social Studies Textbooks Of The Fourth, Fifth And Sixth Grades In Jordan According To Life, Social And Environmental Skills, Eed Al Sobhieen, Reham Al Mohtadi, Ahmad Al Hebyry Nov 2020

The Assessment Of Social Studies Textbooks Of The Fourth, Fifth And Sixth Grades In Jordan According To Life, Social And Environmental Skills, Eed Al Sobhieen, Reham Al Mohtadi, Ahmad Al Hebyry

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

This study aimed at preparing a list of life, social and environmental skills Social Studies textbooks of the fourth, fifth and sixth grades in Jordan. The study also aimed to exploring the skills included in Social Studies textbooks. The researchers have used the descriptive and analytical approach since it is consistent with the objectives of the study. To achieve the goals the study used the list of social and environmental skills, where the researchers analyzed the content of Social Studies textbooks of the fourth, fifth and sixth grades. The data of the study consisted of (2) areas and (27) items …

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The Effect Of Using The Reciprocal Style On Some Life Skills Of First Year Students At Al-Jouf University, Hassan Sotary Nov 2020

The Effect Of Using The Reciprocal Style On Some Life Skills Of First Year Students At Al-Jouf University, Hassan Sotary

An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)

The aim of this study is to identify the effect of using the Command & Reciprocal style on learning some life skills of first year students at Al-Jouf University. The sample consisted of 40 students who were divided into two groups of 20 students each; one for the command style and one for the reciprocal style. An educational program has been used to teach the life skills. The program consisted of eight educational units for each teaching style. A lecture per week for each learning style. The researcher used the mean, percentages, standard deviation, and the t-test. The results showed …

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