Digital Commons Network^™

Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Biological And Computational Study For Some Metal Ions Complexes With Schiff - Mannich Base Ligand Derived From 1,3,4-Thiadiazole, Israa Rasheed Ghadhban, Shaymaa R. Baqer

Baghdad Science Journal

A new Schiff–Mannich base ligand derived from 1,3,4-thiadiazole was synthesized via the reaction of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole with sulfabenzamide and indoline in the presence of formaldehyde, yielding N–(4-((5-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylideneamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio)methylamino) phenyl thiolperoxy) benzamide (L). Six multivalent metal complexes were subsequently prepared with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Pd(II), Pt(IV), and Au(III) ions. The ligand and its complexes were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR, UV-Vis, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR, while magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements were performed for the complexes. Infrared analysis revealed tetradentate coordination of the ligand to all metals, with octahedral geometries for most complexes and square planar geometries for …

A Waste-To-Fuel Approach: Utilizing Parkia Speciosa Peel Extract For Green Synthesis Of Zno Nanocatalyst, Nurul Zannah Siregar, Vivi Sisca, Isalmi Aziz, Wulandari Wulandari, Dicky Annas

Baghdad Science Journal

Biodiesel can be made by a transesterification reaction using a ZnO catalyst. This research aims to synthesize and characterize the ZnO catalyst and test its activity in producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil. ZnO was synthesized by the one-pot phytosynthesis method by adding petai peel (Parkia speciosa Hassk). ZnO catalyst size 42.9 nm. The resulting surface area and pore size are 7.629 m²/g and 1.693 nm, respectively. The particle size and constituent components of the ZnO catalyst are 93.21 nm with 82.3% (Zn) and 17.7% (O). FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of metal-oxide stretching at wave number 511 …

Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking, And Anticancer Activity Of Triazole-Derived Trinuclear Metal Complexes (Tat3), Eman M. Ramadthan, Khansaa Shakir Al-Nama, Ammar H. Al-Sabawi

Baghdad Science Journal

A novel series of trinuclear coordination complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) was synthesized using a triazole-based ligand, namely 4-amino-5-((bis((4-amino-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4H)-thione, (TAT3) in an alcoholic medium. The obtained complexes were investigated using a comprehensive set of physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques, including CHNS elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H and ¹³C-NMR), mass spectrometry, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and molar conductivity. Structural and surface morphology assessments were further carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The spectroscopic and analytical data confirmed that …

Study The Density Dependence Of Nuclear Matter Properties In Some Magnesium Isotopes, Huda Abdul Jabbar Hussein, Wasan Z. Majeed

Baghdad Science Journal

In this study, the symmetry energy, neutron pressure, and incompressibility modulus for the magnesium isotope ^20–35Mg are investigated using the Coherent Density Fluctuation Model (CDFM). In order to make the transition from infinite nuclear matter properties to finite nuclei, the weight functions |f(x)|² are calculated. The results showed a nonlinear relationship between the symmetry energy and the thickness of the neutron skin (ΔR_n), where ΔR_n initially increases as the symmetry energy rises, reaching a maximum, and then gradually drops with further increases in symmetry energy. Furthermore, the incompressibility coefficient and neutron pressure demonstrated irregular trends, …

Use Of Single Particle Level From Experimental Data To Find Level Density Pre-Equilibrium Region Of Nuclear Reactions Reaction, Tibba Hassan Madhi, Ali Dawoud Salloum

Baghdad Science Journal

In this study the new formula of the single particle levels was obtained using the experimental data of the level density parameter and this new formula was substituted into the four formulae of partial level density corrected for pairing these formulae are the first method, the second method (improved pairing), the third method (exact Pauli correction) and finally the fourth method or back shift energy, where the study was conducted for ⁵⁶Fe isotope. The results of each formula were compared with the results of the same formula when the single-particle levels were used from the equidistant spacing model where …

Investigation Of Radiation And Heavy Metal Hazards In Nutritional Supplements For Athletes, Sarah Amir Abdalabass, Ahmed Fadhil Mkhaiber

Baghdad Science Journal

Nutritional supplements are widely consumed worldwide. This study assesses uranium isotopes and radon concentrations in nutritional supplements using CR-39 detectors to evaluate potential radiological health risks. In addition, the concentrations of selected heavy metals were quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), The results indicated that the activity concentrations of uranium isotopes (U²³⁸, U²³⁵, and U²³⁴) were (6.07 ± 0.5 Bq/kg), (0.2 ± 0.02 Bq/kg), and (6.2 Bq/kg), respectively. The average total annual effective dose (AED) and the risk of excess fatal cancer per million population (RECFPMP) were (0.0006 ± 0.00005 mSv/y) and (2.2 ± …

A Spectral Approach To Join Based Operations On Graphs, S. Sripriya, A. Anuradha

Baghdad Science Journal

The success of Spectral Graph Theory is due to its immense applications in several fields of science and technology. The parameter `graph energy' plays a significant role in the Hückel Molecular Orbital Theory, where it is used to approximate the total π -electron energy of conjugated hydrocarbons. Several modified versions of the energy parameter have been defined by many researchers depending on the context. This study explores the spectral characteristics and energy distributions associated with selected graph operations derived from the first Zagreb, second Zagreb, and sum-connectivity matrices. When the adjacency matrix provides information only on the existence of a …

Reducing Unreliability Of Complex Systems By Numerical Optimization: A Hybrid Approach, Fouad Hamza Abd Alsharify, Ahmed Hasan Alridha, Zahir Al-Khafaji

Baghdad Science Journal

This paper investigates the effectiveness of numerical optimization techniques in enhancing the reliability of complex systems. The main objective of the study is to reduce the unreliability of complex systems by narrowing the range of component unreliability, thereby reducing the probability of system failure and achieving stability and robustness in the reliability of complex systems. The technique for this task involves formulating the problem as a multi-objective numerical optimization problem under specified constraints using Particle Swarm Optimization and Simulated Annealing algorithms, as well as a hybrid approach combining the two algorithms. The multi-objective optimization techniques were applied to a more …

A New Numerical Approach For Solving Caputo-Fabrizio Fractional Differential Equations, Manoj Kumar

Baghdad Science Journal

In this paper, we present a novel numerical scheme for solving fractional-order differential equations of the form ^CFD_t^η ψ ( t ) = f( t,ψ ( t ) ),ψ ( 0 ) = ψ ₀,0 < η < 1,t∈[ 0,T ], where ^CFD_t^η denotes the Caputo-Fabrizio derivative operator. Further, we establish the stability and error analysis of the proposed scheme. We also extend this scheme for solving systems of fractional differential equations. Furthermore, we perform the several numerical simulations and present the results graphically. The obtained solutions are compared with those achieved through the well-known methods such as fractional Adams-Bashforth method and a new predictor-corrector method. It has been observed that the proposed method offers greater accuracy than these established methods. Hence, the proposed scheme can be utilized for the simulations of various fractional order differential equations, when the derivatives are considered in the Caputo-Fabrizio sense.

Optimized Fast-Learning Network Model With Smote For University Network Intrusion Detection Systems, Robert Wamusi, Guma Ali, Taban Habibu

Baghdad Science Journal

Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) tend to have a high false positive detection rate, are time-consuming to train, and lack the flexibility to react quickly to changing cyber threats, such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks and phishing. Such restrictions decrease the responsiveness and reliability of the IDS services implemented in the university network, both wired and wireless, at the Uganda Christian University (UCU), where network and traffic analysis have become a necessity. This study analyzes the current threat environment of networking at UCU in terms of the type, origin, and target of various attacks to identify gaps in …

Detecting Http Flood Attacks Using 2d Array Summation, Kamal Alieyan, Belal Sudqi Khater, Ayman Ghaben, Mamoun Abu Helou, Waheeb Abu-Ulbeh, Hani Iwidat

Baghdad Science Journal

One of the popular ways of attaching networks and servers is by adopting DDoS (Distributed denial of service). The preferred sector of hacking targeted are online services and networked area with high traffic. Although innovative and modern methods have been developed to mitigate these threats, there is still a need for more effective techniques to detect DDoS HTTP flooding attacks. This paper aims to address this gap by proposing an advanced mathematical approach capable of efficiently handling, processing, and detecting DDoS HTTP flooding attacks. The paper introduces a unique method based on the summation of rows and columns in a …

State Estimation In Indoor Lifi Using Markov Chains: Polar Angle Prediction And Performance Analysis, Mohanad Sarem Almothfar, Alyaa Abdulhussein Al-Joda, Hawraa H. Abbas

Baghdad Science Journal

The reliability of Light-Fidelity (LiFi)-based indoor connectivity depends directly on the device orientation and the non-isotropic nature of the optical wireless communication (OWC) channel. In an actual indoor OWC system, the link quality varies significantly with the receiving orientation of the user equipment (UE). During deep-learning-based tracking, this variability imposes considerable computational overhead on resource-constrained IoT microcontrollers when estimating the user's position and orientation. To solve this problem, we employed a discrete Markov Chain estimator to calculate transition probabilities over 3 × 3 m and 5 × 5 m grids. The simulation and experimental results show that the higher the …

Strength Training And Body Image Among Middle-Aged Women In Malaysia: A Narrative Review Using The Health Belief Model, Jasveen K.G. Singh, Nisha Nambiar

Journal of Health Research

Background: Middle-aged women (aged 40-60) in Malaysia face health concerns due to psychological changes, sociocultural impacts, and hormonal shifts as they age. This study aimed to uncover which aspects of strength training programs enable middle-aged women to better manage their health concerns in Malaysia.

Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we utilized the health belief model (HBM) framework to understand how training programs affect the health of middle-aged women worldwide. We focused on women in Malaysia and the unique cultural barriers they experience. Sources were selected from 2010 to 2025.

Results: We selected 22 studies within Malaysia to highlight the impacts …

Borderline Personality Disorder (Bpd) And Witness Memory: A Beginner’S Guide For Criminal Justice, Forensic Mental Health, And Legal Professionals, Jerrod Brown Ph.D., M.A., M.S., M.S., M.S.

Forensic Scholars Today

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with emotional instability, impulsivity, interpersonal difficulties, identity disturbance, and stress-related dissociative symptoms that may influence cognitive functioning. Research suggests that BPD may contribute to difficulties with attention, executive functioning, and memory, particularly during periods of emotional distress. These issues, combined with common co-occurring conditions such as trauma exposure, substance use disorders, and sleep disturbances, may affect the encoding, storage, retrieval, and recall of information. This article examines current literature on BPD and discusses how symptoms and associated factors could influence witness memory in forensic and legal settings. Because findings remain mixed, the presence of …

“It’S Its Own Toxic”: Occupational Opportunities And Barriers For Lgbq+ Collegiate Athletic Administrators, Colleen S. O'Connell, Michelle E. Moosbrugger, Jill Kochanek, Elizabeth M. Mullin

Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics

Athletic administrators hold positions of influence within intercollegiate sport, yet their experiences, especially in relation to sexual identity, remain underexamined. The purpose of this study was to explore the occupational experiences and environments of LGBQ+ intercollegiate athletic administrators using a narrative inquiry qualitative design. Sixteen administrators, who occupied various positions across all NCAA levels, were interviewed. Guided by Sexual Stigma and Prejudice Theory and Poststructuralism Theory, collected data were analyzed at the semantic and latent levels using reflexive thematic analysis. Two distinct themes were generated: LGBQ+ administrators described both positive and negative aspects of their workplaces. Inclusive environments were committed …

Boundary Crossings: Charles Williams And Bruce Cockburn As Grim Traveling Companions, John Mabry

Mythcon

This paper explores the deep influence of Charles Williams on the lyrics of singer-songwriter Bruce Cockburn, one of the few Christian rock musicians to enjoy mainstream success. Both artists suffer “outsider” status in Christian culture because they regularly cross the boundaries of what is considered “acceptable” Christianity, both in terms of their personal lives and their theologies. Yet their work profoundly depicts crossings between the mundane and spiritual worlds, to the point of denying such boundaries exist at all. In his doctrine of co-inherence, Williams denies ontological separateness, a theme echoed repeatedly in Cockburn’s lyrics. This is more than just …

Behavioral Analysis Of Cryptoprocta Ferox At The Central Florida Zoo And Botanical Gardens, Rita R. Albert

The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal

The fossa, Cryptoprocta ferox, is the largest carnivorous mammal endemic to the island of Madagascar. C. ferox is currently listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN Red List (2015) due to deforestation. Most fossas are now located in zoos for breeding and repopulation purposes, but research on captive mating has been limited due to the low numbers of successful breeding attempts in captivity. The Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens is home to two fossas, one male and one newly introduced female. This study notes behavioral changes in captive mating fossas, with a focus on the male fossa …

Healthcare Or Gold? Comparative Safe-Haven Dynamics During The Covid-19 Market Crisis, Stephen Omoya

Critical Letters in Economics & Finance

This paper examines whether the US healthcare sector serves as a reliable defensive equity investment during periods of severe macroeconomic stress. Grounded in the Flight-to-Safety market phenomenon. The study investigates how extreme market uncertainty prompts capital reallocation into safer assets. Using daily data from LSEG Workspace for the Vanguard Health Care ETF (VHT), Gold, and the S&P 500, the research analyses a 25-month window from March 31, 2020, to May 31, 2022, yielding 567 observations. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) was implemented to measure short-term market risk (β), while the Engle-Granger methodology tested for a long-run relationship between VHT …

"We Can't Shut The Classroom Door": Crossing Borderlands Of Practice In The Writing Methods Course, Vanessa C. Sullivan

Teaching/Writing: The Journal of Writing Teacher Education

This article shares the findings of a qualitative study that engaged ten writing teacher educators from across the United States in interviews, curriculum submission, and a mapping practice to explore the ways that they perceive and enact the teaching of the writing methods course within dynamic and complex settings. Using a conceptual framework of borderlands of practice to gain insight into the discourses and value systems that surround the course, findings revealed the overlapping domains that impact the preparation of teachers in the field of writing, the key values that guide the way that participants approach their teaching, and the …

“Ummm I Don’T Know If I Took A Writing Methods Course”: Learning From In-Service Teachers Revisiting The Methods Course, Christina Saidy, Isabelle Alize Meza, Talia Baca

Teaching/Writing: The Journal of Writing Teacher Education

In this article two teachers and their writing methods professor explore the challenges of the traditional methods course. In sharing the teachers’ experiences of retaking the methods course, they argue for the need to consider ways that practicing teachers can revisit the methods course to develop sustainable practices for the teaching of writing in secondary schools.

What Are You Writing? The Hopes And Hurdles Of Transitioning From Writing Methods To Teaching Writing, Rebekah Buchanan, Darrin G. Ross

Teaching/Writing: The Journal of Writing Teacher Education

This co-authored piece examines how the writing methods course impacts teaching and thinking about writing through the lenses of a writing methods professor and a former student/current teacher. In writing and thinking together we found that a mutual grounding in liberatory education, using writing as a tool for social action and critical thinking, and teaching writing as a political act we see how the writing methods course and the relationships built through writing create a basis for future decision making and inspiration in the high school classroom.

From Prompts To Invitations: Rethinking The Genre Of The Writing Assignment Sheet, Amber Jensen, Annika Peacock

Teaching/Writing: The Journal of Writing Teacher Education

In this article, a university-based teacher educator and a first-year middle school ELA teacher examine how their experiences in the writing methods course (as teacher and student) unsettled and expanded their thinking about assignment sheets and about themselves as teacher-writers. The course prompted questions about how ELA teachers might craft assignments that modeled rhetorically-relevant writing while also eliciting rhetorically-relevant writing from student-writers. The authors describe the genre inquiry they conducted that led to developing a heuristic for writing prompts as invitations that they have used to guide their own assignment sheet creation. Finally, they reflect briefly on how reframing this …

A Hybrid Deep Learning Model Combining Cnn And Extreme Learning Machine For Cyberattack Classification, Israa S. Kamil

Journal of Intelligent Informatics, Networking, and Cybersecurity

As ransomware attacks and zero-day exploits grow sophisticated, the need for intelligent, accurate systems to detect such threats becomes clearer. In this paper, a hybrid learning model based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is presented to improve multiclass classification performance for cybersecurity applications. The framework combines CNNs' hierarchical feature learning with ELMs' fast classification. An attention mechanism that assigns weights to each feature based on importance is included in the final model. The hybrid model performed well on the metrics: precision = 0.97, recall = 0.98, and F1- score = 0.97, and, as expected from …

Towards Intelligent Iot-Ndn Security: Ai-Driven Pit Attack Detection And Cache Attack Analysis, Sura Haidar Ali, Alaa Shawqi Jaber

Journal of Intelligent Informatics, Networking, and Cybersecurity

Beginning with Named Data Networking (NDN), an early form of information-centric networks, the paradigm of how data is transmitted over a network was changed through the use of ``content-based'' communication instead of ``host-based'', while creating native caching at intermediate points along the path to each destination, and improving upon the security of all previous paradigms. NDN contains many inherent benefits such as caching, security, etc., but like any other paradigm, NDN creates new types of vulnerabilities, particularly within some of the key elements of this paradigm; namely the Content Store (CS), Pending Interest Table (PIT), and the Forwarding Information Base …

A Multidimensional Conceptual Framework For Supportive Outdoor Environments In Healthcare Settings, Mona Ali, Dalia A. Beheiry, Rowaida Kamel, Hammam Serageldin

HBRC Journal

The integration of supportive outdoor environments (SOEs) in healthcare settings has gained increasing attention for their potential to enhance patient recovery, support staff well-being, and contribute to holistic therapeutic outcomes. This scoping review examines design recommendations for inclusive outdoor environments in healthcare settings that impact user health and experience. Guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework for scoping reviews, a comprehensive search was conducted across five databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Sage), yielding 697 records. Following screening and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 articles were selected for analysis. This scoping review identified consistent evidence linking outdoor …

The Caldwell High‑Viability Open‑Hardware Portfolio (2026 Edition) A Field‑Indexed Directory Of Reinforced, Builder‑Ready, And Research‑Ready Systems Across Water, Wildfire, Fuel, Materials, Medical Research, Space, Agriculture, Energy, And Environmental Telemetry, Michael Victor Caldwell Mr.

Defensive Publications Series

This disclosure presents the highest‑viability Caldwell open‑hardware systems published to date — including all reinforced editions, builder‑ready architectures, and research‑ready platforms across multiple engineering domains. Only systems with strong structural feasibility, realistic physics, modular integration, and clear deployment pathways are included. Conceptual‑tagged disclosures appear only when the underlying architecture is viable, research‑ready, or part of a reinforced stack.

This directory is designed to help researchers, engineers, institutions, and humanitarian organizations quickly locate inventions by field, use‑case, and problem domain, ensuring fast navigation across the full Caldwell ecosystem.

All systems are open‑hardware, no patents, no secrets, and builder‑ready or research‑ready.

Natural Language Evaluation And Instantiation Controls For Search Targeting, Google Case Managers Picozzi, Julia Maria Lennerz, Federico Giannoni, Desislava Mariova Tsvetkova, William Stephen Van Der Kamp, Wenjun Lu, Marcin Grzegorz Szubert, Oliver Albert Kiderle

Defensive Publications Series

Syntactic query targeting exclusions are often imprecise. Extensive manual management of syntactic string variations is required. Consequently, relevant search queries are frequently over-filtered, and complex semantic variations are missed. Natural language matching guidelines are utilized to dynamically control search query targeting. Synthetic training data is generated by a large language model. This synthetic data includes simulated guidelines and labeled search queries. The generated data is utilized to train a low-latency serving model. Incoming search queries and contextual signals are converted into vector representations during online serving. The semantic intent of the incoming queries is evaluated against an internal representation of …

Optimizing Shopping Search Using Artificial Intelligence By Separating And Recombining Search Terms, Lois Wolf

Defensive Publications Series

An electronic search system and method process multi-dimensional shopping queries by executing a real-time union of multi-aspect parameters across multiple web domains. The system receives a user query specifying a product and multiple desired characteristics. Rather than relying on a static, pre-existing search index or database, a backend processing pipeline takes live uniform resource locators (URLs) generated from a primary parallel search. The system dynamically navigates to these specific product pages in real-time to extract and analyze unindexed user review data on the fly. By performing semantic keyword analysis across disparate vendor sites, the backend skill evaluates the intersection of …

Simulating Physical Touch In Mixed Reality Through Visual Skin Deformation And Color Changes, Ashish Singh, Ahmet Cengiz Öztireli

Defensive Publications Series

In Mixed Reality (MR) environments, interacting with virtual objects using bare hands often breaks the immersive illusion because the user’s hands can pass through virtual objects without visual consequence. This effect disrupts the user’s sense of realism and makes it difficult to perform precise interactions. Without haptic feedback or visual cues, it is difficult to accurately grasp or press virtual objects. Existing solutions rely on cumbersome hardware like haptic gloves or apply virtual shadows that offer only depth cues without conveying physical resistance. This disclosure describes a software to configure an MR system to visually simulate physical contact between the …

High Dynamic Range Image Generation For Extended Reality Headsets Using Differential Camera Exposure, Alexander Graehl Williams

Defensive Publications Series

Image capture devices typically exhibit a limited dynamic range relative to natural human vision, frequently resulting in overexposed highlights or underexposed shadows. This limitation can present visual challenges in head-mounted wearable displays where captured video feeds replace natural human vision. A method for generating high dynamic range imagery is described. A first camera associated with a first eye may be configured with an elevated exposure setting to capture shadow details. A second camera associated with a second eye may be configured with a reduced exposure setting to capture highlight details. Overlapping central regions of the captured image streams are merged …