Digital Commons Network^™

A Novel Approach To Increase Accuracy In Remotely Sensed Evapotranspiration Through Basin Water Balance And Flux Tower Constraints, Kul Khand, Gabriel B. Senay, Mackenzie Friedrichs, Koong Yi, Joshua B. Fisher, Lixin Wang, Kosana Suvočarev, Arman Ahmadi, Housen Chu, Stephen Good, Kanishka Mallick, Justine Missik, Jacob A. Nelson, David E. Reed, Tianxin Wang, Xiangming Xiao

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Remote sensing-derived evapotranspiration (RSET) products capture the spatiotemporal variations of evapotranspiration (ET) from field to basin scales with unprecedented details. However, their accuracy varies across RSET estimation methods and diverse hydroclimate regions. While ET modeling efforts to account for biophysical processes and controlling parameters have made good progress in recent years, a parallel approach of integrating in-situ ET with RSET could reduce biases in RSET products. Basin water balance ET (WBET) and flux tower ET are widely applied to evaluate RSET accuracy, yet such ET measurements are rarely used for RSET bias corrections, especially for large area applications. To address …

Emergent Collective Reproduction Via Evolving Neuronal Flocks, Nam H. Le, Michael Levin, Richard A. Watson, Josh Bongard, Christopher L. Buckley

Northeast Journal of Complex Systems (NEJCS)

This study advances the understanding of evolutionary transitions in individuality (ETIs) through a novel artificial life framework, VitaNova, which integrates self-organization and natural selection to simulate the emergence of complex, reproductive groups. By dynamically modeling individual agents within an environment shaped by predators and spatial constraints, VitaNova reveals mechanisms by which simple agents evolve into cohesive units exhibiting collective reproduction. The findings highlight the synergy between self-organized behaviors and adaptive evolutionary strategies as fundamental drivers of ETIs. This approach deepens our understanding of higher-order biological individuality and offers a new empirical pathway for investigating ETIs, extending current theoretical frameworks.

Exact Solutions Of M-Fractional Complex Ginzburg-Landau Equation Via Two Analytical Methods, Nematollah Kadkhoda, Mojtaba Baymani, Maad M. Mijwil, Mostafa Abotaleb

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

This article investigates the M-fractional complex Ginzburg-Landau (CGL) equationby utilizing the modified simplest equation method and the modified G'G-expansion method. The CGL holds significant importance in the realm of oscillatory phenomena and optical fibers. By implementing a fractional complex transformation, the M-fractional CGL equation is transformed into an ordinary differential equation (ODE).By employing these methodologies, bright periodic solutions, periodic solutions, and dark wave solutions relevant to phenomena witnessed in nonlinear optics or plasma environments are ascertained.It is demonstrated that these methods are very powerful and efficient to solve many fractional differential equations.

Reason for Expression of Concern: …

From Industrial Automation To Intelligent Automation: The Impact Of Iiot On Process Control - A Review?, Ali S. Allahloh, Mohammad Sarfraz, Duraid Y. Mohammed, Nadeen Khaleel Ibrahim, Hayder Hussein Thary

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is reshaping process control, turning torrents of plant data into near-instant insight. Field evidence already shows unplanned-downtime cuts of 55%, maintenance-budget savings of 40%, and gains in overall-equipment-effectiveness of roughly 15%; nevertheless, fewer than 30% of facilities have pushed beyond pilot scale to full, always-on predictive maintenance. To clarify why, this review screens 312 Scopus records published between 2010 and 2023, then subjects 62 peer-reviewed studies and a broad set of industry reports to deep content analysis, bibliometric mapping, and thematic clustering.The results reveal four tightly connected research fronts—IIoT/Industry 4.0 core technologies, classical process-control …

Reliability-Based Design Optimization Using Differential-Algebraic Equations, Saad Abbas Abed, Mona Ghassan, Shaimaa Qais Latef, Hind S. Hassan

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) determines optimal design parameters by incorporating reliability constraints. This paper presents a RBDO approach using differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) for modeling and constraints. DAEs provide an accurate representation of dynamic engineering systems with coupled differential and algebraic equations. However, the nonlinearity and implicit nature of DAEs pose challenges for uncertainty propagation and optimization. This study proposes an efficient RBDO methodology based on stochastic collocation to quantify uncertainty in DAEs. The DAEs are transformed into an explicit ODE system to enable direct uncertainty analysis via sampling. Optimization under reliability constraints is achieved using a sequential approximate programming strategy. …

Challenges And Constraints In Trajectory Planning For Autonomous Robots, Jawad Abdouni, Tarik Jarou, Toufik Mzili, Abderrahim Waga, Karima Bensassi

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

Autonomous mobile robots have revolutionized navigation by operating without human intervention, leveraging advanced data acquisition systems such as cameras, radar, and LIDAR, along with sophisticated planning, localization, and control algorithms. A critical challenge in this domain is path planning: determining optimal trajectories to ensure safe and efficient travel in diverse environments. This paper addresses the need to systematically evaluate trajectory-planning algorithms, whose selection directly impacts navigation performance. We present a comprehensive analysis of various classes of path-planning methods, detailing their advantages, limitations, and application contexts. By comparing these algorithms, we identify key criteria for selecting the most suitable approach for …

Efficacy And Rationale Of Differentiated Racecadotril Doses Combined With Bifidobacterium Triple Viable In Managing Pediatric Persistent Diarrhea: A Comprehensive Analysis, Yanrong Liu, Li Ma, Dian Jin, Jingli Peng, Han Wei, Xueyun Zhang, Yajing Wu

Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Objective: Pediatric persistent diarrhea poses a severe burden on children's health. This study investigates the efficacy and fundamental mechanisms of varying doses of racecadotril in combination with bifidobacterium triple viable for treating this condition in children. Methods: Employing a randomized controlled trial design, participants diagnosed with pediatric persistent diarrhea were randomly allocated to a high-dose group (observation) and a low-dose group (control), both treated with racecadotril combined with bifidobacterium triple viable. During treatment, clinical parameters were meticulously recorded and analyzed. ELISA techniques were utilized to quantify alterations in immune, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in serum. Quantitative culture methods for …

Lncrna Mzf1 Antisense Rna 1 Promotes Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia In Children Via Mir-16-5p, Qin Wang, Bing Han, Yanan Ji, Cuicui Zhang, Lianying Ruan, Hengrui Hao

Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Objective: To determine the expression, as well as the underlying mechanism, of lncRNA MZF1 antisense RNA 1 (MZF1-AS1) in Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Methods: GSE179051 was analyzed for differentially expressed lncRNAs in MP infection. The levels of MZF1-AS1 were determined by quantitative Real-time PCR in children with MPP and healthy subjects. The diagnostic value of MZF1-AS1 was assessed using ROC curves. The effects of MZF1-AS1 knockdown on A549, human primary alveolar macrophages (hpAM) and human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell function were assessed. The downstream miRNA for MZF1-AS1 was predicted and validated. Results: MZF1-AS1 was a differentially expressed lncRNA in …

Management Of Febrile Infants Under 3 Months Of Age With Sars-Cov-2 Infection In The Emergency Department, Patricia Diego, Aina Seguí, Victoria Trenchs, Carles Luaces, Susanna Hernández-Bou

Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Objective: Febrile infants with a proven viral infection are at lower risk for a potentially serious bacterial infection (SBI). Our objective is to describe the management of young febrile infants with COVID-19 in the emergency department. Methods: Febrile infants (polymerase chain reaction) test for SARS-CoV-2 between March 2020 and October 2022 were included in a cross-sectional study. The indication for complementary tests, hospital admission and antibiotic therapy was analyzed. We performed a global analysis and by age subgroups (≥29 d). Results: A total of 172 patients were included in the study, out of which 32 (18.6%) were (93%), with urine …

Comparison Of Ischemia-Modified Albumin Levels In Children With Pneumonia And Bronchiolitis, Elife Capan Gun, Feyza Husrevoğlu Esen, Yakup Cag, Yasemin Akın

Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Objectives: Bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia are important causes of hospitalization in children. Many biomarkers are used in monitoring the clinical course of these diseases, grading severity, and making hospitalization decisions. This study is therefore intended to evaluate the role of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) level in the differential diagnosis of pneumonia and bronchiolitis and to compare it with other biomarkers used in the diagnosis. Methods: Thirty patients with pneumonia and thirty patients with bronchiolitis were included in our study. Patients were diagnosed based on history, physical examination, posteroanterior chest radiography, as well as serum C-reactive protein (CRP), sedimentation, procalcitonin (PCT), hemogram, and …

Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio In Neonates: A Predictor Of Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis, Thi Thanh Binh Nguyen, Khanh Linh Tong, Hoang Mai Linh

Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Objective: Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) is a common cause of mortality in the neonatal period. The purpose of the study was to determine the value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the early diagnosis of EOS. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study. A total of 102 newborns with early-onset infection (EOI) were enrolled within the first 72 hours of life in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary referral hospital, the largest pediatric center in central Vietnam. Results: Among 102 newborns, 32 were identified as having EOS, while the remaining 70 were classified as EOI. The median NLR …

Soft-Polymeric Contact Lenses Brands Evaluation According To User Preferences, Lina M. Shaker, Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak

AUIQ Technical Engineering Science

The development of soft-polymeric contact lenses (SPCLs) has significantly enhanced vision correction by integrating advanced polymeric materials with optimized optical properties. This study examines the impact of refractive index (RI), oxygen permeability (Dk/t), and water content (EWC%) on visual quality and ocular health, correlating material properties with user-reported experiences. A survey of 5,585 medical SPCL users revealed that 31% experienced ocular fatigue and redness, often linked to optical aberrations and replacement frequency. Notably, commercially available SPCLs exhibit RI values ranging from 1.37 to 1.43, deviating from the natural ocular tissue RI (∼1.33), which contributes to light distortions and reduced visual …

Internet Of Things In Sustainable Agriculture Systems, Ataguba E. Hillary, Ayodeji A. Okubanjo, Nurudeen. S. Lawal, Abisola A. Olayiwola

AUIQ Technical Engineering Science

The agriculture industry has evolved toward intelligent, data-driven processes due to the growing need for food worldwide, environmental sustainability, and effective resource use. A thorough analysis of smart agriculture as a game-changing element of the industry 4.0 revolution is provided in this study, with a focus on the incorporation of Internet of Things (IoT)-based technologies for sustainable farming. To optimize agricultural processes including irrigation, crop health monitoring, climate and weather tracking, animal management, and disease detection, it investigates the functions and uses of smart sensors and IoT devices. The study demonstrates how smart agriculture may meet important issues like food …

Enhancing Energy Yield In Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines Via Optimized Tip Speed Ratio And Intelligent Power Regulation Techniques, Latif Ibraheem, Lan Liu, Mustafa M. Hathal, Raphaël Hervouet-Baranger, Yuxuan Lin, Yutian Zhang, Julien Foubert

Terra Joule Journal

Harnessing wind energy efficiently is crucial for advancing renewable energy solutions and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The current study explores performance enhancement techniques for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) by optimizing the Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) and integrating intelligent Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control strategies. Through theoretical analysis and Simulink-based simulations, the investigation assesses the influence of key operational parameters such as blade radius, wind velocity, and dynamic power regulation methods on overall turbine performance. Findings indicate that maintaining an optimal TSR is essential for maximizing aerodynamic efficiency, as deviations lead to substantial power losses. While increasing blade …

Internet Of Things For Sustainable Transportation Systems, Ayodeji Akinsoji Okubanjo, Ignatius Kema Okakwu, Oluyinka Esther Olaifa, Matthew Babatunde Olajide, Olufemi Peter Alao, Olayiwola Abisola

Al-Mustaqbal Journal of Sustainability in Engineering Sciences

This paper highlights the opportunities for the Internet of Things in the transportation industry. The need for the Internet of Things and its architecture to address various complex challenges in the transportation sector are discussed. Various smart applications of the Internet of Things and its noticeable benefits over the existing technology are well articulated. In addition, the role of new and emerging technology such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data, cloud, data storage, and analysis for future sustainable transportation are highlighted with specific cases. Furthermore, smart areas of the Internet of Things in transportation are pictorially discussed. In addition, …

Pollution And Biodiversity Loss: A Comprehensive Review Of Impacts And Mechanisms, Great Iruoghene Edo, Agatha Ngukuran Jikah, Patrick Othuke Akpoghelie, Joseph Oghenewogaga Owheruo, Endurance Fegor Isoje, Ufuoma Augustina Igbuku, Arthur Efeoghene Athan Essaghah

Al-Mustaqbal Journal of Sustainability in Engineering Sciences

Biodiversity plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and providing essential ecosystem services. However, human activities, including pollution and overexploitation, have led to significant biodiversity loss. Pollution has particularly emerged as a major threat to biodiversity, impacting various species and ecosystems worldwide. This article synthesizes evidence on pollution-driven biodiversity loss, emphasizing industrial, agricultural, and urban sources. We discuss cascading ecosystem impacts and propose mitigation strategies to inform policy making. Overall, the article highlights the importance of addressing the impact of pollution on biodiversity to ensure the preservation of our planet's ecology and the sustainability of our natural resources.

Biosynthesis Of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts: Mechanisms, Advances, And Sustainable Applications, Alice Njolke Mafe, Great Iruoghene Edo, Patrick Othuke Akpoghelie, Endurance Fegor Isoje, Ufuoma Augustina Igbuku, Joseph Oghenewogaga Owheruo, Arthur Efeoghene Athan Essaghah

Al-Mustaqbal Journal of Sustainability in Engineering Sciences

Growing concerns over the environmental and health impacts of conventional nanoparticle synthesis have driven a shift toward green, plant-based methods. This review highlights the biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts as a sustainable, economical and non-toxic alternative. Plant-derived phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids serve dual roles as natural reducing and stabilizing agents, enabling the production of nanoparticles typically ranging between 10 and 100 nm. Several studies have demonstrated up to 80% yield improvement when using optimized extracts from plants like Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum. The review outlines recent progress, including the use of novel botanical sources, …

Especial Linkage To Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Structure To Enhance Its Characteristics, Amamer M. Redwan

Al-Mustaqbal Journal of Sustainability in Engineering Sciences

Due to a variety of factors that motivated multiple creativities, modification of poly(vinyl chloride) chemical structure has become a flourishing area of research. The current study acts as a condensed overview of the improvements produced using various methods for adjusting the characteristics of poly(vinyl chloride) that is widely utilized. This study explains and emphasizes, through a brief discussion, the findings of the efforts made in recent decades, even if it does not address all of the issues at hand. The article covers a special linkage to the polymer chemical structure such as using heterocyclic moieties to modify poly(vinyl chloride), C–N …

Positive And Negative Parity States Of 226-236th Isotopes, Ali A. Mezban, Falih H. Al-Khudair

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

The level scheme of the ^226-236Th nuclei is analyzed using the Interacting Boson Model (IBM-1). The ground state band (g. s.-band), beta band (β-band), gamma band (γ-band) have been described in the sd model space. To calculate the negative parity energy levels, the model space is extended to sdf by adding the f-boson (L=3). A sequence of states in energy bands up to 3.5 MeV has been obtained. The decay of negative states below 1 MeV built on an octupole vibration modes is investigated. The transition probabilities in-band and inter-band are calculated using the wave function of the …

Systems And Methods For Training Frameworks To Optimize Model Based On Business Goals, Chinamy Narendra Sonar, Shuhan Zhang, Keyi Li, Lin Meng, Can Liu, Shubham Agrawal, Chiranjeet Chetia

Defensive Publications Series

[0001] The present disclosure provides a system and method for providing training frameworks to optimize model based on business goals. The processor of the training framework system introduces novel model evaluation metrics which are directly aligned with business goals and capture most business use cases for A2A fraud detection models. Metrics can be used in model training and evaluation. In the first approach, the processor of the training framework system sets validation criteria to a new metric but training the model with traditional loss. In the second approach, the processor of the training framework system trains and validates the model …

Disseminated Diaper Dermatitis With Concomitant Body Rash: A Case Report., Catherine F Alapatt, Eileen Condren, Tanya Kadrmas-Iannuzzi

Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Departmental Research

Diaper dermatitis is a rash typically localized to the genital area and may have various etiologies, including irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. In most cases, it resolves on its own with minimal to no medical intervention, and when treatment is necessary, it usually responds promptly. Here, we present a prolonged case of diaper dermatitis accompanied by a nearly full-body rash that was resistant to initial treatment with steroids, antibiotics, and antifungals.

Neural Associations Between Fingerspelling, Print, And Signs: An Erp Priming Study With Deaf Readers, Brittany Lee, Sofia E. Ortega, Priscilla M. Martinez, Katherine J. Midgley, Phillip J. Holcomb, Karen Emmorey

Communication Sciences and Disorders Faculty Articles and Research

Fingerspelling is a leading predictor of reading ability for deaf people who use a signed language, but few neuroimaging studies have examined how it supports reading. We used event-related potentials to investigate how fingerspelled words prime printed words. Twenty-four skilled deaf adult readers completed a Go/No-Go task while viewing printed English word targets following related and unrelated primes in one of three conditions: printed English words, American Sign Language (ASL) signs, and fingerspelled words. N400 priming effects were strong across all three conditions. Early N400 effects were similar for printed word primes and fingerspelled word primes, suggesting shared orthographic representations. …

Synthesis And Characterization Of Temperature- And Ph-Responsive Pia-B-Pnipam@Fe3o4 Nanocomposites, Swati Kumari, Cayla Cook, Fatema Tarannum, Erick S. Vasquez-Guardado, Olufermi Ogunjimi, Keisha Walters

Chemical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Stimuli-responsive polymers (SRPs) have garnered significant attention in recent decades due to their immense potential in biomedical and environmental applications. When these SRPs are grafted onto magnetic nanoparticles, they form multifunctional nanocomposites capable of various complex applications, such as targeted drug delivery, advanced separations, and magnetic resonance imaging. In this study, we employed a one-step hydrothermal method using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTES) to synthesize APTES-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (APTES@Fe3O4) featuring reactive terminal amine groups. Subsequently, via two consecutive surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerizations (SI-ATRP), pH- and temperature-responsive polymer blocks were grown from the Fe3O4 surface, resulting in the formation of poly(itaconic acid)-block-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) …

8-Page Zine Extra Credit Assignment, Ricaute Rogers

Open Educational Resources

This is an 8-page minizine extra credit assignment that put into practice the concepts learned in CIS100.

Transgenerational Imprints Of Sequential Herbivory Onsoybean Physiology And Fitness Traits, Insha Shaft, Rupesh Kariyat

Entomology and Plant Pathology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Sequential herbivory leads to a multitude of effects on plants, influencing processes like growth, physiology, defense, and fitness. However, whether the sequential herbivore attack can elicit any transgenerational consequences is poorly examined. In this study, we show evidence of transgenerational impacts of sequential herbivory by two chewing herbivores, fall armyworm (Spodopterafrugiperda , FAW) and soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens , SL) on soybean (Glycine max ) progeny. Seeds from the parents subjected to different herbivore sequences (SL-FAW: initial attack by SL followed by FAW and FAW-SL: FAW followed by SL) were used for the transgenerational experiment. Our main hypothesis was that …

Synthesis And Characterization Of Temperature- And Ph-Responsive Pia-B-Pnipam@Fe3O4 Nanocomposites, Swati Kumari, Cayla Cook, Fatema Tarannum, Erick Salvador Vasquez-Guardado, Olufemi Ogunjimi, Keisha B. Walters

Chemical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

Stimuli-responsive polymers (SRPs) have garnered significant attention in recent decades due to their immense potential in biomedical and environmental applications. When these SRPs are grafted onto magnetic nanoparticles, they form multifunctional nanocomposites capable of various complex applications, such as targeted drug delivery, advanced separations, and magnetic resonance imaging. In this study, we employed a one-step hydrothermal method using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTES) to synthesize APTES-modified Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (APTES@Fe₃O₄) featuring reactive terminal amine groups. Subsequently, via two consecutive surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerizations (SI-ATRP), pH- and temperature-responsive polymer blocks were grown from the Fe₃O …

Vigorous Physical Activity As A Potential Environmental Risk Factor In Renal Medullary Carcinoma, Daniel D Shapiro, Sagar S Mukhida, Andrew W Hahn, Ayman Isahaku, Schyler M Turner, Jessica P Cheng, Pankaj K Chauhan, Susan S Thomas, Beei Chan, Zita D Lim, Nizar M Tannir, Maria Chang Swartz, Pavlos Msaouel

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Purpose: Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is a rare but aggressive kidney cancer affecting young individuals with sickle hemoglobinopathies. Prior retrospective case-control and mouse modeling studies suggest a mechanism linking vigorous intensity physical activity to increased RMC risk in individuals with sickle hemoglobinopathies. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the association between vigorous intensity exercise and RMC.

Materials and methods: This study used a validated questionnaire to prospectively assess reported physical activity in a large cohort of patients with RMC compared to the activity of individuals without RMC. Between 2022 and 2024, patients with RMC (N = 39) were prospectively surveyed …

Introduction To Sociology: Socialization, Dr. Marcia Morrison Ph.D.

Open Educational Resources

Abstract

This paper offers a comprehensive examination of socialization and identity development through a comparative lens, focusing on American, Chinese, and Japanese cultures. It explores how distinct cultural values—individualism, loyalty, and cooperation—shape personal and collective identities from childhood through old age. Utilizing the life course perspective, the analysis considers how factors such as generation, socioeconomic status, race, and gender influence the trajectory of human development. The evolution of childhood is traced across historical and cultural contexts, highlighting shifting perceptions, the impact of industrialization on children's roles, and the persistent influence of class and ethnicity on access to education and well-being. …

Studying Effect Of Temperature On Photovoltaic Characteristics Of Photovoltaic Modules Based On Cigs Solar Cells, Farrux Anvar O‘G‘Li Akbarov, Anvar Akbarovich Alimov

Technical science and innovation

The article presents the experimental results of the temperature dependence of the load current-voltage characteristics of a solar photovoltaic (PV) module based on a polycrystalline semiconductor binary compound Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ under normal sunlight P_rad=800±5 W/m², in a temperature range of (32÷60) ^оС. It was found that the temperature dependence of the photocurrent has two slopes, which is explained by a change in the generation-recombination mechanism. An increase in the short-circuit current with an increase in the temperature of the photovoltaic module is explained by an increase in the drift length of minority charge carriers, due …

Algorithms For Combined Regular Synthesis Of Controller Parameters In Control Systems For Dynamic Objects, Khusan Zakirovich Igamberdiev, Latafat Abbas Gizi Gardashova, Yulduz Mukhtarkhodjayevna Abdurakhmanova, Uktam Farkhodovich Mamirov

Technical science and innovation

Nonlinear control system that includes m-dimensional input control signal and extended (n+s) - dimensional state vector, the last s components of which form a vector of unknown parameters θ satisfying a general difference equation is being considered. The quality criterion is determined by the loss function. The optimal control must satisfy the Bellman equation with respect to the optimal loss function. To be defined an approximate solution that preserves an active use of information. For this purpose, the system is linearized in accordance to the nominal trajectory. This problem is seen as incorrectly stated. The values of the preliminary data …