Digital Commons Network^™

A Digital Engineering Framework For Ai-Driven Trade-Off Evaluation And Predictive Component Classification, Alejandro Silva Au

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

This thesis introduces a digital engineering tool designed to help engineers make smarter decisions when choosing actuators. At its core, the system brings together machine learning (specifically XGBoost) and a decision-making method called Multi-Utility Attribute Theory (MUAT). The goal is to support engineers in picking components based on what really matters for their designs, whether that's speed, cost, durability, or any other performance factor. What makes this tool stand out is its user-friendly interface that lets people interact with the system directly. It takes a set of actuator performance data, classifies each one into a relevant use category, and then …

Model-Based Systems Engineering For Aerospace Applications: Strategic Requirements Prioritization In Complex Adaptive Systems And Digital Integration, Iqtiar Md Siddique

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Ineffective systems engineering practices continue to jeopardize aerospace missions, resulting in multi-billion-dollar losses, delays, and fragmented development outcomes. As complexity intensifies and timelines shrink, conventional document-based methods increasingly fail to support early validation, cross-domain traceability, and synchronized tool usage. This research presents an integrated approach that addresses three critical gaps: synchronizing executable and traceable MBSE models across structural, behavioral, and requirements domains; applying scalable requirements prioritization techniques tailored for Complex Adaptive Systems; and establishing automated simulation feedback loops through digital toolchain integration. Central to this strategy is the Digital Trinity, which connects system models, simulations, and lifecycle data through a …

Laser Scan Path Design For Controlled Microstructure In Additive Manufacturing With Integrated Reduced-Order Phase-Field Modeling And Deep Reinforcement Learning, Augustine Twumasi

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is a well-established additive manufacturing technique for fabricating intricate metal components with exceptional precision. A significant challenge in L-PBF is the formation of complex microstructures that influence final material properties. We propose a physics-guided, machine learning-aided approach to optimize scan paths for desired microstructure outcomes, such as equiaxed grains. We employed a phase-field method (PFM) to model the evolution of the crystalline grain structure. To reduce computational costs, we trained a surrogate machine learning model, a 3D U-Net convolutional neural network, using single-track phase-field simulations with varying laser powers to predict crystalline grain orientations based …

Multi-Material Cell Clipping On The Gpu, Melanie Cassidy Walsmith

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The process of clipping a multi-material cell finds diverse applications across fields such as numerical simulations and computer graphics visualization. Computational fluid dynamics problem often combines multiple materials with different physical properties. The interfaces between those materials may be a part of the solution and evolve in time and can be non-aligned with the mesh. When volume conservation is crucial, interface reconstruction methods are used to approximate such material interfaces. They involve multiple steps, one of which is the process known as clipping. Clipping consists of intersecting and cutting a given cell with a material interface (represented by a line …

State Of The Climate In 2024: The Arctic, R. L. Thoman, T. A. Moon, M. L. Druckenmiller, Thomas G. Askjaer, Thomas J. Ballinger, Uma S. Bhatt, Logan T. Berner, Germar H. Bernhard, Siiri Bigalke, Jarle W. Bjerke, Multiple Additional Authors

Geography Faculty Publications and Presentations

The Arctic environment in 2024 continued on a trajectory that has put it in a state far different from that of the twentieth century. Ongoing accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues to quickly warm the Arctic, resulting in rapid changes in the cryosphere that are driving cascading impacts to climate, ecological, and societal systems.

Addressing Challenges In Developing Treatments For Inherited Retinal Diseases: Recommendations From The Third Monaciano Symposium, Debra A Thompson, K Thiran Jayasundera, Oleg Alekseev, Robin R Ali, Alessia Amato, Vadim Y Arshavsky, Isabelle S Audo, Alberto Auricchio, James W B Bainbridge, Eyal Banin, Cagri G Besirli, David G Birch, Kari E Branham, Artur V Cideciyan, Stephen P Daiger, Jacque L Duncan, Abigail T Fahim, John G Flannery, Roberto Gattegna, John R Heckenlively, Elise Héon, Alessandro Iannaccone, Naheed W Khan, Samer Khateb, Henry J Klassen, Bart P Leroy, Dario Marangoni, Michel Michaelides, David C Musch, Mark E Pennesi, Simon M Petersen-Jones, Eric A Pierce, Rajesh C Rao, José-Alain Sahel, Paul A Sieving, Enrica Strettoi, Cameron R Strong, Thomas J Wubben, Paul Yang, David N Zacks

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Over the past decade, efforts focused on developing genetic therapies for inherited retinal diseases have advanced steadily to clinical trials and the development of a treatment, fueling optimism for the potential of precision medicines to provide safe and effective therapies for these rare conditions. Although several ongoing programs remain poised for success, numerous challenges have negatively impacted the ability to obtain regulatory approvals. The present position paper briefly summarizes recent advances and challenges in developing therapeutics for inherited retinal diseases, and presents a set of recommendations for moving the field forward. The priorities identified are discussed in terms of progress …

Film Measurements Of Kilovoltage X-Ray Percentage Depth Doses For Different Energies And Field Sizes, Tze Yee Lim, Dershan Luo, Jamshid Moradi-Kurdestany, Xin Wang, Ramesh Tailor

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Objectives: Kilovoltage x-ray therapy, which includes superficial x-rays and orthovoltage x-rays, is particularly suited for treatments near the skin surface. Radiation dose deposition at depth is typically characterized by percentage depth dose (PDD) curves. However, PDD data are difficult to obtain in kilovoltage x-ray therapy, hence clinics often rely on British Journal of Radiology Supplement 25 (BJR-25) archival data. This study measured PDD for different energies and field sizes on the Xstrahl 300 kilovoltage x-ray therapy unit for comparison with BJR-25 data.

Methods: We irradiated EBT3 film in water using different energy and field size combinations, then, compared the acquired …

Single-Cell Proteomic Analysis Reveals Multiple Myeloma Heterogeneity And The Dynamics Of The Tumor Immune Microenvironment In Precursor And Advanced States, Mohamed Kamal, Stephanie N Shishido, Jeremy Mason, Krina Patel, Elisabet E Manasanch, Robert Z Orlowski, Peter Kuhn

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy arising from plasma cell (PC) proliferation in the bone marrow, progressing from its precursor states MGUS and SMM. Despite therapeutic advances, MM remains incurable, underscoring the need for better risk stratification and early detection. Tumor heterogeneity and dynamic immune microenvironment changes drive progression, yet bulk analyses overlook rare subpopulations critical to disease evolution and resistance. This study employed multiplexed targeted proteomics to characterize bone marrow aspirates (BMA) from 22 patients to observe the change in the distribution of PCs and tumor immune microenvironment (TiME) cells across MM disease states and controls. Bone …

Acquired Resistance In Cancer: Towards Targeted Therapeutic Strategies, Alice Soragni, Erik S Knudsen, Thomas N O'Connor, Cristina E Tognon, Jeffrey W Tyner, Beatrice Gini, Donghwa Kim, Trever G Bivona, Xingxing Zang, Agnieszka K Witkiewicz, David W Goodrich, Dadi Jiang, Seth T Gammon, Christopher D Willey, Paul C Boutros, Vlad C Sandulache, Abdullah A Osman, Jeffrey N Myers, Kamiya Mehla, Pankaj K Singh, Keith S Chan, Hongbo Gao, Himangi Marathe

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Development of acquired therapeutic resistance limits the efficacy of cancer treatments and accounts for therapeutic failure in most patients. How resistance arises, varies across cancer types and differs depending on therapeutic modalities is incompletely understood. Novel strategies that address and overcome the various and complex resistance mechanisms necessitate a deep understanding of the underlying dynamics. We are at a crucial time when innovative technologies applied to patient-relevant tumour models have the potential to bridge the gap between fundamental research into mechanisms and timing of acquired resistance and clinical applications that translate these findings into actionable strategies to extend therapy efficacy. …

Provider Attitudes And Perspectives On Rehabilitation For Pediatric Cancer Patients, Maria C Swartz, Eduardo Gonzalez Villarreal, Keri Schadler, Donna Kelly, Alakh P Rajan, Clark Andersen, Shiming Zhang, Stephanie J Wells, Amy Heaton, Karen M Moody

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

PurposeTwenty percent of childhood cancer survivors experience physical function impairments, and ∼75% develop a chronic health condition. Physical and occupational therapists (PT/OTs) can mitigate these late effects, yet few children receive cancer rehabilitation (CR). This research aimed to identify provider attitudes and perspectives towards CR services for children across inpatient and outpatient settings at a cancer center.MethodsThree cardiac rehabilitation instruments were adapted to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding CR delivery. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant survey results.ResultsTwenty administrators, 20 physicians/advanced practice providers (APPs), and 20 PT/OTs completed surveys. All disciplines strongly agreed on the value of CR …

Computed Tomography Radiomics-Based Cross-Sectional Detection Of Mandibular Osteoradionecrosis In Head And Neck Cancer Survivors, Serageldin Kamel, Laia Humbert-Vidan, Zaphanlene Kaffey, Sarah Mirbahaeddin, Abdulrahman Abusaif, David T A Fuentes, Kareem Wahid, Cem Dede, Mohamed A Naser, Renjie He, Ahmed W Moawad, Khaled M Elsayes, Melissa M Chen, Adegbenga O Otun, Jillian Rigert, Mark S Chambers, Andrew Hope, Erin Watson, Kristy K Brock, Katherine Hutcheson, Lisanne Van Dijk, Amy C Moreno, Stephen Y Lai, Clifton D Fuller, Abdallah S R Mohamed, Md Anderson Head And Neck Cancer Symptom Working Group

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Purpose: This study aims to identify radiomic features from contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) scans that differentiate osteoradionecrosis (ORN) from normal mandibular bone in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients treated with radiotherapy (RT).

Materials and methods: CECT images from 150 patients with confirmed ORN diagnosis (2008-2018) at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) were analyzed (80 % train, 20 % test). Radiomic features were extracted using PyRadiomics from manually segmented ORN regions and automated contralateral healthy mandible regions. Correlation analysis (r > 0.95) reduced features for model training. A random Forest (RF) classifier with Recursive Feature Elimination identified discriminative features. Explainability was assessed …

Advancing Real-World Implementation Of The Well Optimized Linear Finder (Wolf) High-Speed Atmospheric Turbulence Compensation Method, Timothy Evan Coon

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation advances the real-world implementation of the Well Optimized Linear Finder (WOLF) method for high-speed Atmospheric Turbulence Compensation (ATC). Atmospheric turbulence introduces phase aberrations into optical wavefronts and degrades image quality in terrestrial imaging systems. Traditional phase diversity methods are computationally intensive and poorly suited to real-time operation. The WOLF method addresses these limitations through a novel, point-wise formulation of the optical transfer function (OTF) as a structured autocorrelation of the generalized pupil function (GPF). This formulation enables the estimation of phase aberrations at individual spatial coordinates with distributed computational complexity.

The research begins by developing a MATLAB-based simulation …

Biomarkers Of Cellular Senescence In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Caroline Hoong, Joshua N Farr, David G Monroe, Thomas A White, Elizabeth J Atkinson, Amanda Tweed, Allyson K Palmer, Nathan K Lebrasseur, Jad G Sfeir, Sundeep Khosla

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Although animal studies have linked cellular senescence to the pathogenesis and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), there is a paucity of corroborating data in humans. Thus, we measured a previously validated marker for senescent cell burden in humans, T‐cell expression of p16 mRNA, along with additional biomarkers, to compare the senescence phenotypes of postmenopausal control (lean, N = 37) and T2DM (N = 27) participants. To control for effects of obesity alone, we included a third group of obese but non‐diabetic women (N = 29) who were matched for body mass index to the T2DM participants. …

Experiences Of Discrimination During Pregnancy Predict Altered Neonatal Hair Cortisol At Birth, Kimberly D'Anna-Hernandez, Lillybelle K. Deer, Özlü Aran, Kenia M. Rivera, Melissa Nevarez-Brewster, Jenalee R. Doom, Benjamin L. Hankin, M. Camille Hoffman, Elysia Poggi Davis

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

Objective

Prenatal glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) are a widely proposed prenatal programming mechanism, yet few studies directly measure fetal cortisol. Neonatal hair provides a non-invasive method to assess fetal cortisol. The current studies test the association between maternal exposure to discrimination and fetal cortisol, as measured in neonatal hair, in two cohorts.

Methods

Study 1: Pregnant individuals (N = 65) and their neonates (61.8 % female) participated in study 1 between 2017 and 2021. Participants self-identified as Asian (6.2 %), Black (21.5 %), Latinx (35.4 %), Multiracial or Multiethnic (35.4 %), and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (1.5 %). Experiences …

Relapse Patterns Among Children And Adolescents With Kaposi Sarcoma In Malawi, Toni Chanroo, Allison Silverstein, Casey L Mcatee, William Kamiyango, Jimmy Villiera, Parth S Mehta, Erin Peckham-Gregory, Mark Zobeck, Michael E Scheurer, Carl E Allen, Rizine Mzikamanda, Nmazuo W Ozuah, Nader Kim El-Mallawany

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is a common childhood cancer in Malawi, but few studies have exploredclinical characteristicsofrelapsed disease. We aimed to characterize clinical patterns of relapse to improve treatment and, ultimately, long-term survival in patients with pediatric KS.A retrospective cohort study was conducted among patients ages < 19 years of age at time of KS diagnosis in Lilongwe, Malawi between August 1, 2010 and March 15, 2020. Specifically, emphasis was placed on patients who had relapsed disease and excluded patients with refractory disease or those who died whilst receiving front-line treatment. Salvage therapy typically involved an intensified chemotherapy regimen compared to front-line therapy—namely nonliposomaldoxorubicin plus bleomycin/vincristine or paclitaxel monotherapy.One-hundred and ninety patients with pediatric KS were included in this analysis, 50 of whom experienced relapse (26%).Older median age was associated with occurrence of relapse (10 vs 6.7 years, p-value = 0.004). Median time from diagnosis to first relapse was 10.6 months (range 2.3–49 months). Three-year post-relapse overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 60% with a median follow-up time of 4.7 years after relapse.Survival was significantly higher for patients who relapsed with the woody edema clinical phenotype of pediatric KS versus those with visceral/disseminated disease—3-year OS 79% (95% CI 62–100) versus 29% (14–61).These data demonstrate potential for continued survival after KS relapse in the pediatric population and identify subsets of high-risk patients. The higher mortality observed in patients with visceral/disseminated KS highlights the need for improved therapeutic strategies.

Experiences Of The Emergency Department Environment: A Qualitative Study With Caregivers Of People With Dementia, Anita N Chary, Michelle Suh, Annika Bhananker, Norvin Hernandez, Ana Paulina Rivera, Ed Boyer, Mark E Kunik, Manish N Shah, Christine Ritchie, Aanand D Naik, Shan W Liu, Maura Kennedy

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

ED crowding and boarding adversely impact older patients' care and outcomes. Little is known about how ED crowding impacts persons living with dementia, a vulnerable population. This study sought to explore ED experiences of caregivers of people with dementia during a period of ED crowding and boarding. We performed semi-structured interviews with caregivers of people with dementia with an ED visit during a period of ED crowding and boarding at two public hospitals experiencing a threefold increase in boarding from pre-pandemic levels. Participants were recruited via chart review. We coded data using an inductive approach. Three themes emerged from 29 …

Community-Engaged Medical Student Elective To Improve Knowledge And Attitudes Toward Individuals With Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities, Kathryn J Kemere, Nital Appelbaum, Priya Chandan, Elisha Acosta

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) face multiple barriers to inclusion throughout life. One barrier is the medical knowledge and biases of adult healthcare providers with diagnoses traditionally associated with childhood. Medical school curricula have limited content related to IDD, and students have limited opportunities to engage with community organizations during their clinical years. Methods: We created a one-month clinical elective to address medical students' attitudes and knowledge regarding individuals with IDD using experiential learning. Students saw adult patients in our primary care clinic with a variety of IDD diagnoses and spent 30% of their time at community sites …

Investigation Of Wireless Communication Sub-Optimizing Factors And Ai-Based Optimization For Ber Reduction, Lalan Jee Mishra

Theses and Dissertations

The increasing demand for high-throughput, low-latency, and reliable wireless communication has led to significant advancements of cellular wireless technologies since the early ‘80s. However, in dynamic and interference-prone environments—particularly those involving Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)—signal degradation due to pathloss, multipath propagation, co-channel interference, and weather-induced attenuation continues to undermine performance. These factors contribute to elevated bit error rates (BER), inefficient spectrum usage, and unreliable communication links, thereby limiting the practical utility of wireless systems in aerial applications. Traditional mitigation techniques, while effective under certain conditions, often fail to adapt to rapidly changing wireless environments. This shortcoming underscores the need for …

Impact Of Patient Diaries On Children, Families, And Healthcare Professionals In Paediatric Intensive Care Settings: A Scoping Review, Fiona Lynch, Jos M Latour, Ruth Endacott

School of Nursing and Midwifery

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this scoping review was to understand the current landscape, features, and volume of evidence that address the review question: what is the impact of Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) patient diaries on children, families, and healthcare professionals (HCPs)? To provide context: descriptions of diary models was also provided.

METHOD: The search strategy was structured using the Population, Concept, and Context model to focus the review question. The inclusion criteria were intentionally broad to include all studies published in English from January 2016 until November 2024. The databases CINAHL, Medline, and EMBASE were used to retrieve articles, …

Implementation Of Link Workers In Primary Care: Synopsis Of Findings From A Realist Evaluation, Stephanie Tierney, Geoff Wong, Debra Westlake, Amadea Turk, Steven Markham, Jordan Gorenberg, Joanne Reeve, Caroline Mitchell, Kerryn Husk, Sabi Redwood, Tony Meacock, Catherine Pope, Beccy Baird, Kamal R. Mahtani

Peninsula Medical School

Background: Social prescribing link workers formed part of the Additional Roles Reimbursement Scheme introduced into primary care in England from 2019. Link workers assist patients experiencing issues affecting their health and well-being that are 'non-medical' (e.g. lack of social connections, financial difficulties and housing problems). They give patients space to consider these non-medical issues and, when relevant, connect them to support, often within the voluntary-community-social-enterprise sector. We conducted an earlier realist review on the link worker role in primary care. We then carried out a realist evaluation, described in this report, to address the question: When implementing link workers in …

Optimization Of Mhealth Behavioral Interventions For Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The Health4cll Study, Che Young Lee, Max J Gordon, Melissa M Markofski, Emily C Lavoy, Susan K Peterson, Liang Li, Sara Fares, Miranda Baum, Margaret Pace, Danielle Walsh, Alessandra Ferrajoli, Karen Basen-Engquist

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Purpose: This pilot study of a diet and physical activity intervention (HEALTH4CLL) was conducted to reduce fatigue and improve physical function (PF) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

Methods: The HEALTH4CLL study used a randomized factorial design based on the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST). Patients received diet, exercise, and body weight management instructional materials plus a Fitbit and were randomized to undergo one of 16 combinations of 4 evidence-based mHealth intervention strategies over 16 weeks. Patients' fatigue, PF, health-related quality of life, behavior changes, and program satisfaction and retention were assessed. Paired t-tests were used to examine changes in …

Nanotechnology For Immuno-Oncology, Adam J Grippin, Daeyong Lee, Eileen E Parkes, Wen Jiang, Betty Y S Kim

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Although the first generation of cancer immunotherapeutics produced unprecedented improvements in clinical outcomes for individuals with cancer, novel strategies to increase treatment specificity, delivery efficiency and pharmacokinetics are still needed. In this Review, we describe the potential advantages and current limitations of nanomaterials for cancer immunotherapy and highlight rational uses of nanosystems to generate potent and durable antitumor immune responses. We close with a review of the current state of clinical development of nanomedicine for cancer immunotherapy.

Mitophagy’S Impacts On Cancer And Neurodegenerative Diseases: Implications For Future Therapies, Jason Huang, Vincent Truong Pham, Shaozi Fu, Gang Huang, Ya-Guang Liu, Lei Zheng

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Substantial evidence supports an inverse relationship between cancer and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), but few studies investigate the biological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. While previous explanations-such as inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), genetic mutations, and cell death-remain significant, they ultimately converge on mitophagy. This review identifies mitophagy as a pivotal factor in the development of both cancer and NDDs, while also evaluating specific mechanisms and processes to clarify how mitophagy connects these opposing disease trajectories. By examining these factors, we aim to uncover the underlying mechanisms that explain the inverse relationship between cancer and NDDs, which will help develop therapeutic strategies …

An Evidence-Based Report On Digital Inclusion In Cornwall: -, Katharine Willis

School of Art, Design and Architecture

This report establishes Cornwall’s first comprehensive baseline on digital inclusion, combining quantitative survey data with qualitative insights to reveal the scale, nature, and geography of digital exclusion across the county. Cornwall faces a dual challenge of ensuring equitable digital skills and addressing infrastructure and affordability barriers. While overall digital use is high, significant groups remain excluded, particularly older adults, low-income households, those without qualifications, and residents in rural or deprived areas. These challenges pose risks not only to individuals’ access to services and opportunities but also to Cornwall’s social and economic resilience.

Microplastics And Other Plastic-Like Microdebris In Sediments From The Dart River And Estuary, Southwest England, Maia Killian, Andrew Turner

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Surficial sediment samples (n = 10) collected from a transect of a river-estuary (Dart) in southwest England have been analysed for geochemical characteristics, anthropogenic metals (Cr, Cu, Sn, Pb, Zn), and microplastics (∼50 μm–5 mm) and other microplastic-like debris. Results indicated the finest grains towards the lower river and upper estuary, a seaward increase in sedimentary Ca, and loss on ignition ranging from about 0.7 to 4 %. Anthropogenic metals were heterogeneously distributed throughout the catchment with maximum concentrations in the river or lower estuary. Microplastics were dominated by fibres, with concentrations ranging from 110 to 1800 kg−1 and composition …

Interlace: A Journal Of Mathematics And Fiber Arts, Carolyn Yackel, Sarah-Marie Belcastro

Journal of Humanistic Mathematics

Interlace: A journal of mathematics and fiber arts is a peer-reviewed, open-access completely free journal devoted to publishing high-quality original research at the intersection of mathematics and fiber arts. The journal is now accepting submissions.

Sudoku Grids, David Sheskin

Journal of Humanistic Mathematics

Ten images depicting numerical grids of the mathematical logic puzzle Sudoku are presented. The digit values in each puzzle are represented on either domino tiles, postage stamps, mah-jong tiles, or playing cards.

The Unending Constant, Christopher Banyas

Journal of Humanistic Mathematics

No abstract provided.

Totality Fractal, Heather L. Cook

Journal of Humanistic Mathematics

This fractal was inspired by the Total Solar Eclipse on April 8, 2024. Here, the sun and the moon are represented when in totality.

Euclidean Vision (A Poem), Joseph Chaney

Journal of Humanistic Mathematics

"Euclidean Vision" is a short poem that evaluates geometry from a humanistic perspective, focusing partly on its pleasures. Geometry gives us the pleasing assurance of certainty. It does this through the radical abstraction of space and form, which makes possible a completeness of mathematical vision based on axioms. It's this purity that guarantees a knowledge that "can go on forever." In the end, the poem points to the wonderful freedom that geometry and other mathematical disciplines give us in the midst of difficult and confusing lives. In its beauty and universality, geometry stands as an eternal aspect of the human …