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Articles 68371 - 68400 of 1824648
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
A Relational Design Framework For Designing Feminist Futures In The Finnish Popular Music Sector, Tomi Rantanen, Tatu Marttila, Idil Gaziulusoy
A Relational Design Framework For Designing Feminist Futures In The Finnish Popular Music Sector, Tomi Rantanen, Tatu Marttila, Idil Gaziulusoy
Nordes Conference Series
Designers often address wicked problems using collaborative tools with stakeholders. Transition arenas are one such method used to co-create future agendas of change that is increasingly used in design research. Building on community organisation, we argue for more critical assessment of participant interrelations to achieve lasting social change. Consequently, we call for a shift of focus from the transition arena tools and processes to consider relational aspects of participation. Our research context is promoting gender equality in the music sector. Based on expert interviews, a pilot workshop, and an expert panel, we identify and elaborate design considerations for effective community …
Aestheticising Material Imperfections: Diverse Waste, Nikoline Sander, Linda Nhu Laursen
Aestheticising Material Imperfections: Diverse Waste, Nikoline Sander, Linda Nhu Laursen
Nordes Conference Series
Using discarded materials from manufacturing is a design strategy to support a sustainable future by using already circulating resources. This study introduces the visions of pluralism to the design activity of designing an aesthetic unity with materials previously rejected for their imperfections. Drawing on the psychophysical, organisational, and meaningful properties, the research examines a best-case study involving the design of an indoor door made from wasted pinewood. Emphasising the design of joints and transitions internally in the door, the designers achieve aesthetic unity through the deliberate composition of pinewood pieces, characterised by soft, rounded transitions between them. Designing meetings between …
Slack Lines: Comprehending Grace In Entangled Worlds, Erik Sandelin
Slack Lines: Comprehending Grace In Entangled Worlds, Erik Sandelin
Nordes Conference Series
Designers increasingly celebrate more-than-human entanglement, touch, hybridity and care as antidotes to ecological devastation and animal exploitation. However, embroiling other animals in human realms can be a kiss of death for the animal. How is grace – careful and creative moves away from the other – possible in entangled worlds? Through the design experiment Fishwatching – a reconfigured angling setup where you catch fish on camera instead of on a hook – I articulate four tensors for comprehending grace in interdependent relational design: the taut line of human supremacy, the severed line of emancipation and the constricting net of entanglement. …
Rethinking Self-Diagnosis: Bridging Doctor And Patient Perspectives, Melis Dursun Ugras, Guzin Sen, Asli Gunay
Rethinking Self-Diagnosis: Bridging Doctor And Patient Perspectives, Melis Dursun Ugras, Guzin Sen, Asli Gunay
Nordes Conference Series
The rise of digital health technologies has reshaped the patient’s role in healthcare, enabling greater autonomy in managing health and making medical decisions. Self-diagnosis tools, including AI-driven applications, symptom checkers, and online health platforms, allow individuals to assess symptoms and explore potential conditions before consulting a healthcare professional. While these tools offer increased access to health information, they also raise concerns about misinformation, misinterpretation, and their impact on patient-provider relationships. This study examines how both patients and healthcare professionals perceive self-diagnosis, identifying tension points and shared concerns that shape its role in healthcare interactions. To explore these perspectives, we conducted …
In Relation: Brazilian Indigenous Fashion Design, Julia Valle-Noronha
In Relation: Brazilian Indigenous Fashion Design, Julia Valle-Noronha
Nordes Conference Series
Contemporary applications of indigenous and ancient knowledge systems are seen as an opportunity to reestablish relationships of care and respect. This paper investigates how contemporary indigenous fashion designers in Brazil enmesh indigenous thinking in their practice. The paper starts by laying out discussions on indigenous knowledge systems and its relationships with design. Following, the indigenous fashion phenomena in Brazil is introduced and analysed through data collected via interviews and desktop research. To conclude, possible more than human directions that challenge the current paradigms in western fashion design practices are exposed. They are: relational practices, more than human notions of time …
Healing Through Collective Textile-Making: Crafting Objects, Places, And Communities, Lilyana Yazirlıoğlu, Cindy Kohtala, Heather Wiltse
Healing Through Collective Textile-Making: Crafting Objects, Places, And Communities, Lilyana Yazirlıoğlu, Cindy Kohtala, Heather Wiltse
Nordes Conference Series
Intensifying social and environmental challenges demands restructuring sustainable design frameworks in which communities’ resilience and empowerment are at the forefront. This research draws insights into that by engaging with textile-making communities located across Northern Ireland and Umeå/Sweden to examine their role in creating and networking resistance. It contributes to recognizing social and collective dimensions of sustainability by exploring how textile-making practices foster agency and solidarity. To examine the textile communities’ making practices, the intersection of three key concepts is used: craftivism by Greer (2008), third places theorized by Oldenburg (1989), and communities of practice drawing on Wenger’s (1998) framework. These …
Designing For Multispecies Affordances: A Poetics Of Control, Martin Avila, Nelly Mäekivi, Erik Andersson
Designing For Multispecies Affordances: A Poetics Of Control, Martin Avila, Nelly Mäekivi, Erik Andersson
Nordes Conference Series
This workshop will engage participants in an exercise that conceives experimental design practices that involve communication with other-than-human species. The process encourages a shift away from human-centred control, creating conditions that allow other species to manifest their own behaviours. This is important since the dominant global material culture of design does not acknowledge the presence and interaction of other species with things designed, erasing biodiversity as human habits repeat anthropocentric and destructive ecological patterns. Building on the work of J. J. Gibson’s concept of affordances, and other work that conform the emerging field that today is understood as posthumanism, the …
An Adventure With Ai: A Relational Techno-Life Design Approach, Yue Zou, Shenhuan Lu, Yile Zhang
An Adventure With Ai: A Relational Techno-Life Design Approach, Yue Zou, Shenhuan Lu, Yile Zhang
Nordes Conference Series
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into ecosystems necessitates a paradigm shift in design thinking, moving beyond anthropocentric models to embrace relational frameworks. This paper proposes relational techno-life design, an approach to reconceptualize AI as co-constitutive agents within socio material networks and broad ecological system. Through speculative case studies—LOVOT, LO, and AquaGuardian—we analyze how relational techno-life design can foster symbiotic relationships across human, nonhuman, and AI. An eco-cultural-techno framework reveals the potential for AI to mediate ecological resilience, cultural practices, and ethical co-evolution, while critiquing anthropocentric hierarchies and dualisms. The study contributes to relational design theory by advocating for nondualist …
Co-Creating The Good Life Through Food-Based Inquiry, Danielle Wilde, Leena Naqvi, Mary Karyda
Co-Creating The Good Life Through Food-Based Inquiry, Danielle Wilde, Leena Naqvi, Mary Karyda
Nordes Conference Series
Food and eating (re)connect humans daily with worlds within and beyond us. From the trillions of microorganisms that help make us who we are; through the socio-culturally and tangibly graspable people, animals, plants, fungi and algae that we cohabit with; to decreasingly relatable systems of food production and provisioning across the planet, food stitches us together. We provide four mini cases to consider how using food as a methodology for experimental design research can build relations towards ensuring ‘the good life.’ We explore what the good life is, why relationality sits at its heart, and provide a framework for using …
Relational Design For More-Than-Human Narratives, Margaret Rynning, Lene Utigard, Annette Briest Kriszat
Relational Design For More-Than-Human Narratives, Margaret Rynning, Lene Utigard, Annette Briest Kriszat
Nordes Conference Series
This workshop explores the intersection of relational design, storytelling, and more-than-human perspectives to challenge anthropocentric assumptions and foster deeper ecological awareness. Through speculative and sensory-based design interventions, participants will engage with local edible wild plants, highlighting their agency and cultural significance. By addressing the phenomenon of "plant blindness" and incorporating multimodal storytelling, the session aims to reframe human-nature relationships, cultivating empathy and care for non-human entities. Participants will co-create speculative narratives, experiment with sensory engagement, and develop ethical frameworks for more regenerative design practices. The workshop encourages designers and researchers to rethink their roles, embracing interdependence, sustainability, and justice in …
An Exploration On Relationality And Decoloniality In Participatory Design Based On Care, Annalinda De Rosa, Milagros Hurtig, Marco Andrea Finardi
An Exploration On Relationality And Decoloniality In Participatory Design Based On Care, Annalinda De Rosa, Milagros Hurtig, Marco Andrea Finardi
Nordes Conference Series
How is positionality brought into participatory practices? How are moments for self-reflection created in participatory design? How do design researchers challenge colonial perspectives in design? The workshop aims to create a space for a collective reflection on the need to undo the narratives of modernity and the cult of futurity that brings to the ubiquitous discourse on innovation as the only possible path for a better future. The workshop experiments with materiality as a channel to collectively explore how designing – as a transformative action embracing relationality – could adopt a pluriversal mindset. It furthers the discussion on relationality, elucidating …
Compromising Consent: A Peer-Led Ethnographic Exploration Of Sexual Assault On A Small College Campus, Scott London, Mae Rohlk
Compromising Consent: A Peer-Led Ethnographic Exploration Of Sexual Assault On A Small College Campus, Scott London, Mae Rohlk
Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Southern Anthropological Society
This study explores the persistent issue of campus sexual assault through an ethnographic lens, utilizing peer-led interviews conducted at a small liberal arts college. By focusing on three key themes—the interplay of alcohol, sex, and consent; peer responses to sexual assault accusations; and technology-facilitated sexual violence—the study offers a nuanced understanding of the normalization of sexual violence. Findings reveal that alcohol is frequently cited as a mitigating factor in assault narratives, perpetuating gendered power imbalances and undermining the effectiveness of consent education. Peer responses often rely on enduring rape myths, which reinforce victim-blaming and discourage reporting. Technology, while providing opportunities …
A Mikumiku Dance Inquiry: Fandom, Technology, Dance, Kendall Ussery
A Mikumiku Dance Inquiry: Fandom, Technology, Dance, Kendall Ussery
Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Southern Anthropological Society
A globally popular Japanese manga/anime series called JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure has become the basis for a form of fan video art that employs the MikuMikuDance (MMD) software program. This has led to the creation of a JoJo MikuMikuDance (JoJo MMD) digital community based on fan art creators and viewers. This digital ethnographic study, drawing upon an autoethnographic perspective, investigates the JoJo MMD fan community and its relationship to the MMD videos as fan video art. Examining this involves an analysis of YouTube videos and posted comments. The study argues that the JoJo MMD fan community has taken a very positive …
Global Drag And Cultural Scapes: Examining Queer Manifestations Of The Appadurian Cultural Economy In Guadalajara, Mexico, Logan Baggett
Global Drag And Cultural Scapes: Examining Queer Manifestations Of The Appadurian Cultural Economy In Guadalajara, Mexico, Logan Baggett
Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Southern Anthropological Society
This study investigates the emerging drag performance scene in Mexico, in the context of globalization and media expansion, particularly following the launch of Drag Race Mexico in 2023. Utilizing Appadurai’s framework of global cultural flows, this article examines how local drag culture navigates, resists, and engages the influence of international media conglomerates and technology that shape evolving queer ideologies. I argue that drag artists leverage media visibility to advance their careers while confronting challenges such as cultural authenticity and financial precarity. Such media visibility is conditioned by the presence of two drag series, La Más Draga and Drag Race Mexico, …
Generating Shared Experience Visual Indicators From Aggregated Physiological Data, Sayantan Paul
Generating Shared Experience Visual Indicators From Aggregated Physiological Data, Sayantan Paul
Defensive Publications Series
A system for generating shared experience visual indicators can operate by collecting consented, limited physiological data from a group of users in a co-viewing environment. Such data may include heart rate information from wearable devices or audio data from a computing device (e.g., a smartphone, tablet) processed for emotion detection. The system can anonymize this data, for instance, by associating it with a temporary session identifier and then aggregating the anonymized data. If a collective response is detected across a configured threshold of users, such as a synchronized change in heart rate, the system can generate a subtle, optional visual …
Synthesis And Ir Spectroscopic Study Of Complexes Of Selected 3d-Metals With 2-(Phenylmethyl)-1h-Benzimidazole, Gulnoza O. Babayeva, Gulbeka G. Mamatova, Daminbek A. Ziyatov, Lola Sh. Makhmudova, Shahlo Sh. Daminova
Synthesis And Ir Spectroscopic Study Of Complexes Of Selected 3d-Metals With 2-(Phenylmethyl)-1h-Benzimidazole, Gulnoza O. Babayeva, Gulbeka G. Mamatova, Daminbek A. Ziyatov, Lola Sh. Makhmudova, Shahlo Sh. Daminova
CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
The aim of this study was the synthesis and structural investigation of coordination compounds of selected 3d-metals with 2-(phenylmethyl)-1H-benzimidazole (FAB) using IR spectroscopy. Complexes of copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), and zinc(II) with the general formula [M(FAB)2Cl2], as well as a complex [Co(FAB)2(ac)2], were synthesized. IR spectroscopic analysis revealed that FAB coordinates to metal ions through the nitrogen atom of the benzimidazole ring. Shifts in the ν(C=N), ν(C-N) bands and the appearance of new bands in the 580-430 cm⁻¹ region corresponding to ν(M-N) and ν(M-Cl) confirm the formation of metal complexes. It was established …
Technological And Mechanical Properties Of Polyethylene Filled With Nano-Sized Calcium Carbonate, Ilyos M. Makhmudov, Ravshan I. Adilov, Muzafar G. Alimukhamedov, Farangiz B. Izzatullayeva
Technological And Mechanical Properties Of Polyethylene Filled With Nano-Sized Calcium Carbonate, Ilyos M. Makhmudov, Ravshan I. Adilov, Muzafar G. Alimukhamedov, Farangiz B. Izzatullayeva
CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Currently, one of the most effective and cost-effective ways to modify the properties of polyethylene is to introduce various fillers of organic or inorganic origin. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of the concentration of nanosized calcium carbonate on the technological and physicomechanical properties of polyethylenes of various origins. In the work, we used two grades of polyethylene: HDPE (273-83) and LDPE (10803-020) produced by Kazanorgsintez OJSC. The following were used as nanofillers: nanosized calcium carbonate in the form of a compound of the Nano-cal NC-K0117 brand made in China. The dependence of the physicomechanical properties …
Full Issue, Kritika Kultura
Full Issue, Kritika Kultura
Kritika Kultura
Brina (2016), Chhorii (2021), and Jayeshbhai Jordaar (2022).
Occupational Therapy In Adolescent And Young Adult Oncology: An Educational Guidebook, Bailee N. Fleming, Lesley Khan-Farooqi
Occupational Therapy In Adolescent And Young Adult Oncology: An Educational Guidebook, Bailee N. Fleming, Lesley Khan-Farooqi
Summer 2025 OTD Capstone Symposium
Adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients, typically aged 15 to 39, face numerous physical, emotional, and psychological challenges during and after treatment, which can significantly affect their quality of life and ability to engage in daily activities. While occupational therapy has proven effective in addressing these challenges, its integration into AYA cancer care remains underutilized. This project aimed to bridge the gap by developing a comprehensive guidebook for AYA oncology patients and their oncology care teams, providing an in-depth understanding of the impact of cancer and its treatments on occupational performance, and promoting the role of occupational therapy in …
The Impact Of Secularization On The Camino De Santiago In Contemporary Spain, Hannah E. Dear
The Impact Of Secularization On The Camino De Santiago In Contemporary Spain, Hannah E. Dear
Venture: The University of Mississippi Undergraduate Research Journal
The Camino de Santiago is a historically Catholic pilgrimage culminating at the alleged burial site of Saint James the Greater in Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Originating in 814 CE as a religious journey across the northern Iberian Peninsula, the Camino has since expanded beyond both modernday Spain and its Catholic roots, attracting a diverse and rapidly growing community of pilgrims. This shift reflects broader trends of rising secularism in contemporary Spain, where many religious traditions, including the Camino, have evolved in response to changing societal values. This article explores how the secularization of Spanish society has influenced the cultural and …
A Conversation Between Octavia Butler's Kindred And Angela Davis's Are Prisons Obsolete?: Brutality, Misogynoir, And Haunting, Sydney Guntharp
A Conversation Between Octavia Butler's Kindred And Angela Davis's Are Prisons Obsolete?: Brutality, Misogynoir, And Haunting, Sydney Guntharp
Venture: The University of Mississippi Undergraduate Research Journal
Octavia Butler’s Kindred and Angela Davis’s Are Prisons Obsolete? textually parallel one another in vital ways that mirror the lack of linear separation between the socalled historical past and modern conditions of racialized oppression, confinement, and brutal treatment. Through tandemly analyzing these texts, the modes of misogynoiristic control potently exacted on the enslaved/imprisoned Black woman’s body are clearly rendered across time. The presence of the plantation, as it follows Butler’s fictional characters through the literal medium of time travel, haunts the modern prisonindustrial complex, which Davis extrapolates through a detailed history of racialized punishment within the United States. Both texts …
Ole Miss Yearbooks From 1960-1980 Reveal How Traditional Southern Gender Roles, Sexual Double Standards, And The Policing Of Women's Behaviors And Bodies Persisted Through The Broader Cultural Shifts Of The Sexual Revolution, Haley Arnold
Venture: The University of Mississippi Undergraduate Research Journal
This study examines the portrayal of men’s and women’s sexuality in Ole Miss yearbooks from 1960 to 1980, analyzing how these depictions reflect the persistence of traditional Southern gender roles and sexual double standards despite the broader cultural shifts of the Sexual Revolution. Drawing from primary sources, including university yearbooks and sorority recruitment materials, as well as scholarly works on gender, sexuality, and Southern culture, this research highlights the ways in which women were consistently scrutinized and held to restrictive moral standards while men were granted greater sexual freedom. The study situates these portrayals within the historical context of shifting …
Musicologist Joins Department Of Music, Andrea Drummond
Musicologist Joins Department Of Music, Andrea Drummond
University of Mississippi News
OXFORD, Miss. – The University of Mississippi Department of Music has hired musicologist and researcher Sarah Koval as an assistant professor of music.
Microbiome–Immune Interaction And Harnessing For Next-Generation Vaccines Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza In Poultry, Yongming Sang, Samuel N. Nahashon, Richard J. Webby
Microbiome–Immune Interaction And Harnessing For Next-Generation Vaccines Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza In Poultry, Yongming Sang, Samuel N. Nahashon, Richard J. Webby
Food and Animal Sciences Faculty Research
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) remains a persistent threat to global poultry production and public health. Current vaccine platforms show limited cross-clade efficacy and often fail to induce mucosal immunity. Recent advances in microbiome research reveal critical roles for gut commensals in modulating vaccine-induced immunity, including enhancement of mucosal IgA production, CD8+ T-cell activation, and modulation of systemic immune responses. Engineered commensal bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis have emerged as promising live vectors for antigen delivery. Postbiotic and synbiotic strategies further enhance protective efficacy through targeted modulation of the gut microbiota. Additionally, artificial …
Integrating Occupation-Based Activities And Habit Training To Support Independence In Senior Living Facilities, Jamie Spangler
Integrating Occupation-Based Activities And Habit Training To Support Independence In Senior Living Facilities, Jamie Spangler
Department of Occupational Therapy Entry-Level Capstone Projects
This doctoral capstone project was completed at Seaside at Fort Myers, a senior living facility encompassing Independent Living (IL), Assisted Living (AL), and Memory Care (MC) settings. The primary objective was to promote independence among older adults through two occupational therapy-informed initiatives: the development and facilitation of a structured habit training program and the creation of a practical activity planning checklist for staff. The 4-week habit training program focused on supporting daily routine development using analog tools such as calendars, checklists, and simulated planning tasks. These sessions targeted cognitive functions commonly impacted by aging, including task initiation, planning, and consistency. …
Enhancing Oral Absorption Of An Ester Prodrug By Coating Drug Crystals With Binary Lipid Systems And Evaluating The Influence Of Compositions, Xiaowei Dong, Tao Zhang, Hellen L. Moreno Sanchez, Jaylen C. Mans, Sung Hun Bae, Liangqiao Bian
Enhancing Oral Absorption Of An Ester Prodrug By Coating Drug Crystals With Binary Lipid Systems And Evaluating The Influence Of Compositions, Xiaowei Dong, Tao Zhang, Hellen L. Moreno Sanchez, Jaylen C. Mans, Sung Hun Bae, Liangqiao Bian
Pharmacy Faculty Scholarship
Background/Objectives: Prodrug strategies are a vital aspect of drug development, with ester prodrugs particularly notable for modifying parent drug properties through ester functional groups to enhance oral absorption. However, ester prodrugs are prone to hydrolysis by water and enzymes, making stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract prior to absorption a key challenge. Few formulation strategies effectively address this degradation issue. We recently introduced binary lipid systems (BLS), comprising a lipid and a water-soluble surfactant only that form stable microemulsions. This study aimed to explore the application of BLS for enhancing the oral absorption of ester prodrugs by coating drug crystals …
Implementation Of A Pre-Discharge Screening Program For Fracture Prevention, Sarah J. Russell
Implementation Of A Pre-Discharge Screening Program For Fracture Prevention, Sarah J. Russell
Master's Projects and Capstones
Problem Osteoporotic fractures are a major public health concern in the United States; 1 in 2 women and 1 in 4 -5 men will experience a fracture due to low bone density. Despite established clinical guidelines, many patients in this managed care health system do not receive timely osteoporosis screening or treatment, placing them at increased risk for costly readmissions averaging $50,000 per hospitalization especially among those discharged to skilled nursing facilities.
Context The improvement project targeted patients admitted with fractures and integrated DEXA scanning during the acute care stay to avoid delays in diagnosis and bisphosphonate therapy. Barriers included …
Red Room Redesign: Improving Operating Room Workflow For Urgent And Emergency Procedures, Hipolito Jamilan
Red Room Redesign: Improving Operating Room Workflow For Urgent And Emergency Procedures, Hipolito Jamilan
Master's Projects and Capstones
Problem: Limited operating room (OR) availability is a significant challenge in many healthcare facilities. Overbooked or understaffed ORs can lead to delays in surgical procedures, which are particularly detrimental in urgent and emergency situations (Cholewa et al., 2024). The OR is among the costliest areas in a hospital; it is essential to improve efficiency in surgical throughput to deliver timely care for urgent and emergent cases, enhance patient outcomes, and manage healthcare costs effectively.
Context: The microsystem for this project is a Northern California OR that handles a high volume of surgical procedures. There is a dedicated red room for …
Preventing Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia In Non-Ventilated Oncology Patients, Carmi Villanueva
Preventing Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia In Non-Ventilated Oncology Patients, Carmi Villanueva
Master's Projects and Capstones
Problem - Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) remains the leading cause of death among hospital-acquired infections, underscoring the need for effective prevention strategies. Between October 2023-2024, six HAP infections occurred in non-ventilated oncology patients. A routine audit revealed zero adherence to the existing evidenced based ROUTE “bundle” to prevent HAP. ROUTE indicates Respiratory care (R), Oral Care (O), Up in bed (U), Tube care (T), Education (E).
Context – In a 325-bed hospital in Northern California, a 26-bed telemetry/oncology microsystem serves a mixed population including immunocompromised, non-ventilated oncology patients at higher risk for developing HAP. A quality improvement project was initiated …
Does The Addition Of Digital Care Along With Standard Chemotherapy Teaching That Is Provided At City Of Hope Increase Patient Satisfaction And Confidence?, Sheridan Wendy Lomeli, Brooklin Mize, Tatyana Franco, Daniela Naemi
Does The Addition Of Digital Care Along With Standard Chemotherapy Teaching That Is Provided At City Of Hope Increase Patient Satisfaction And Confidence?, Sheridan Wendy Lomeli, Brooklin Mize, Tatyana Franco, Daniela Naemi
Master's Projects and Capstones
Chemotherapy education is critical when it comes to improving patient confidence, reducing anxiety, and enhancing symptom management. However, there is still a variety of patients who begin their infusion therapy with a limited understanding of what to expect. This quality improvement project was conducted at an outpatient infusion center, exploring whether combining traditional nurse-led chemotherapy education calls with a digital care platform would enhance patient satisfaction and confidence compared to standard care alone. A total of forty-one adult oncology patients participated in an educational survey at the end of each follow-up phone call, which was completed three days after their …