Digital Commons Network^™

A Case For Military Proportionality: Disabling Nuclear Plants, Henry Sokolski

The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters

This special commentary argues that striking nuclear and other hazardous civilian infrastructure is often militarily counterproductive and should be avoided not just for legal and moral reasons but because strikes can defeat achieving one’s war aims. Unlike most commentaries, which treat proportionality as an abstract legal constraint, this article shows how proportionality can serve as a concrete tool for winning wars and maintaining alliances. The article draws on military history, current targeting doctrines, and recent war games. The analysis gives military planners practical guidance for how and why to disable certain civilian targets without undermining their own operations.

Parameters Autumn 2025, Usawc Press

The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters

No abstract provided.

Who Is In Charge Of Cyber Incidence Response In The Homeland?, Kelly R. M. Ihme, Patrick O'Brien Boling, Michael Zimmerman, Timothy G. Mccormick

The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters

This article argues that the fragmented US cybersecurity framework—marked by the absence of a lead agency, insufficient whole-of-government coordination, and inconsistent private-sector compliance— undermines national resilience to cyber threats. Unlike existing literature that often focuses on technical vulnerabilities, this piece highlights systemic governance failures through detailed case studies of the SolarWinds, Colonial Pipeline, and Change Healthcare cyberattacks. The article identifies critical gaps in cyber incident response by drawing on incident reports, policy analysis, and expert commentary and offers actionable recommendations to strengthen national cybersecurity, making it especially relevant for policymakers and military practitioners concerned with protecting critical infrastructure.

War Fighting: The Case Of Ulysses S. Grant, Thomas Bruscino

The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters

This article argues that American military professionals must focus on war fighting in publishing about military history to bring their unique military perspectives to the study of war. Most writing on military publishing offers general encouragement without providing focus to military writers. This article uses the historical example of American professional military writing and teaching from the American Civil War to World War II about General Ulysses S. Grant to demonstrate the value of analyses focusing on war fighting, especially relative to popular and academic histories of Grant’s military leadership. This study’s conclusions will assist future US military writers and …

Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit Clark Tailings Consolidated Waste Management Area Site Investigation Quality Assurance Project Plan (Qapp) Revision 0, Woodard & Curran

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.

Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Superfund Operation And Maintenance (O&M) Request For Maintenance – Kelley Stormwater Channels (Dated April 22, 2025), Josh Bryson

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site

No abstract provided.

Access To Leading Unit Design With Suitable Operating Conditions For The Production Of Carbon Black-Type Srf, Layth Y. Qasim, Wafa K. Essa, Noaman Z. Sulyman, Hiba M. Awad

Baghdad Science Journal

In this research, technological knowledge for the production of carbon black type semi-reinforcing furnace (SRF) was achieved by designing and building an experimental unit consisting of a furnace, cooling tower, cyclone, filtration and separation unit, and drying and physical treatment unit. Gas oil and fuel oil were used as raw materials in the production of carbon black-type SRF. Partial combustion technology was adopted to meet its technical requirements locally. Economically, partial combustion and oxidative pyrolysis have become mainstream methods. These methods involve the use of hydrocarbons that play a dual role; in addition to being a source of heat, they …

Spartan Daily, September 16, 2025, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications

Spartan Daily, 2025

Volume 165, Issue 10

The Political Theories Of The Legal Realists, Dan Priel

All Papers

A popular view about the legal realists is that, either knowingly or inadvertently, they advanced ideas inconsistent with traditional values, democracy, and the rule of law. Another view about them suggested that the realists had no political theory: they only offered a descriptive (empirical) theory of adjudication, albeit one that has normatively “quietist” implications. In this essay, I challenge both views. I argue that there were two legal realist camps whose jurisprudential ideas presupposed two quite different political theories. One group of legal realists consisted of public utilitarians who were consciously inspired by Bentham, wanted to turn legal and political …

33 Unresolved Questions In Nanoscience And Nanotechnology, Chad A Mirkin, Sarah Hurst Petrosko, Natalie Artzi, Koray Aydin, Austin Biaggne, C Jeffrey Brinker, Katherine E Bujold, Y Charles Cao, Rachel R Chan, Chaojian Chen, Peng-Cheng Chen, Xiaodong Chen, Olivier J G L Chevalier, Chung Hang Jonathan Choi, Richard M Crooks, Vinayak P Dravid, Jingshan S Du, Sasha B Ebrahimi, Hongyou Fan, Omar K Farha, C Adrian Figg, Tanner D Fink, Connor M Forsyth, Harald Fuchs, Franz M Geiger, Nathan C Gianneschi, Kyle J Gibson, David S Ginger, Sishi Guo, Justin S Hanes, Liangliang Hao, Jin Huang, Bryan M Hunter, Fengwei Huo, Jeongmin Hwang, Rongchao Jin, Shana O Kelley, Thomas J Kempa, Youngeun Kim, Sergej Kudruk, Sneha Kumari, Kaitlin M Landy, Ki-Bum Lee, Noel J Leon, Jun Li, Yuanwei Li, Zhiwei Li, Bin Liu, Guoliang Liu, Xiaogang Liu, Luis M Liz-Marzán, Jochen H Lorch, Taokun Luo, Robert J Macfarlane, Jill E Millstone, Milan Mrksich, Catherine J Murphy, Rajesh R Naik, Andre E Nel, Christopher Oetheimer, Jenny K Hedlund Orbeck, So-Jung Park, Benjamin E Partridge, Nicholas A Peppas, Michelle L Personick, Arindam Raj, Namrata Ramani, Michael B Ross, Stacey Barnaby Ross, Edward H Sargent, Tanushri Sengupta, George C Schatz, Dwight S Seferos, Tamar Seideman, Soyoung Eileen Seo, Bo Shen, Wooyoung Shim, Donghoon Shin, Ulrich Simon, Andrew J Sinegra, Peter T Smith, Alexander M Spokoyny, Peter J Stang, Alexander H Stegh, J Fraser Stoddart, Dayne F Swearer, Weihong Tan, Michelle H Teplensky, C Shad Thaxton, David R Walt, Mary X Wang, Zhe Wang, Wei David Wei, Paul S Weiss, Peter H Winegar, Younan Xia, Yi Xie, Xiaoyang Xu, Peidong Yang, Yiming Yang, Zihao Ye, Kuk Ro Yoon, Cuizheng Zhang, Hua Zhang, Ke Zhang, Liangfang Zhang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Ye Zhang, Zijian Zheng, Wenjie Zhou, Shengshuang Zhu, Wei Zhu

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Significant advances in science and engineering often emerge at the intersections of disciplines. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are inherently interdisciplinary, uniting researchers from chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, materials science, and engineering. This convergence has fostered novel ways of thinking and enabled the development of materials, tools, and technologies that have transformed both basic and applied research, as well as how we address critical societal challenges. In this Nano Focus, we pose and explore 33 questions whose answers could profoundly impact fields such as energy, electronics, the environment, optics, and medicine. These questions highlight the need for deeper foundational understanding, improved tools …

Tissue-Like Fracture Toughness And Stress–Relaxation Ability In Pva-Agar-Based Hydrogels For Biomedical Applications, Ismael Lamas Jr., Bhuvana L. Chandrashekar, Cláudia C. Biguetti, Mohammad R. Islam

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

Soft tissues exhibit remarkable stretchability, fracture toughness, and stress–relaxation ability. They possess a large water content to support cellular processes. Mimicking such a combination of mechanical and physical properties in hydrogels is important for tissue engineering applications but remains challenging. This work aims to develop a hydrogel that can combine excellent mechanical properties with cellular viability. The research focused on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/agar double-network (DN) hydrogels, fabricated by thermal gelation and freeze–thawing methods. Their mechanical properties were characterized through tension, compression, fracture, and stress–relaxation tests, and their cellular viability was measured through cytotoxicity tests. The results show that the PVA/agar …

Postpartum Conversion Type 2 Diabetes In African American Women With Gestational Diabetes, Guerino Tondreau

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a significant public health concern in the United States, with non-Hispanic Black women bearing a disproportionately high burden of the disease. Although this group has a lower overall prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), those who develop GDM face an increased risk of progressing to T2DM. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to explore the relationship between GDM, physical activity, weight status, and T2DM development among non-Hispanic Black women. Secondary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, collected from 2017 through March 2020, were analyzed. The health belief model served …

Exploring The Effective Ai Adoption And Integration Strategies Technology Firm Leaders Use To Mitigate Risks And Enhance Organizational Performance, Bona Eze

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance organizational performance has emerged as a fundamental focus in modern enterprises. Technology firm leaders are concerned with AI adoption and integration strategies, as poorly aligned AI approaches lead to resource wastage and the inability to achieve competitive advantages. Grounded in the technology acceptance model, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to explore the effective AI adoption and integration strategies technology firm leaders use to mitigate risks and enhance organizational performance. The participants were 10 technology firm leaders who had implemented AI adoption and integration in their firms. Data were collected by conducting …

Synthesis, Characterization, And Theoretical Investigation Of The Effectiveness As Anti-Corrosion For Chalcone Derivatives, Acer Juma Hamad, Hamdia Hateem Jawad, Kadhim A. Adem

Baghdad Science Journal

In this research, the focus was on preparing a number of chalcone derivatives using the Claisen-Schmidt reaction method through the reaction of some benzaldehyde derivatives with acetophenone substitutes in the presence of a basic medium represented by (NaOH) at a concentration of 10%. The benzaldehyde derivatives and acetophenone derivatives were also dissolved in ethanol at a concentration of 98%. Before starting the preparation, a number of chalcone derivatives were banned, which were prepared and referred to as [Ch1, Ch2,Ch3, Ch4, Ch5]. The substitutes that were used in the preparation were 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-aminoacetophenone, benzaldehyde, 3-Nitroacetophenone, 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde. Acetophenone ,2-4-dichlorobenzaldehyde, and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde. The …

Effect Of Gelam Wood And Rice Husk Composition With Molding Pressure On The Combustion Performance Of Biopellets, Rachmat Subagyo, Rudi Siswanto, Ma’Ruf Ma’Ruf, Mastiadi Tamjidillah, Abdul Ghofur, Femiana Gapsari, M. Zainul Rusdi, Azie Aprianto, Wardoyo Wardoyo, Naila Salsabila

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

This study investigates the effects of gelam wood (Melaleuca leucadendron) and rice husk composition in biopellet production, focusing on compaction pressures of 60, 80, and 100 kg/cm². Five biomass ratios (G100–RH0, G80–RH20, G60–RH40, G50–RH50, G0–RH100) were tested for moisture, ash, fixed carbon, volatile matter, calorific value, ignition time, burning rate, and combustion temperature. Results showed that moisture content ranged from 0.98% (G0–RH100, 60 kg/cm²) to 12.28% (G100–RH0, 80 kg/cm²), while ash content varied between 2.47% (G100–RH0, 60 kg/cm²) and 20.93% (G0–RH100, 80 kg/cm²). The highest calorific value reached 3968 cal/g (G100–RH0, 60–80 kg/cm²), though below the SNI 8675:2018 minimum of …

Performance Of 123i-Ioflupane Spect Striatal Binding In Dementia With Lewy Bodies, Emily F. Maly, Frank P. Difilippo, Brittany Lapin, Yadi Li, Sarah Berman, Andrea C. Bozoki, Jori E. Fleisher, James E. Galvin, David J. Irwin, Carol F. Lippa, Irene Litvan, Debby W. Tsuang, Cyrus P. Zabetian, Angela S. Taylor, Lynn M. Bekris, Oscar L. Lopez, Douglas Galasko, James B. Leverenz

Department of Neurology Faculty Papers

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to determine whether ¹²³I-ioflupane single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) striatal binding ratio (SBR) correlated with parkinsonian motor symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and if SBR predicts worsening of parkinsonism over time.

METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of the U.S. Dementia with Lewy Bodies Consortium dataset including individuals with DLB with baseline ¹²³I-ioflupane SPECT analyzed with DaTQUANT and baseline and 24-month Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale–Part III (MDS-UPDRS-III). A subset had cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein seed amplification assay (SAA) evaluation.

RESULTS: Baseline mean SBRs were significant predictors of baseline and 24-month MDS-UPDRS-III …

Impression Motivations And Mental Health In Collegiate Athletes And Musicians: The Benefits Of Promoting Virtues, Mary L. Inman, Olufemi A. Oluyedun, Erin Moran, Brendyn Mroz, Madison Mccreery

Faculty Publications

This study identifies two key impression-management motivations that arise in public settings: promoting virtues and preventing harm to one’s image. We explored their impact on mental health—specifically, socially-based perfectionism and depressive symptoms. Drawing from regulatory-focus theory, we predicted promotion motivations would predict strong mental health, prevention motivations would predict poor mental health, and promotion motivations would buffer against the negative effects of prevention motivations. Collegiate athletes and musicians (N = 262) completed validated measures of impression motivation, perfectionism, and depressive symptoms. Results revealed that athletes reported lower levels of perfectionism and depressive symptoms than did musicians. Across both groups, …

Evaluation Of Home Modifications For Individuals With Mobility Impairments Using Virtual Reality And Wearable Sensors, Yue Luo, Jithin Gopinadhan, Nicolas S. Grimaldi, Xiaojie Lu, Sherry Ahrentzen, Ravi Srinivasan, Boyi Hu

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

Background: Home repurposing can help enhance accessibility for people with mobility impairments. However, residents may hesitate to implement such changes without clear evidence showing the effectiveness. Purpose: The study integrates virtual reality (VR) systems and wearable technology to provide the effectiveness evidence of home repurposing, reducing residents’ hesitancy. Here, VR allows residents to compare old and new home designs, while wearables offer direct evidence through motion and task analysis. Methods: Twenty-one participants conducted two consecutive activities of daily living (i.e., relocating the robe and going to the bathroom) in original and redesigned bedrooms simulated in the VR system. Participants’ performance …

From Coexistence To Collaboration: Integrating Englishlanguage Learners Into Campus Internationalization, Yvonne Dunham Slobodenko

EnglishUSA Journal

No abstract provided.

Universal Screening Of Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy: A Scoping Review, Janet Wong, Haixia Ma

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is a significant public health issue and leads to severe consequences for both the mother and fetus, including risks of preterm birth, low birth weight, and maternal psychological distress such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, and even maternal mortality. Despite its prevalence, comparable to conditions like gestational diabetes and preeclampsia, there is no global universal screening protocol for IPV.

Objectives: This presentation covers the findings and discussions on a scoping review with the content of (1) existing clinical guidelines and practices for IPV screening across different countries; (2) current screening methods and tools, and …

From Research To Practice: The Development And Evaluation Of A National Nurse Residency Program, Angela C. Wolff, Judy Boychuk Duchscher, Marin Charette, Jean-Daniel Jacob

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Over the last decade, many employers internationally have addressed the transition issues new nursing graduates experience by providing formal 6 to 12 month nurse residency programs to reduce stress, foster workforce integration and competency, and decrease nurse turnover. The increasing international demand for nurses, compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, further underscores the need for structured support systems to help new nurses navigate their transition into practice.

Our research aim is to (a) determine whether participation in a 6-month structured and formalized Nurse Residency Program (NRP) impacts nurse residents’ stress, competence, and confidence integrating into the registered nurse role; (b) understand …

Embracing Identity: Unmasking Challenges In Lgbtq+ Disclosure Journey, Maya Rabins, Amie Koch, Jill Brennan-Cook, Gillian Jackson

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) individuals often experience challenges pertaining to disclosure of their sexual orientation to others, or "coming out." Coming out can be stressful and significantly impact an individual's mental health, confidence, and safety due to factors including family and friends support, religion, environment, and finances. This study explored the lived experiences of LGBTQ+ adult individuals coming out, including experiences of ambiguous loss (AL).

Methods: This mixed-methods, IRB-approved study included 429 LGBTQ+ identifying individuals who completed an online anonymous survey about their coming out experience. We utilized virtual and social media platforms, and snowball sampling. …

Enhancing International Student Health Awareness And Literacy Through Interprofessional Education, Yue Dong, Yunjia Zhang, Kelsey Grainer, Lindsey Bandison, Kyoungah Lee

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Introduction: Despite efforts to improve healthcare use in the U.S., international students face unique barriers [1,2]. Over a million students, including 10,000 at the University of Pittsburgh, struggle with low literacy in U.S. healthcare systems, leading to confusion and delayed care. Mental health challenges are heightened by cultural stigma, language barriers, and limited knowledge [3,4,5]. We leveraged the Global Ties Program and university health departments to create an interprofessional educational series for international students, offering culturally relevant workshops and resources to address health barriers, raise mental and physical health awareness, and improve healthcare literacy.

Methods: In Fall 2024, the University …

Effectiveness Of A Health Management App On Quality Of Life In Patients With Chronic Heart Failure, Wen-Chen Lai, I-Chen Liao, Jin-Long Huang

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: Advances in medical care have extended the life expectancy of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF); however, their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) remains low. A user-friendly, home-based self-health management app has the potential to significantly improve patients’ self-care behaviors, disease knowledge, and overall quality of life.

Objective: To assess the demographic characteristics, readiness to change behaviors (C-URICA), self-care behaviors, disease knowledge, and quality of life among patients with CHF. It also evaluated the impact of a health management app intervention on these factors.

Results:Analysis of primary study variables revealed an inverse relationship between self-care behavior scores and …

Strategies To Enhance Your Work/Life Balance, Oscar Danny Lee

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

This program explores strategies to enhance work/life balance, focusing on practical techniques to manage time, reduce stress, and increase overall well-being. Participants will learn to prioritize tasks, set boundaries, and develop effective organizational skills. The initiative emphasizes the importance of self-care, fostering healthy relationships, and leveraging support systems. Through workshops and interactive sessions, individuals will gain essential tools and insights to create a balanced life, ultimately improving productivity and satisfaction both personally and professionally.

Promoting Resilience Of Nurses In The Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Amy E. Davis, Donna J. Copeland-Streeter

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: Second victims are nurses involved in a perceived traumatic patient-related event.¹ Exposure to these events, especially throughout a career, can lead to psychological, emotional, or physical distress, known as second-victim syndrome.^{2, 3} Studies have shown that the most effective management of distress for second victims is through immediate emotional support from a peer.⁴ Therefore, reflective nurse leaders understand the need to develop organizational support systems to promote resilience and mitigate symptoms of second victim syndrome.^{5, 6}

Objective: The objective was to reduce second victims' perceived distress levels by 10% within three months of deploying …

Pill Passport: Optimizing Patient Education Tools Through Usability Testing, Patricia Lynn Pence, Rachel A. Gonzalez, Kyle F. Formella, Safura Sultana, Ryan M. Klute

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Introduction: Medication nonadherence among older adults who experience comorbidities and a high pill burden is a significant healthcare issue in the United States.¹ Older adults are at risk for adverse drug effects, significant harm, and hospital readmissions if medications are not taken as prescribed.2-3

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a prototype design, Pill Passport, a tool intended for patients to participate in their own care by improving medication knowledge and reducing medication nonadherence.⁴

Methods: Electronic health records were reviewed to identify a convenience sample of participants from two medical centers. Inclusion criteria were patients or their caregivers …

There Are No Words: What Do You Call A Parent Who Has Lost A Child, Sandra K. Cesario

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: There is no commonly used English word to describe a parent whose child is deceased. A child who has no parents is an orphan and a person who has lost a spouse is a widow(er). Absence of terminology to describe parents after the death of a child may contribute to difficulty in adapting to a new identity and alter societal expectations for grieving. Vilomah, a word borrowed from the Sanskrit language meaning "against the natural order," has emerged in non-nursing literature to describe a parent whose child has died. It is derived from the concept that parents …

The Potential Benefits Of Co-Design In Dog-Assisted Treatment Programs For Veterans Seeking Mental Health Care, Parvin (Pary) Bahmanyari, Pauleen Bennett, Tiffani Howell

People and Animals: The International Journal of Research and Practice

Veterans are more likely than the general population to experience a range of mental health problems. While many veteran mental health support programs are available, veterans may struggle to access and engage with these services for various reasons (e.g., a stigmatized perception of mental health disorders, mistrust). Animal-assisted services have become more popular in civilian and military health care settings where traditional therapies (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy) may not always be effective. Assistance dogs, for example, which live with veterans to provide disability support, have been successfully employed for veteran mental health. Unfortunately, a subgroup of veterans may miss out …

Access Denied: The Poor's One-Hundred Year Long Fight For Judicial Equality, Austin Jones

The Ozark Historical Review

This work discusses Reginald Heber Smith's Justice and the Poor and the framework that is described within to provide equal access to the judicial system. The writer posits that this goal has yet to be reached.