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Articles 41971 - 42000 of 1820591
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Mitochondria As Primary Cause Of Neurodegeneration: Evaluating Causality Across Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Als), Alzheimer's, And Parkinson’S Diseases, Makenzie G. Johnson
Mitochondria As Primary Cause Of Neurodegeneration: Evaluating Causality Across Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Als), Alzheimer's, And Parkinson’S Diseases, Makenzie G. Johnson
Undergraduate Honors Theses
Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) have historically been explained through alternate hypotheses despite shared clinical hallmarks that lead to neuron loss. However, these varying explanations could not account for how disease onset begins among other individual issues. This thesis aims to show that mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary driver of neurodegeneration as well as a unifying mechanism shared between the three diseases. Evidence presented in this thesis will show that many issues can arise in mitochondria including issues with energy production, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), apoptosis activation, and calcium regulation. These issues …
Dental Implantology: A Literature Review, Kylie Taylor
Dental Implantology: A Literature Review, Kylie Taylor
Undergraduate Honors Theses
Dental implant therapy is the process of replacing teeth as a form of treatment to improve quality of life, function, and esthetics. The success of the implant depends on the surgical technique, type of prosthetic, and factors related to individual patients. The most important factor for implant success is osseointegration. Osseointegration is a process in which success is determined by the bone quality, the surface characteristics of the implant and the surgical approach. Some approaches to improve the osseointegration of the implant are low-speed drilling, guided surgery, and reduced surgical trauma at the site. The impact of systemic conditions, health …
Acute Responses To Low-Intensity Aerobic Exercise With Continuous And Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction, James Brown, Jakob D. Lauver, Timothy R. Rotarius, Justin P. Guilkey
Acute Responses To Low-Intensity Aerobic Exercise With Continuous And Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction, James Brown, Jakob D. Lauver, Timothy R. Rotarius, Justin P. Guilkey
Kinesiology
Introduction: This study examined muscular and cardiovascular responses to light-intensity aerobic exercise with different blood flow restriction (BFR) protocols. Methods: Ten males performed four protocols on the cycle ergometer: low-intensity exercise with no BFR (LIE), LIE with continuous BFR (CONT-BFR), LIE with intermittent BFR (INT-BFR), and high-intensity exercise (HIE). Each protocol consisted of five 2-min work intervals (INT) at 35% of peak work rate for LIE, CONT-BFR, and INT-BFR and 70% of peak work rate for HIE. During CONT-BFR, cuffs were inflated to 60% of arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) at the start of INT 1 and remained inflated until the …
Pull-Out Performance Of Multiple Glued-In Rods In Sustainable Inorganic-Bonded Bamboo Composite Under Perpendicular-To-Grain Loading, Jing Ru Yao, Shaohua Yu, Qingxia Yue, Hanshu Zhang, Ernian Zhao
Pull-Out Performance Of Multiple Glued-In Rods In Sustainable Inorganic-Bonded Bamboo Composite Under Perpendicular-To-Grain Loading, Jing Ru Yao, Shaohua Yu, Qingxia Yue, Hanshu Zhang, Ernian Zhao
Physics and Engineering Science
As a sustainable bio-based material derived from bamboo crops, inorganic-bonded bamboo composite (InorgBam) exhibits excellent environmental sustainability, fire resistance, and long-term durability. To enable its broader adoption in structural applications, robust and efficient connection methods are essential. Glued-in rod (GiR) connections, characterized by high strength, stiffness, and superior fire performance, are especially well-suited for modern engineered bamboo and timber connections. The pull-out behavior of multiple GiRs in InorgBam material under perpendicular-to-grain loading was experimentally investigated using double-, triple-, and quadruple-rod specimens. The influence of anchorage length and spacing on failure modes and load-carrying capacity was systematically analyzed. Results demonstrate that …
A Novel Simulation Framework To Estimate Dynamic Response Of A Solar Panel Array Under Stationary Stochastic Wind Loads, Hanshu Zhang, You Jia Li, Matthew J. Dejong
A Novel Simulation Framework To Estimate Dynamic Response Of A Solar Panel Array Under Stationary Stochastic Wind Loads, Hanshu Zhang, You Jia Li, Matthew J. Dejong
Physics and Engineering Science
This paper presents a novel simulation framework for estimating the dynamic response of a full-scale ground-mounted solar panel array under stationary wind loads that are spatially correlated across the length of the solar panel array. Specifically, the framework uses mean pressure coefficient distributions along the length of a 1:10 prototype scale of the solar panel array from smooth inflow derived using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation software The Wind Engineering with Uncertainty Quantification (WE-UQ). Note that for the CFD simulation, the input wind field across the length of the solar panel array is uniform along the horizontal direction, and …
Dose-Dependent Developmental Toxicity Of Cisplatin In Zebrafish Embryos, Reagan D. Sellers, Katherine T. Doucet, Jinhee Park, Andrea Florian
Dose-Dependent Developmental Toxicity Of Cisplatin In Zebrafish Embryos, Reagan D. Sellers, Katherine T. Doucet, Jinhee Park, Andrea Florian
SPARK Symposium Presentations
Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapy drug for treating various types of cancer. Although cisplatin is effective in killing cancer, it can also cause toxic side effects in normal tissues. Because cisplatin can cross the placental barrier, its use during pregnancy is generally avoided, particularly during early embryonic stages of fetal development. Exposure to cytotoxic drugs during embryogenesis may lead to developmental abnormalities, birth defects, or pregnancy complications. Understanding how cisplatin affects early development is therefore important.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are an established model for studying developmental toxicity due to their rapid external development, transparent embryos, and genetic similarity to …
Staging Emotion: Visual Rhetoric In Fleetwood Mac’S “Silver Springs” Performance, Ashley Deker
Staging Emotion: Visual Rhetoric In Fleetwood Mac’S “Silver Springs” Performance, Ashley Deker
SPARK Symposium Presentations
My chosen artifact is a live performance of Silver Springs by Fleetwood Mac. The performance originally took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California, in May 1997, and the video was later published to Fleetwood Mac’s official YouTube account in September 2018.
My chosen critical lens is visual criticism, specifically analyzing visual escalation as a rhetorical strategy. This approach is appropriate because the emotional intensity of the performance extends beyond the lyrics, adding another persuasive layer through the deliberate use of camera angles and the physical actions of both Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham.
In the 1997 live performance …
Due Process And Press Credentialing, Nicole J. Ligon
Due Process And Press Credentialing, Nicole J. Ligon
Scholarly Works
Government-issued press credentials increasingly determine which journalists may access public officials, attend government events, and report from restricted spaces. Yet the legal frameworks governing these credentials remain underdeveloped, discretionary, and structurally vulnerable to abuse. This Article examines the constitutional dimensions of press credentialing through the lens of procedural due process. It is the first law review article to consider whether press credentials give rise to protected liberty or property interests under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, such that denial or revocation requires due process.
Drawing on analogies to professional licensing regimes and recent litigation involving credentialing disputes, this Article maps …
The Lithic Assemblage From The 700,000 Year-Old Butchery Site Of Kalinga (Luzon Island, Philippines): New Insights Into Technological Variability In The Early Palaeolithic In Island Southeast Asia, Alfred F. Pawlik, Justin Guilbert, Jean-Baptiste Lambard, Gerald Palaya, Jackie Despriee, Xavier Gallet, John De Vos, Andrea Dominique Cosalan, Maria G. Chacon
The Lithic Assemblage From The 700,000 Year-Old Butchery Site Of Kalinga (Luzon Island, Philippines): New Insights Into Technological Variability In The Early Palaeolithic In Island Southeast Asia, Alfred F. Pawlik, Justin Guilbert, Jean-Baptiste Lambard, Gerald Palaya, Jackie Despriee, Xavier Gallet, John De Vos, Andrea Dominique Cosalan, Maria G. Chacon
Archaeology
Despite a long history of archaeological and paleoanthropological research, our understanding of the Early Palaeolithic in Island Southeast Asia remains limited, as only a few sites with clear stratigraphic contexts - Mata Menge (Flores Island), Ngebung 2 (Java Island), Calio and Talepu (Sulawesi Island) - have been documented. This scarcity of well-stratified assemblages has led to a poor characterisation of technological variability and cultural sequences, which mainly rely on surface collections and early typological classifications/facies (e.g., Pacitanian, Cabengian, Cabalwanian, Liwanian, Arubian, etc). These classifications mostly based on a handful of cobble artefacts, have long obscured the technological diversity of early …
From The Vault - Winter 2026 Newsletter, Archives & Special Collections
From The Vault - Winter 2026 Newsletter, Archives & Special Collections
From the Vault: Archives & Special Collections Newsletter
No abstract provided.
Annual Report For The Town Of Bridgewater, New Hampshire For The Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2025, Bridgewater Town Representatives
Annual Report For The Town Of Bridgewater, New Hampshire For The Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2025, Bridgewater Town Representatives
Bridgewater, NH Annual Reports
This is an annual report containing vital statistics for a town/city in the state of New Hampshire.
2025 Town Of Walpole, New Hampshire Annual Report Of The Town Officials, Departments, Committees, And Walpole Fire District, Walpole Town Representatives
2025 Town Of Walpole, New Hampshire Annual Report Of The Town Officials, Departments, Committees, And Walpole Fire District, Walpole Town Representatives
Walpole, NH Annual Reports
This is an annual report containing vital statistics for a town/city in the state of New Hampshire.
Altered Natural Killer Cell Function In Children With Severe Malaria, Grace Turyasingura, Kagan A. Mellencamp, Ruth Namazzi, Robert Opoka, Chandy C. John, Geoffrey T. Hart
Altered Natural Killer Cell Function In Children With Severe Malaria, Grace Turyasingura, Kagan A. Mellencamp, Ruth Namazzi, Robert Opoka, Chandy C. John, Geoffrey T. Hart
Paediatrics and Child Health, East Africa
Memory-like natural killer (NK) cells with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have correlated with protection from uncomplicated malaria in prior studies. However, the role of NK cells in severe malaria (SM) has not been characterized. In Ugandan sites with moderate and low malaria transmission, we evaluated NK cell (CD56bright, CD56dim, CD56neg) phenotype and ADCC function by flow cytometry in children < 5 years of age with SM (n = 21) and control community children (CC, n = 19). Children with SM had similar total NK cell counts to CC. Children with SM had a higher proportion of LILRB1+ NK cells than CC. The level of malaria transmission …
Ethical And Legal Aspects Of Ai Use For Self-Care For Counselor Educators And Counselors, Jessica Ellen Kuehne, Jody Vernam
Ethical And Legal Aspects Of Ai Use For Self-Care For Counselor Educators And Counselors, Jessica Ellen Kuehne, Jody Vernam
Faculty Publications and Presentations
This presentation explores the ethical and legal implications of using AI to support the self-care of counselors and counselor educators. While counselor self-care has been studied, the use of AI as a tool to promote this professional obligation remains largely unexamined. Counselor educators must consider how to navigate AI-generated self-care recommendations they may disagree with and how to maintain professional autonomy when AI offers guidance or predictions based on current behaviors. Identifying these challenges is essential for developing tools and innovations that reduce emerging ethical and legal risks in counseling and higher education. The session will examine these issues through …
Rebutting The Presumption: A Constitutional Theory Of Pre-Trial Asset Seizures And Procedural Due Process, Benjamin Y. Rabin
Rebutting The Presumption: A Constitutional Theory Of Pre-Trial Asset Seizures And Procedural Due Process, Benjamin Y. Rabin
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
In this Comment, I trace the origins and examine the current state of the doctrine on pre-trial asset seizures, then argue for a new approach grounded in procedural due process and constitutional theory.
The existing frameworks for assessing due process in these cases fall into three categories. The first grants the government broad presumptive validity for pre-trial seizures. The second applies a utilitarian balancing test, following the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Mathews v. Eldridge and Connecticut v. Doehr. The third, illustrated by the recent decision in Culley v. Marshall, relies on comparisons to historical practice.
I argue that …
Coercion, Trauma, And Grief In The Interrogation Room: Documenting And Analyzing Cases Of False Confessions To Murder Of A Family Member, Steven A. Drizin, Richard A. Leo, Hayley M. D. Cleary, Samara Hoose
Coercion, Trauma, And Grief In The Interrogation Room: Documenting And Analyzing Cases Of False Confessions To Murder Of A Family Member, Steven A. Drizin, Richard A. Leo, Hayley M. D. Cleary, Samara Hoose
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
This article examines the phenomenon of false confessions in cases in which individuals were falsely accused of murdering close family members. Drawing on a dataset of twenty-two proven false confession cases, we document how grief, trauma, and coercive interrogation practices intersect to produce highly counterintuitive admissions and narratives of guilt. The study situates these cases within the broader literature on police interrogation and false confessions, highlighting situational risk factors such as lengthy custodial interrogation, sleep deprivation, false evidence ploys, and threats and promises, alongside dispositional vulnerabilities such as youth, mental illness, and trauma exposure. Unlike prior aggregated studies of proven …
Eagle Eyes: How The Chicago Police Department’S Video Surveillance Network Is Used To Fight Crime And Its Fourth Amendment Implications, Joseph Mcinerney
Eagle Eyes: How The Chicago Police Department’S Video Surveillance Network Is Used To Fight Crime And Its Fourth Amendment Implications, Joseph Mcinerney
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
Chicago, Illinois, is home to over 2.7 million individuals living under the supervision of a vast network of over forty thousand cameras integrated into a network of advanced technology run by the Chicago Office of Emergency Management. With little transparency, the City of Chicago has spent hundreds of millions of dollars in the past two decades rapidly expanding the network throughout the city while incorporating new technologies each year, posing substantial privacy risks for the millions of residents unaware of the ever-present eyes on them. To determine whether the network violates the Fourth Amendment, particularly in the wake of Carpenter …
Police Reform As System Justification, Shawn E. Fields
Police Reform As System Justification, Shawn E. Fields
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
System Justification Theory (SJT) provides a useful lens through which to critique recent police reform efforts. SJT posits that members of society tend to justify and maintain existing social and political systems even when those systems disadvantage them, because the predictability of the status quo provides palliative, epistemic, and existential comfort in what otherwise appears to be an unjust and inequitable societal structure. Contrary to “false consciousness” theories, SJT claims that disadvantaged groups may intentionally rationalize what they know to be an unfair status quo, because doing so reduces social anxiety and threat while providing much desired order and meaning …
German Couples' Mental And Relational Health Before, During, And After Pregnancy: Comparisons Across Conception Type, Mckenna Fey
German Couples' Mental And Relational Health Before, During, And After Pregnancy: Comparisons Across Conception Type, Mckenna Fey
Theses and Dissertations--Family Sciences
Previous research on the perinatal period (i.e., pregnancy and postpartum) has largely focused on the pregnant partner’s experience and has rarely involved dyadic data from both partners in a romantic relationship. Although mental health—particularly of pregnant partners—has been extensively studied, relational health is often overlooked in the literature. Using life course theory as a framework, the present study examines both pregnant and nonpregnant partners’ mental and relational health before, during, and after pregnancy to understand actor, partner, and cross-process effects. Six hundred and twelve couples (N = 1,224 individuals) from the German Family Panel (pairfam) were assessed for mental and …
Synthetic Contact Zones: Meeting Nature And Animals In Video Games, Sarah C. Mcpherson
Synthetic Contact Zones: Meeting Nature And Animals In Video Games, Sarah C. Mcpherson
English Theses
Due to economic and environmental barriers, encounters with animals and nature have become increasingly inaccessible for many people, while video games have emerged as a common site for simulated environmental interaction. This thesis conceptualizes video games as synthetic contact zones, or digital spaces where representations of humans, animals, and environments interact, conflict, and shape one another. Drawing on the theories of Mary Louise Pratt, Donna Haraway, and Alenda Y. Chang, this project analyzes how video games model relationships between players, animals, and ecological systems through interactive mechanics and environmental storytelling. Explorations of Red Dead Redemption 2, Blair Witch, …
Enhancing The User Experience Of Colorado Bend State Park Through The Implementation Of Cultural Landscape Analysis, Hunter C. Lynch
Enhancing The User Experience Of Colorado Bend State Park Through The Implementation Of Cultural Landscape Analysis, Hunter C. Lynch
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses
This design thesis investigates how landscape character and sense of place can be more clearly expressed through a cultural landscape approach to design at Colorado Bend State Park, a state park in Texas, with a focus on guiding future trail and campsite development in the currently undeveloped eastern portion of the park.The park’s dramatic canyons, limestone bluffs, spring-fed systems, and upland prairies form a series of distinct, yet interconnected landscape conditions shaped by the interaction of physical structure, ecological systems, and cultural associations. While these characteristics define the site's identity and are reflected in portions of the existing park, they …
Voice And Student Engagement With Writing: Integrating Perspective, Personality, And Style, Sara S. Martin
Voice And Student Engagement With Writing: Integrating Perspective, Personality, And Style, Sara S. Martin
English Dissertations
The rise of generative AI has many teachers worried about the future of writing classes and students’ desire to learn. However, instructors can motivate students to write by valuing what AI can never replace: their voices. Previous definitions of voice took the concept for granted and left it either vague or reductive, unhelpful for structured lessons. I propose a new, more teachable definition of voice as perspective, personality, and style. Perspective takes priority because it belongs solely to the individual and the unrepeatable moment of composition. Personality infuses passages with emotion, forming a bond between author and reader. Style, the …
(Trans*)Gressing Discourse: Producing And Disrupting Normativity In Education For Trans* Students With Dis/Abilities, Meagan Meredith
(Trans*)Gressing Discourse: Producing And Disrupting Normativity In Education For Trans* Students With Dis/Abilities, Meagan Meredith
Educational Leadership & Policy Studies Dissertations - Archive
This dissertation investigates how political rhetoric, education policy, and educational community member discourse construct, circulate, and contest meanings about trans*ness and dis/ability in K-12 public schools. In doing so, the study examines how meanings about normativity are discursively produced and disrupted for students living at this specific intersection. Grounded in a trans* methodology, this study performs a critical discourse analysis through a rhizomatic reading of policy texts, political rhetoric, and publicly available stakeholder discourse. This work responds to a gap in the literature that fails to understand the complexities experienced by trans* students with dis/abilities, particularly in hostile school climates. …
Using Provided Guided Notes In Coordinated Introductory First-Year Mathematics Courses, Jennifer L. Huber
Using Provided Guided Notes In Coordinated Introductory First-Year Mathematics Courses, Jennifer L. Huber
Mathematics Dissertations
The goal of this study is to investigate how standardized guided notes shape instructional practices and student engagement in coordinated introductory first-year college mathematics courses at a large public university. The researcher explored three multi-section introductory mathematics courses with overlapping learning objectives. Each course required students to purchase a student workbook as part of the instructional materials for the class. The instructors taught primarily from the workbook containing guided notes created by a former coordinator of the course. The researcher used a mixed-methods approach. Instructors and students participated in surveys, class observations and provided class meeting notes. Instructors shared additional …
Enhancing The Performance Of Disk-Based Key-Value Stores: From Learned Index Acceleration To I/O-Efficient Hybrid Caching, Sujit Maharjan
Enhancing The Performance Of Disk-Based Key-Value Stores: From Learned Index Acceleration To I/O-Efficient Hybrid Caching, Sujit Maharjan
Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive
The exponential growth of data in modern computing environments has rendered the efficient extraction of information from massive datasets a critical systemic requirement. Key-value (KV) storage systems serve as the backbone for these operations; however, their performance is consistently bottlenecked by two primary functional requirements: identifying the data's location and managing the physical cost of accessing the storage device. Data locations are typically identified via an index, while disk I/O is minimized through caching. This dissertation presents LearnedStore, TurboIndex, and ReadBooster, which break these performance bottlenecks by introducing architectural modifications to the index and cache. LearnedStore accelerates operations by adapting …
Adaptive Synchronization In Digital Twin–Enabled Iot Systems: A Unified Framework For Energy, Fidelity, And Latency Trade-Offs, Uzma Zehra
Computer Science and Engineering Theses
Digital twin technology has emerged as a foundational paradigm for enabling real-time monitoring, analysis, and control in Internet of Things (IoT) systems by maintaining virtual representations of physical processes. Its effectiveness, however, critically depends on timely and accurate synchronization between distributed sensing devices and their corresponding digital counterparts. Frequent synchronization improves reconstruction fidelity and system responsiveness but incurs significant communication energy consumption and network latency. In contrast, infrequent synchronization conserves communication resources but can lead to stale or inaccurate digital twin states, particularly in environments with rapidly changing dynamics. These opposing effects give rise to a fundamental trade-off among energy …
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus And Its Psychological Impacts During Pregnancy And Postpartum, Nehemie B. Hypolite, Charline Fast
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus And Its Psychological Impacts During Pregnancy And Postpartum, Nehemie B. Hypolite, Charline Fast
All Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Introduction: This review explores the link between gestational diabetes (GDM) and psychological outcomes. GDM affects 8–10% of pregnancies and is typically diagnosed at 24–28 weeks. This burden leads to anxiety, depression, and fear. Postpartum concerns often persist for mother and infant.
Methods: Whittemore and Knafl’s (2005) method was used to synthesize data. The research databases included CINAHL and PubMed. Covidence supported screening and PRISMA diagram development. Key search terms included “anxiety and GDM,” “depression and GDM,” “GDM and postpartum depression,” “gestational diabetes,” and “pregnancy.” Inclusion criteria included full-text articles published after 2010, original studies, patients undergoing diabetic treatment (medication and/or …
The Impact Of Patient-Centered Care On Women With Infertility And Pregnancy Loss: An Integrative Review, Kaidynce R. Sweazy
The Impact Of Patient-Centered Care On Women With Infertility And Pregnancy Loss: An Integrative Review, Kaidynce R. Sweazy
All Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Introduction: Infertility affects roughly 17.5% of adults worldwide, while pregnancy loss occurs in up to 30% of pregnancies. These reproductive traumas increase the risk of developing a mental health disorder, such as anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this review is to identify the influence of patient-centered care on psychological outcomes and experiences of care in women with infertility and pregnancy loss.
Methods: A literature search of the PubMed and Cinahl databases was conducted for original studies published from January 2016 to January 2026 that address the psychological outcomes and/or experiences of women who experienced infertility …
The Placenta & Covid-19: Histological Changes & Clinical Implications, Melissa F. Paul, Allyson J. Zadlo Sensor
The Placenta & Covid-19: Histological Changes & Clinical Implications, Melissa F. Paul, Allyson J. Zadlo Sensor
All Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic presented the medical community with complex and novel challenges, not the least of which is how to optimize prenatal and postnatal care for pregnant individuals who have been infected. At present, seven years have elapsed, and despite definitive research demonstrating adverse outcomes associated with placental changes, no professional consensus has been reached.
Methods: This integrative review includes studies involving pregnant individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, who recovered during the same pregnancy, and their infants. An examination of the data available reveals a triad of placental pathologies (chronic histiocytic intervillositis, perivillous fibrin deposition, and trophoblast necrosis) that …
Supporting Sustainable Art Education: How School Structures Influence Creativity, Michelle Schutz
Supporting Sustainable Art Education: How School Structures Influence Creativity, Michelle Schutz
All Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study examines how structural conditions within schools influence sustainable teaching practices in visual arts education. Specifically, it explores how class schedules, preparation time, and administrative support shape teachers’ ability to implement creativity-centered instruction aligned with the demands of artistic learning. Drawing on a qualitative synthesis of existing research on instructional time, organizational structures, and educational leadership, this study identifies key patterns in how school systems support or constrain meaningful visual arts instruction. Findings indicate that structural factors, rather than individual teacher characteristics, play a central role in shaping instructional quality and sustainability. Limited instructional time, fragmented scheduling models, insufficient …