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In Silico Analysis Of C-Type Lectins As Co-Infection Receptors Of Dengue And Chikungunya Viruses In Aedes Aegypti, Munawir Sazali, R. C. Hidayat Soesilohadi, Nastiti Wijayanti, Tri Wibawa, Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori Mar 2024

In Silico Analysis Of C-Type Lectins As Co-Infection Receptors Of Dengue And Chikungunya Viruses In Aedes Aegypti, Munawir Sazali, R. C. Hidayat Soesilohadi, Nastiti Wijayanti, Tri Wibawa, Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori

Makara Journal of Science

Aedes aegypti is a primer vector of dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The susceptibility of mosquitoes to DENV and CHIKV depends on their recognition receptor of pathogens. C-type lectins (CTLs) are an important mediator of virus infection in A. aegypti. This study aims to identify potential receptors and determine the binding affinity between ligand–receptor interaction, CTLs and virus envelopes (DENV-1, 2, 3, and 4 and CHIKV) interaction based on in silico analysis. Sample sequences were obtained from GenBank (NCBI), and 10 CTLs were acquired from VectorBase. Homology modeling based on a minimum standard of 20% was processed …


Assessment Of Pollution Sources For The Lake Burullus Influent Drains At The North Of Egypt, Aya Hassan Mar 2024

Assessment Of Pollution Sources For The Lake Burullus Influent Drains At The North Of Egypt, Aya Hassan

Civil Engineering

Assessment of Pollution Sources for the Lake Burullus Influent Drains at the North of Egypt. Egyptian northern region is facing significant pollution issues due to various factors such as fish farming expansion, industrial activities, and agricultural drainage water that enters the lake from the north through different drains. This pollution has detrimental effects on the lake's ecology and economy. The main goal of this study is to assess the current state of the influent drains into the Lake Burullus, that represent the second largest lake in the northern lakes of Egyptian. The water quality parameters in the influent drains to …


Toward Local Madelung Mechanics In Spacetime, Mordecai Waegell Mar 2024

Toward Local Madelung Mechanics In Spacetime, Mordecai Waegell

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

It has recently been shown that relativistic quantum theory leads to a local interpretation of quantum mechanics wherein the universal wavefunction in configuration space is entirely replaced with an ensemble of local fluid equations in spacetime. For want of a fully relativistic quantum fluid treatment, we develop a model using the nonrelativistic Madelung equations, and obtain conditions for them to be local in spacetime. Every particle in the Madelung fluid is equally real, and has a definite position, momentum, kinetic energy, and potential energy. These are obtained by defining quantum momentum and kinetic energy densities for the fluid and separating …


Perspectives On Approaching Pain Management In Patients With Dementia, Lisa Attrill, Pat Schofield Mar 2024

Perspectives On Approaching Pain Management In Patients With Dementia, Lisa Attrill, Pat Schofield

School of Nursing and Midwifery

This paper presents a review of the latest literature and guidance regarding the assessment and management of pain in older adults with dementia. The size and nature of the problem will be presented, in terms of the increasing aging population across the globe and potential for a significant increase in adults with dementia, along with the reduction in younger counterparts who will be available to provide care in the future. We will present the latest recommendations regarding how to assess pain and which tools are recommended for use underpinned by the strongest evidence. Finally, we will present the findings of …


Nitrene-Transfer Chemistry To C-H And C═C Bonds Mediated By Triangular Coinage Metal Platforms Supported By Triply Bridging Pnictogen Elements Sb(Iii) And Bi(Iii), Meenakshi Sharma, Reece M. Fritz, Joseph O. Adebanjo, Zhou Lu, Thomas R. Cundari, Mohammad A. Omary, Amitava Choudhury, Pericles Stavropoulos Mar 2024

Nitrene-Transfer Chemistry To C-H And C═C Bonds Mediated By Triangular Coinage Metal Platforms Supported By Triply Bridging Pnictogen Elements Sb(Iii) And Bi(Iii), Meenakshi Sharma, Reece M. Fritz, Joseph O. Adebanjo, Zhou Lu, Thomas R. Cundari, Mohammad A. Omary, Amitava Choudhury, Pericles Stavropoulos

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

Tripodal Ligands (TMG3trphen-E) That Feature Heavy Pnictogen Elements (E = Sb(III), Bi(III)) And Tetramethylguanidinyl (TMG) Arms Have Been Explored In Stabilizing Cu(I) And Ag(I) Sites And Facilitating Nitrene-Transfer Chemistry. Compounds [(TMG3trphen-E)M3(Μ-X)3] (M = Cu(I), Ag(I); X = Cl, Br, I) Have Been Generated Upon Extraction Of M3(Μ-X)3 Units From MX Sources, Exhibiting Support Of The Crown-Shaped M3(Μ-X)3 Fragment By M-NTMG Bonds And Triply Bridging E → M3 Interactions. Orbital Interactions Between Cu(I) Sites And NTMG Residues Are More Dominant Than Sb/Bi → Cu3 Donor Interactions Between The Sb 5s Or Bi 6s Orbitals And Admixed Cu 4s/3d Orbitals, With Larger …


Scriptblock Smuggling: Uncovering Stealthy Evasion Techniques In Powershell And .Net Environments, Anthony J. Rose, Scott R. Graham, Christine M. Schubert, Jacob Krasnov, Wayne C. Henry Mar 2024

Scriptblock Smuggling: Uncovering Stealthy Evasion Techniques In Powershell And .Net Environments, Anthony J. Rose, Scott R. Graham, Christine M. Schubert, Jacob Krasnov, Wayne C. Henry

Faculty Publications

The Antimalware Scan Interface (AMSI) plays a crucial role in detecting malware within Windows operating systems. This paper presents ScriptBlock Smuggling, a novel evasion and log spoofing technique exploiting PowerShell and .NET environments to circumvent the AMSI. By focusing on the manipulation of ScriptBlocks within the Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), this method creates dual AST representations, one for compiler execution and another for antivirus and log analysis, enabling the evasion of AMSI detection and challenging traditional memory patching bypass methods. This research provides a detailed analysis of PowerShell’s ScriptBlock creation and its inherent security features and pinpoints critical limitations in …


Integrating Identities By Segmenting Domains: Antecedents Of Work-Maternal Identity In The Postpartum Return To Work, Aashna M. Waiwood Mar 2024

Integrating Identities By Segmenting Domains: Antecedents Of Work-Maternal Identity In The Postpartum Return To Work, Aashna M. Waiwood

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

As employed women have children and return to work, they encounter a cross-domain identity transition where their professional and maternal identities are consistently co-activated and must perceptually contend with one another. In this dissertation, I explored this potential for harmonious assimilation of work and parental identities within this postpartum transitory period via a novel construct termed “work-maternal identity (WMI).” Specifically, I examined how working remotely in integrated work and home environments is related to WMI, as mediated by job engagement and perceptions of work belongingness. I also incorporated factors critical to successful resocialization and related to boundary management as moderators …


Increased Nitrate Intake From Beetroot Juice Over 4 Weeks Affects Nitrate Metabolism, But Not Vascular Function Or Blood Pressure In Older Adults With Hypertension, Rebeka Fejes, Martin Lutnik, Stefan Weisshaar, Nina Pilat, Karl-Heinz Wagner, Hans-Peter Stüger, Jonathan M. Peake, Richard J. Woodman, Kevin D. Croft, Catherine P. Bondonno, Jonathan M. Hodgson, Michael Wolzt, Oliver Neubauer Mar 2024

Increased Nitrate Intake From Beetroot Juice Over 4 Weeks Affects Nitrate Metabolism, But Not Vascular Function Or Blood Pressure In Older Adults With Hypertension, Rebeka Fejes, Martin Lutnik, Stefan Weisshaar, Nina Pilat, Karl-Heinz Wagner, Hans-Peter Stüger, Jonathan M. Peake, Richard J. Woodman, Kevin D. Croft, Catherine P. Bondonno, Jonathan M. Hodgson, Michael Wolzt, Oliver Neubauer

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The decline in vascular function and increase in blood pressure with aging contribute to an increased cardiovascular disease risk. In this randomized placebo-controlled crossover study, we evaluated whether previously reported cardiovascular benefits of plant-derived inorganic nitrate via nitric oxide (NO) translate into improved vascular function and blood pressure-lowering in 15 men and women (age range: 56-71 years) with treated hypertension. We investigated the effects of a single ∼400 mg-dose at 3 hours post-ingestion (3H POST) and the daily consumption of 2 × ∼400 mg of nitrate through nitrate-rich compared with nitrate-depleted (placebo) beetroot juice over 4 weeks (4WK POST). Measurements …


North Park Holdings, Llc Appellant V. Duke Rental Co, Llc, Appellee : Brief Of Appellant, Utah Court Of Appeals Mar 2024

North Park Holdings, Llc Appellant V. Duke Rental Co, Llc, Appellee : Brief Of Appellant, Utah Court Of Appeals

Utah Court of Appeals Briefs (2020 –)

APPEAL FROM THE FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT CACHE COUNTY, STATE OF UTAH HONORABLE SPENCER WALSH

Matthew N. Evans, Attorneys for Appellee

Joseph M. Chambers, Attorneys for Appellant


S ( M ) Othering: A Rhetorical Analysis Of Republican Motherhood, Caroline King Mar 2024

S ( M ) Othering: A Rhetorical Analysis Of Republican Motherhood, Caroline King

Theses and Dissertations

This study examines seven Republican rhetors who utilize motherhood as a rhetorical strategy in speeches between the years of 1972 and 2020. Specifically, speeches, newsletters, and debate transcripts are analyzed using four theoretical lenses to curate an archetype of the “Republican Mother” – a concept constructed of an amalgamation of the historic “mother of the republic” from the nation’s conception and the ideological values assigned to women within the Republican party, such as traditional gender and spousal roles. I argue that it is the unique combination of womanhood, motherhood, and Republicanism that creates a unique rhetorical strategy seen in these …


Lrs: Enhancing Adversarial Transferability Through Lipschitz Regularized Surrogate, Tao Wu, Tony Tie Luo, Donald C. Wunsch Mar 2024

Lrs: Enhancing Adversarial Transferability Through Lipschitz Regularized Surrogate, Tao Wu, Tony Tie Luo, Donald C. Wunsch

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Transferability of Adversarial Examples is of Central Importance to Transfer-Based Black-Box Adversarial Attacks. Previous Works for Generating Transferable Adversarial Examples Focus on Attacking Given Pretrained Surrogate Models While the Connections between Surrogate Models and Adversarial Trasferability Have Been overlooked. in This Paper, We Propose Lipschitz Regularized Surrogate (LRS) for Transfer-Based Black-Box Attacks, a Novel Approach that Transforms Surrogate Models towards Favorable Adversarial Transferability. using Such Transformed Surrogate Models, Any Existing Transfer-Based Black-Box Attack Can Run Without Any Change, Yet Achieving Much Better Performance. Specifically, We Impose Lipschitz Regularization on the Loss Landscape of Surrogate Models to Enable a Smoother …


Oral History Interview With Ella Anagick Education History, Holly Guise Mar 2024

Oral History Interview With Ella Anagick Education History, Holly Guise

Oral Histories HIST 300, Fall 2024

Holly Miowak Guise's Survey of Native American History interviews Ella Anagick (Inupiaq) about her education with the Mt. Edgecumbe High School Native boarding school in Alaska, and other topics in Alaska history.


Improving The Accuracy Of Medical Records In Healthcare Institutions, Tarkessa Frazier Mar 2024

Improving The Accuracy Of Medical Records In Healthcare Institutions, Tarkessa Frazier

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


Quality Of Life After A Prostatectomy In Men Who Have Sex With Men, Jéaux Alexander Rinedahl Mar 2024

Quality Of Life After A Prostatectomy In Men Who Have Sex With Men, Jéaux Alexander Rinedahl

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


Impact Of The Lived Experience Of Adverse Childhood Experiences On Adult Homelessness, Arlene Marcellette Smith Mar 2024

Impact Of The Lived Experience Of Adverse Childhood Experiences On Adult Homelessness, Arlene Marcellette Smith

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


Single Mother Leaders Improving Organizational Employees’ Good Health And Well-Being During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Emmanuel Ifeoma Nwogor Mar 2024

Single Mother Leaders Improving Organizational Employees’ Good Health And Well-Being During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Emmanuel Ifeoma Nwogor

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


Nonadministrative Employees’ Perceptions Of Positive Behavioral Interventions And Supports In An Urban Public High School, Rozela Mccoy Mar 2024

Nonadministrative Employees’ Perceptions Of Positive Behavioral Interventions And Supports In An Urban Public High School, Rozela Mccoy

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


Moral Injury From A Non-Combat Perspective: The Lived Experience Of Army Veteran Chaplains, Sarah Vanderzanden Mar 2024

Moral Injury From A Non-Combat Perspective: The Lived Experience Of Army Veteran Chaplains, Sarah Vanderzanden

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


The Lived Experience Of Family Stress In Partners Of Firefighters During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Kimberley A. Giannini Mar 2024

The Lived Experience Of Family Stress In Partners Of Firefighters During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Kimberley A. Giannini

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


Victims’ Perceptions Of Their Perpetrator And Cultural Context Of Abuse In Domestic Violence By Women In Qatar, Lolwa Shaheen M A Al-Kuwari Mar 2024

Victims’ Perceptions Of Their Perpetrator And Cultural Context Of Abuse In Domestic Violence By Women In Qatar, Lolwa Shaheen M A Al-Kuwari

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


Peer Cybervictimization ( Pcv ) Among University Students In Bangladesh And Institutional Disciplinary Body ( Idb ) Under Routine Activity Theory ( Rat ), Selimul Quader Mar 2024

Peer Cybervictimization ( Pcv ) Among University Students In Bangladesh And Institutional Disciplinary Body ( Idb ) Under Routine Activity Theory ( Rat ), Selimul Quader

Theses and Dissertations

Research on cybervictimization of Bangladeshi students is scarce, but the research that does exist suggests a high prevalence of victimization followed by low extent of reporting. None of the extant research exclusively studied peer cybervictimization (PCV) in relation to students’ knowledge of the university authority, hereinafter the institutional disciplinary body or IDB. As per the added propositions of Routine Activity Theory (RAT) (Felson, 1995), the IDB can potentially contribute to guardianship building by alerting students about handlers-managers in the university premises and thereby reduce PCV among students. Thus, the knowledge of (the presence of) the IDB can respond to the …


Acculturation Strategy Of The First-Generation Immigrants: A Study On The Muslim Parents In The United States, Eshrat Rahman Mar 2024

Acculturation Strategy Of The First-Generation Immigrants: A Study On The Muslim Parents In The United States, Eshrat Rahman

Theses and Dissertations

This study aims to investigate the acculturation strategy of the first-generation immigrant Muslim parents in the US. This study is guided by segmented assimilation theory and data for the study was collected by employing qualitative research method. I conducted in-depth interview with twelve first-generation Muslim immigrant parents in the McLean County, Illinois to collect data for the study. The participants responded to a number of open-ended questions relating their cultural and Muslim identity, practice of their Islamic faith in your family and outside and raising their children in a different cultural environment. The finding of this study shows that the …


Asset Pricing Bubbles In Agricultural Commodities, Samuel Riffle Mar 2024

Asset Pricing Bubbles In Agricultural Commodities, Samuel Riffle

Theses and Dissertations

Recent asset pricing bubble bursts in some markets beg the question of whether bubbles exist in others. Determining whether they exist has been investigated for years, with various approaches. This paper combines the Engle-Granger technique with a GSADF test to test for bubbles in corn and soybean futures prices. I attempt to find measures for the market fundamentals of the futures, employing PPIs and costs of production for each commodity. My findings provide some evidence for the existence of bubbles, though the results are not definitive. Overall, the findings imply a possibility for bubbles but also apossibility of true increases …


Consensus Pharmacophore Strategy For Identifying Novel Sars-Cov-2 Mpro Inhibitors From Large Chemical Libraries, Angel J Ruiz-Moreno, Raziel Cedillo-González, Luis Cordova-Bahena, Zhiqiang An, José L Medina-Franco, Marco A Velasco-Velázquez Mar 2024

Consensus Pharmacophore Strategy For Identifying Novel Sars-Cov-2 Mpro Inhibitors From Large Chemical Libraries, Angel J Ruiz-Moreno, Raziel Cedillo-González, Luis Cordova-Bahena, Zhiqiang An, José L Medina-Franco, Marco A Velasco-Velázquez

The Brown Foundation: Institute of Molecular Medicine

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main Protease (Mpro) is an enzyme that cleaves viral polyproteins translated from the viral genome and is critical for viral replication. Mpro is a target for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development, and multiple Mpro crystals complexed with competitive inhibitors have been reported. In this study, we aimed to develop an Mpro consensus pharmacophore as a tool to expand the search for inhibitors. We generated a consensus model by aligning and summarizing pharmacophoric points from 152 bioactive conformers of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors. Validation against a library of conformers from a subset of ligands showed that …


Hazardous Explosive Eruptions Of A Recharging Multi-Cyclic Island Arc Caldera, Jonas Preine, Jens Karstens, Christian Hübscher, Tim Druitt, Steffen Kutterolf, Paraskevi Nomikou, Michael Manga, Ralf Gertisser, Katharina Pank, Sarah Beethe, Carole Berthod, Gareth Crutchley, Iona Mcintosh, Thomas Ronge, Masako Tominaga, Acacia Clark, Susan Debari, Raymond Johnston, Zenon Mateo, Ally Peccia, Christopher Jones, Günther Kletetschka, Abigail Metcalfe, Alexis Bernard, Hehe Chen, Shun Chiyonobu, Tatiana Fernandez-Perez, Kumar Batuk Joshi, Olga Koukousioura, Molly Mccanta, Antony Morris, Paraskevi Polymenakou, Adam Woodhouse, Yuzuru Yamamoto, Kuo Lung Wang, Hao Yang Lee, Xiaohui Li, Dimitrios Papanikolaou Mar 2024

Hazardous Explosive Eruptions Of A Recharging Multi-Cyclic Island Arc Caldera, Jonas Preine, Jens Karstens, Christian Hübscher, Tim Druitt, Steffen Kutterolf, Paraskevi Nomikou, Michael Manga, Ralf Gertisser, Katharina Pank, Sarah Beethe, Carole Berthod, Gareth Crutchley, Iona Mcintosh, Thomas Ronge, Masako Tominaga, Acacia Clark, Susan Debari, Raymond Johnston, Zenon Mateo, Ally Peccia, Christopher Jones, Günther Kletetschka, Abigail Metcalfe, Alexis Bernard, Hehe Chen, Shun Chiyonobu, Tatiana Fernandez-Perez, Kumar Batuk Joshi, Olga Koukousioura, Molly Mccanta, Antony Morris, Paraskevi Polymenakou, Adam Woodhouse, Yuzuru Yamamoto, Kuo Lung Wang, Hao Yang Lee, Xiaohui Li, Dimitrios Papanikolaou

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Caldera-forming eruptions of silicic volcanic systems are among the most devastating events on Earth. By contrast, post-collapse volcanic activity initiating new caldera cycles is generally considered less hazardous. Formed after Santorini’s latest caldera-forming eruption of ~1600 bce, the Kameni Volcano in the southern Aegean Sea enables the eruptive evolution of a recharging multi-cyclic caldera to be reconstructed. Kameni’s eruptive record has been documented by onshore products and historical descriptions of mainly effusive eruptions dating back to 197 bce. Here we combine high-resolution seismic reflection data with cored lithologies from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 398 at four sites to determine …


Investigating Channel Narrowing And Nonnative Vegetation Encroachment In Three Dryland Rivers, Casey Pennock, Benjamin Miller, Phaedra Budy Mar 2024

Investigating Channel Narrowing And Nonnative Vegetation Encroachment In Three Dryland Rivers, Casey Pennock, Benjamin Miller, Phaedra Budy

Browse all Datasets

Water development and the proliferation of invasive riparian vegetation has led to widespread habitat loss and simplification of rivers in the western United States, contributing to the imperilment of native fishes. Here, we quantify channel narrowing and vegetation encroachment, which are conspicuous indicators of riverine habitat degradation, along approximately 400 km of three dryland tributaries of the upper Colorado River. To accomplish this, we conducted a comparative analysis of aerial photographs from historical (1930s) and contemporary (2010s or 2020s) time periods and utilized Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) to determine contemporary canopy cover of …


Mothers With Disabilities As Health Navigators: Narratives Of Pregnancy, Postpartum Depression, And Parenting, Agnes Amoakwa Mar 2024

Mothers With Disabilities As Health Navigators: Narratives Of Pregnancy, Postpartum Depression, And Parenting, Agnes Amoakwa

Theses and Dissertations

Scholars have focused on factors that affect pregnancy decisions, linking it to internal factors such as physical attachment and love towards children and feasibility of external factors, among others, while others have focused on experience with health professionals and accessibility of healthcare facilities and equipment during access to maternal care. While these studies are important, fewer focus has been placed on how women with disabilities navigate the postpartum phase of motherhood and the support needed to navigate through this experience. I employed the communicated narrative sense-making theory to explore the meanings of stories shared by mothers with disabilities about their …


From Eighty Acres And A Mule To Two Thousand Acres And Twenty-Four Row Planters: Anxieties Of Growth In The Agriculture Sector From Family Farms, Riley Marie Francis Mar 2024

From Eighty Acres And A Mule To Two Thousand Acres And Twenty-Four Row Planters: Anxieties Of Growth In The Agriculture Sector From Family Farms, Riley Marie Francis

Theses and Dissertations

This study investigates the evolution of the family farm between the 1940s until the 2020s, and how the family farm may continue to evolve in future generations. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the changing reality of agriculture and how farmers think about themselves. In the early days of the United States republic, farms were a means of providing a family or localized community with food and resources. These farms participated in an economic exchange that was an early form of capitalism, characterized by meeting needs but not accruing egregious excess. Today’s agricultural system is …


Natural Resources In The Arctic: The Equal Distribution Of Uneven Resrouces, Ganeswar Matcha, Sudarsanan Sivakumar Mar 2024

Natural Resources In The Arctic: The Equal Distribution Of Uneven Resrouces, Ganeswar Matcha, Sudarsanan Sivakumar

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

This paper analyses the governance machine in place at the Arctic and examines the application of the principles of “common heritage of mankind” at the Arctic. This paper also offers some tentative propositions aimed at protecting Out Bound investment rights and how the World Trade Organization or other countries, like the U.S., can intercede in the Arctic investment sphere and attempt to regulate along with the United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea.


What Time Is It? It Is 8-And-A-1/2 Time. A Rare Case About Right Medial Pontine Stroke, Right Ino, Right Facial Colliculus Ischemic Stroke Consistent With Eight-And-A-Half Syndrome., Jessica Marcela Daza, Eunbee Cho, Celia Patricia Daza, Shakirat Ganiyu, Francisco Gomez Mar 2024

What Time Is It? It Is 8-And-A-1/2 Time. A Rare Case About Right Medial Pontine Stroke, Right Ino, Right Facial Colliculus Ischemic Stroke Consistent With Eight-And-A-Half Syndrome., Jessica Marcela Daza, Eunbee Cho, Celia Patricia Daza, Shakirat Ganiyu, Francisco Gomez

Research Symposium

Eight-and-a-half syndrome (EHS) is a rare neuro-ophthalmologic condition characterized by conjugated horizontal gaze palsy, internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), and ipsilateral fascicular seventh cranial nerve palsy. Clinical features are attributed to the involvement of the lower pontine, including the abducens nucleus, ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), and adjacent facial colliculus. Etiology includes vascular diseases such as pontine infarction or ischemia, demyelinating conditions at the level of the pons, and rarely space-occupying lesions.