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Tellurium Enrichment In Copper Tailings: A Mineralogical And Processing Study, José L. Corchado-Albelo, Lana Alagha Aug 2024

Tellurium Enrichment In Copper Tailings: A Mineralogical And Processing Study, José L. Corchado-Albelo, Lana Alagha

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

As the global demand for tellurium (Te) increases, it is crucial to develop efficient recovery methods that consider existing supply streams. This research combines gravity separation and froth flotation processes to enhance the recovery of Te minerals from tailings produced during the beneficiation of copper porphyry ores. Prior to processing, a systematic and comprehensive characterization study of copper tailing (CT) samples was conducted to examine the deportment of Te minerals in different mineral phases and to understand their locking and liberation behavior. Characterization techniques included inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and TESCAN's integrated mineral analysis (TIMA). Copper tailing characterization …


Review-A Girl's Life In New Orleans: The Diary Of Ella Grunewald, 1884-1886, Blake Denton Aug 2024

Review-A Girl's Life In New Orleans: The Diary Of Ella Grunewald, 1884-1886, Blake Denton

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


Story Of Your Lazy Function's Life: A Bidirectional Demand Semantics For Mechanized Cost Analysis Of Lazy Programs, Li-Yao Xia, Laura Israel, Maite Kramarz, Nicholas Coltharp, Koen Claessen, Stephanie Weirich, Yao Li Aug 2024

Story Of Your Lazy Function's Life: A Bidirectional Demand Semantics For Mechanized Cost Analysis Of Lazy Programs, Li-Yao Xia, Laura Israel, Maite Kramarz, Nicholas Coltharp, Koen Claessen, Stephanie Weirich, Yao Li

Computer Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Lazy evaluation is a powerful tool that enables better compositionality and potentially better performance in functional programming, but it is challenging to analyze its computation cost. Existing works either require manually annotating sharing, or rely on separation logic to reason about heaps of mutable cells. In this paper, we propose a bidirectional demand semantics that allows for extrinsic reasoning about the computation cost of lazy programs without relying on special program logics. To show the effectiveness of our approach, we apply the demand semantics to a variety of case studies including insertion sort, selection sort, Okasaki's banker's queue, and the …


A Generalization Of The Graham-Pollak Tree Theorem To Even-Order Steiner Distance, Joshua N. Cooper, Gabrielle Tauscheck Aug 2024

A Generalization Of The Graham-Pollak Tree Theorem To Even-Order Steiner Distance, Joshua N. Cooper, Gabrielle Tauscheck

Faculty Publications

Graham and Pollak showed in 1971 that the determinant of a tree’s distance matrix depends only on its number of vertices, and, in particular, it is always nonzero. The Steiner distance of a collection of 𝑘 vertices in a graph is the fewest number of edges in any connected subgraph containing those vertices; for 𝑘 =2 , this reduces to the ordinary definition of graphical distance. Here we show that the hyperdeterminant of the 𝑘 th order Steiner distance hypermatrix is always nonzero if 𝑘 is even, extending their result beyond 𝑘 =2 . Previously, the authors showed that the …


Power Resilience Planning Under The Threat Of Artificial Intelligence, Chip Corbett, Cuong Nguyen, Dahm M. Hongchai, Prajakta Thorat, Pavithra Prasad, Sarah Von Schimmelmann, Charles M. Weber, Timothy R. Anderson Aug 2024

Power Resilience Planning Under The Threat Of Artificial Intelligence, Chip Corbett, Cuong Nguyen, Dahm M. Hongchai, Prajakta Thorat, Pavithra Prasad, Sarah Von Schimmelmann, Charles M. Weber, Timothy R. Anderson

Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations

The earth is an unstable planet. Change is constant and frequently chaotic. It is very important to plan carefully to manage changes that can be anticipated now, and to cover potential issues that might not yet have been discovered. The dawn of artificial intelligence (AI) presents a host of new concerns and opportunities. The criteria for evaluation are diverse and complex. Cybersecurity is absolutely essential, yet advances in technology have created an internet of things (IoT) where threat vectors might gain access to critical command and control elements through trillions of connected IoT devices. Whereas elegant zero trust cybersecurity models …


Five Pivotal Practices For Leaders To Cultivate Empathy Within Virtual Scrum Teams, Dahm Mongkol Hongchai, Charles M. Weber Aug 2024

Five Pivotal Practices For Leaders To Cultivate Empathy Within Virtual Scrum Teams, Dahm Mongkol Hongchai, Charles M. Weber

Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations

In the digital and global economy, business leaders need more than just business and technology competencies; they also require empathy. However, there is a notable scarcity of research on empathy in Scrum for product development. This study aims to uncover critical insights into how leaders can foster empathy within virtual Scrum teams. Accordingly, this paper proposes five pivotal themes leaders can employ: Scrum fundamentals, meditation, self- and other-analysis, healthy interactions, and informal connections. These vital strategies offer actionable methods for leaders seeking to enhance empathy within their virtual Scrum teams.


Technology Convergence And Its Influence On Innovation Networks: An Assessment Of Emerging Trends, Shuying Li, Wudan Ma, Xiaoyu Wang, Xian Zhang, Haiyun Xu, Edwin Garces, Tugrul U. Daim Aug 2024

Technology Convergence And Its Influence On Innovation Networks: An Assessment Of Emerging Trends, Shuying Li, Wudan Ma, Xiaoyu Wang, Xian Zhang, Haiyun Xu, Edwin Garces, Tugrul U. Daim

Engineering and Technology Management Faculty Publications and Presentations

AI-age technologies will evolve at an accelerated pace, driven by long-term mutually beneficial symbiosis. Technology convergence will disrupt existing industrial technology fields in general. Assessing and predicting technology convergence will become an important technology management issue in the AI era, providing new clues for distinguishing key technologies in innovation. Existing analytical models prefer to detect retrospective convergence. The role of emerging converging technologies in developing new technologies, generating new applications, and facilitating collaboration and commercialization across different phases is not well understood. In this paper, we build a technology co-occurrence network from the perspective of technology evolution and community detection, …


Georgia Library Association Executive Board Officer Candidates For 2025, Kim Copenhaver Aug 2024

Georgia Library Association Executive Board Officer Candidates For 2025, Kim Copenhaver

Georgia Library Quarterly

No abstract provided.


An Examination Of Counseling Barriers Related To Black Individuals With An Incarcerated Relative, Andre Jc Stokes Aug 2024

An Examination Of Counseling Barriers Related To Black Individuals With An Incarcerated Relative, Andre Jc Stokes

Education Doctoral

Research has indicated that mental health within the Black community has been a consistent challenge. Mistrust, systemic racism, socioeconomic challenges, incarceration, and self-resiliency through faith have impacted the Black community’s mental health. Although mental health education and awareness have increased, Black individuals have continued to progress at lower rates compared to other races. The study’s purpose was to examine the experiences of Black individuals with an incarcerated family member in seeking and accessing mental health counseling in New York State by asking the research question and sub-question. What are the lived experiences of Black individuals with an incarcerated immediate family …


The Limits Of Immigrant Resilience, Huyen Pham, Natalie C. Cook, Ernesto Amaral, Raymond Robertson, Suojin Wang Aug 2024

The Limits Of Immigrant Resilience, Huyen Pham, Natalie C. Cook, Ernesto Amaral, Raymond Robertson, Suojin Wang

Faculty Scholarship

Economists have identified important adaptations that immigrant workers have made to weather economic crises. During times of economic contraction, immigrant workers have moved across industries or geographical locations, downshifted to part-time work, and accepted lower wages to stay employed. Evidence from the Great Recession (2007–2009) shows the benefits of that economic resilience: immigrant workers were more likely than native-born workers to remain continuously employed, to have shorter periods of unemployment when they lost their jobs, and to regain jobs more quickly in the recovery period. Of course, these adaptations had significant personal costs for immigrant workers and their families, but …


Does Early Life History Influence A Novel Biomarker For Stress In Dogs And Predict Their Attachment To Their Owners?, Kylie Hughes-Duvall Aug 2024

Does Early Life History Influence A Novel Biomarker For Stress In Dogs And Predict Their Attachment To Their Owners?, Kylie Hughes-Duvall

Psychology Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity

Previous research suggests dogs with adverse life experiences (e.g., abuse, neglect) have altered HPA-axis activity and attachment styles. Although research on stress biomarkers in dogs has primarily focused on the HPA-axis and cortisol, human research suggests the sympathoadrenal medullary (SAM) pathway is also altered by acute stress and associated with changes in salivary α-amylase. Though α-amylase has been identified in canine saliva, it has yet to be studied as a biomarker for acute stress. Furthermore, limited research exists on the influence of life adversity on dogs’ attachment styles. This study investigated salivary α-amylase as a biomarker of acute stress in …


Physical Violence And Aggression In Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review, Melissa B. Jones, Lakeshia Gibson, Malena Gimenez-Zapiola, Ana Guerra, Gursimrat Bhatti, Dakota Broadway, Juliann Tea, Aksa Prasad, Rachel Gates, Elizabeth Hinton Aug 2024

Physical Violence And Aggression In Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review, Melissa B. Jones, Lakeshia Gibson, Malena Gimenez-Zapiola, Ana Guerra, Gursimrat Bhatti, Dakota Broadway, Juliann Tea, Aksa Prasad, Rachel Gates, Elizabeth Hinton

Physician Assistant Studies Faculty Publications

Background: Physical violence and aggression (PVA), defined as behaviors with the potential to cause bodily injury, are unfortunate risks in the management of all-cause neurodegenerative dementias. While dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) may not be evident for many years after clinical onset, neuropsychiatric disturbances occur at all stages of the disease. At issue is whether PVA in PD is associated with clinical factors that can be targets for prevention and management in the absence of a prevailing dementia syndrome.

Objective: This systematic review examined the extent to which PVA in PD without dementia is a clinically significant concern and whether …


Antimicrobial And Chemical Characterization Of Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Plasmas, Dalton Albert Miller Aug 2024

Antimicrobial And Chemical Characterization Of Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Plasmas, Dalton Albert Miller

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Microbial contamination of food processing facilities is a major cause of human disease and economic loss. There are approximately 48,000,000 cases of foodborne illness in the United States annually, leading to 128,000 hospitalizations and 1,300 deaths. The total economic damages are estimated at $36 billion each year, including productive hours, medical expenses, and the disposal of contaminated foodstuffs. Current methods to reduce contamination on food processing surfaces utilize steam or concentrated chemicals (hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, strong acids, strong bases) that are hazardous to workers and required large volumes of water to remove prior to resuming contact with food. Ongoing outbreaks …


How Do Grandparents Invest In Grandchildren?, Donna Syme Aug 2024

How Do Grandparents Invest In Grandchildren?, Donna Syme

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Kin selection theory explains hour individuals can increase inclusive fitness through tradeoffs and investment of care in children. Most research focuses on direct care methods, such as meeting physical needs of children, rather than indirect methods of care such as financial and emotional support. The roles of grandparents are important and are felt at every age level in grandchildren. This relationship has beneficial effects including past knowledge, support, mentoring, and direct care and indirect care methods. Recent studies have been conducted to see what physical and mental benefits are gained by investing in grandchildren in a variety of social conditions. …


Radiogenic Isotope And Ionic Concentration Ratios Reveal Hydrologic Mixing, Subsurface Residence Time, And Cross-Basin Transfer In A Snow-Fed Mountain Karst Watershed, Nathaniel Ashmead Aug 2024

Radiogenic Isotope And Ionic Concentration Ratios Reveal Hydrologic Mixing, Subsurface Residence Time, And Cross-Basin Transfer In A Snow-Fed Mountain Karst Watershed, Nathaniel Ashmead

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Snow-fed karst aquifers support various complex ecosystems and provide a vital water source to communities worldwide. Due to their nature and distribution, these watersheds may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Water resource managers can mitigate uncertainty from climate impacts with accurate predictions of future water availability provided by hydrologic models. While many such models exist, their effectiveness at predicting streamflow in snow-fed karst watersheds is limited by a lack of insight into the significance of cross-basin groundwater transfers. This study used radiogenic isotope and ionic concentration ratios as natural tracers to detect cross-basin transfer between two …


Biochar Impacts On Soil And Sagebrush Seedling Establishment Across A Natural Recovery Gradient In The Sagebrush Steppe, Ashley Leavell Aug 2024

Biochar Impacts On Soil And Sagebrush Seedling Establishment Across A Natural Recovery Gradient In The Sagebrush Steppe, Ashley Leavell

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Large areas of the sagebrush steppe are destroyed by wildfire, which catalyzes invasive species growth, increases soil nitrogen availability, reduces soil water retention, and disrupts soil symbiont-plant interactions. These changes in biogeochemical properties may explain why restoration success remains limited. Biochar is a soil amendment created from pyrolyzed plant biomass that may reduce soil N availability and increase water retention. Our study aims to evaluate whether changing soil properties using biochar may enhance the survival of sagebrush seedlings. We installed an experiment south of Boise, Idaho at a site that burned in 1983. Nursery-grown sagebrush seedlings were hand-planted in November …


Using Raman Spectroscopy To Validate Metamorphic P-T Paths From Western New Hampshire, Alexis Thomas Aug 2024

Using Raman Spectroscopy To Validate Metamorphic P-T Paths From Western New Hampshire, Alexis Thomas

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Constructing and interpreting pressure-temperature (P-T) paths in metamorphic rocks is crucial to understanding tectonic processes occurring at mid- to deep-crustal levels. Conventional methods for obtaining P-T paths rely on mineral chemistry, such as chemical zoning in garnets, which assumes growth at chemical equilibrium. However, studies show that garnet growth can occur with disequilibrium nucleation, which can result in a biased or potentially incorrect P-T path. An alternative, physics-based approach using Raman spectroscopy can also be used to determine P-T paths. This method involves using elastic thermobarometry of quartz inclusions within garnet. In this study, I tested the hypothesis that P-T …


Rural, K-12 Online Education In The United States And An Examination Of Its Relationship To Smartphone Use And Internet Connectivity, Arielle Horan Aug 2024

Rural, K-12 Online Education In The United States And An Examination Of Its Relationship To Smartphone Use And Internet Connectivity, Arielle Horan

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

This exploratory sequential mixed methods study examines the contemporary usage of online education in rural, K-12 settings, as well as explores the relationship between Internet connectivity, smartphone use, and rural, K-12 online education in the United States. The following general research questions were explored:

  1. How are rural K-12 schools using online education overall?

    a. How does usage vary based on school size and/or socioeconomic status?

  2. What is the relationship between Internet connectivity, smartphone use, and online education in these schools?

Data collection occurred in two phases; an initial focus group provided qualitative data which was coded, analyzed, and organized into …


Making Waves In The Snow World: Microwave Remote Sensing And Infrasound Interactions With Seasonal Snow, Zachary Marshall Hoppinen Aug 2024

Making Waves In The Snow World: Microwave Remote Sensing And Infrasound Interactions With Seasonal Snow, Zachary Marshall Hoppinen

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Snow has profound impacts on our globe, economies, and ecosystems serving as a vital reservoir for drinking and irrigation water, renewable hydroelectric power, and as a natural hazard. However, effectively monitoring snow and snow water equivalent (SWE) presents challenges due to interannual variability, with SWE fluctuating by over 500 mm between years and peak snowmelt timing varying up to a month. These challenges will be further exacerbated by the non-stationarity of these snow and avalanche patterns in a changing climate requiring new spatially and temporally expansive remote sensing.

In this dissertation, we explore the potential of two evolving remote sensing …


A Quantitative Analysis Of The Relationship Between Collective Teacher Efficacy And Its Enabling Conditions With Student Achievement In Colorado’S Elementary And Middle Schools, Amelia Baldwin Aug 2024

A Quantitative Analysis Of The Relationship Between Collective Teacher Efficacy And Its Enabling Conditions With Student Achievement In Colorado’S Elementary And Middle Schools, Amelia Baldwin

Dissertations

This quantitative, correlational study aimed to investigate the relationships between collective teacher efficacy (CTE), its enabling conditions (EC-CTE), and student achievement in third through eighth grades in Colorado. Leveraging the theoretical foundations established by Rotter (1954), Bandura (1977) and expanded by Tschannen-Moran et al. (1998) and Adams and Forsyth (2006), a newly formed construct of CTE was created by using questions from the Teaching and Learning Conditions Colorado (TLCC) Survey. The following research questions guided the study: Q1 Is there a statistically significant relationship between the collective teacher efficacy construct, as measured by selected TLCC Survey questions, and student achievement …


“Freedom From Traditional Prejudice”: Lessons Of Educational Equity At A State Normal School In The American West, 1890-1929, Jamie Fogg Aug 2024

“Freedom From Traditional Prejudice”: Lessons Of Educational Equity At A State Normal School In The American West, 1890-1929, Jamie Fogg

Dissertations

Despite accounting for a majority of college students in the United States, women fill a minority of professional leadership positions often associated with collegiate success. This suggests that educational access alone does not guarantee equitable societal outcomes after graduation, but rather remains shaped by a patriarchal social order. The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of educational experience on perceptions of social influence and opportunity by identifying the historical precedents for persistent issues of equity within higher education and potential solutions. This narrative case study is guided by three research questions: Q1 How did institutional curriculum, policies, …


Empowering Educators: The Impact Of A Professional Learning Program On Collective Teacher Efficacy, Larisa Gray Aug 2024

Empowering Educators: The Impact Of A Professional Learning Program On Collective Teacher Efficacy, Larisa Gray

Dissertations

This study examined the effectiveness of the Exploring Scholars Initiative (ESI) at Alpine International School (AIS) in Europe in enhancing collective teacher efficacy. Established nine years ago, the ESI supports innovation and best practices in professional development. Alpine International School faculty are invited to propose passion projects to grow professionally and develop innovative teaching methods through educational research at Alpine. The ESI at AIS provides staff a unique opportunity to delve deeply into educational issues within their school context by enhancing professional development and enriching the academic environment for all staff and students. The purpose of this study was to …


Finding The Sound: A Study Of Nineteen Solos Of Larry Grenadier, Alex Todd Annan Aug 2024

Finding The Sound: A Study Of Nineteen Solos Of Larry Grenadier, Alex Todd Annan

Dissertations

Larry Grenadier is a jazz bassist of renown who has shared the stage with many greats of the jazz world. His most significant musical collaborator, pianist Brad Mehldau, released a series of albums in the latter half of the 1990’s known as The Art of The Trio recordings with five volumes that feature Grenadier on bass and Jorge Rossy on drums. Of the forty-five tracks across the five recordings, Grenadier takes nineteen solos that cover a wide range of styles. The purpose of this study is to create a large-scale project to better cement Larry Grenadier’s position within jazz scholarship …


A Pedagogical Approach To Cello Studies Influenced By The Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation, Romina Monsanto Colina Aug 2024

A Pedagogical Approach To Cello Studies Influenced By The Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation, Romina Monsanto Colina

Dissertations

The purpose of this research is to create visual and spatial cues for cello students to better learn the instrument through a notation system developed by the author. The research and notation are based on Noa Eshkol and Abraham Wachman's movement notation, which notates general body movement. The new movement notation, developed by the author, is directed to specific movements for cello players. Learning to play the cello by ear has been a primary pedagogical method. Students and professionals struggle to learn new music and techniques because they rely on hearing more than kinesthesia, the sense of movement. Musicians spend …


“I’M Stressed—You Have To Do Something To Help Me:” The Relationship Between Student Academic Entitlement, Academic Stress, And Satisfaction, Rebbecca L. Nemec Aug 2024

“I’M Stressed—You Have To Do Something To Help Me:” The Relationship Between Student Academic Entitlement, Academic Stress, And Satisfaction, Rebbecca L. Nemec

Dissertations

Concern over academic entitlement has grown in higher education in the last two decades. Academic entitlement, defined as unfounded expectations of academic success, undeserved services and unrealistic accommodations (McLellan & Jackson, 2017), in nursing students is an under investigated phenomena. The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of academic stress and general student satisfaction on academic entitlement beliefs in baccalaureate, junior, and senior level nursing students. In this correlational, cross-sectional study, the transactional theory of stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987), and Jeffreys’ (2022) nursing universal retention and success model were used to understand how academic stress and …


Strengthening Temporary Protected Status Through Executive Action, Emily M. Brown Aug 2024

Strengthening Temporary Protected Status Through Executive Action, Emily M. Brown

Buffalo Law Review

The Temporary Protected Status (TPS) program protects migrants from deportation when their native countries have been struck by armed conflict, environmental disaster, or other extraordinary upheaval. Enacted by Congress in 1990, the program largely escaped attention and controversy for many years as presidential administrations of both parties designated, extended, and terminated TPS designations at similar rates. However, beginning in 2017, then-President Trump tried to end TPS protections for 300,000 beneficiaries—more than 95% of the total. His efforts were blocked in federal district courts, and President Biden has since rescinded the terminations and issued many new designations, expanding the program to …


Iot Technologies To Enable Location Based Services (Lbs) For Smart Tourism, Dharmik Chhatbar Aug 2024

Iot Technologies To Enable Location Based Services (Lbs) For Smart Tourism, Dharmik Chhatbar

University Honors Program Senior Projects

Location-based Services (LBS) are special types of services that are triggered to deliver certain content (e.g., text, image, video) to users with respect to the users’ exact or approximate location or proximity to certain points of interest. LBS can address the field of smart museums with a goal of enhancing the museum experience for visitors with dynamic and personalized content. In this UHP thesis, we explore a set of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies that can enable the work of LBS in the field of smart museums. The project envisions an immersive museum journey where visitors can seamlessly access interactive …


Environmental Barriers And Facilitators To Family-Centered Rounds In Pediatric Critical Care Settings, Swati Goel Aug 2024

Environmental Barriers And Facilitators To Family-Centered Rounds In Pediatric Critical Care Settings, Swati Goel

All Dissertations

Rounding in healthcare settings involves the clinical team making routine trips to the patient room to evaluate the patient and devise a care plan (Lynch, 2015). In ICUs, multiple rounds occur throughout the day based on purpose, location, and timing (Mittal, 2014), including morning, surgical, and post-admission rounds (Gurses & Xiao, 2006). Due to the nature of patient illnesses in ICUs, multidisciplinary rounds are most effective in making patient care decisions (Gurses & Xiao, 2006; Lane et al., 2013).

This study discusses the morning rounds that an attending physician and their team lead to create a plan for the day …


Women's Experience Of Cancer Treatment During Covid-19 On The Texas-Mexico Border, Kayla E. Castañeda Aug 2024

Women's Experience Of Cancer Treatment During Covid-19 On The Texas-Mexico Border, Kayla E. Castañeda

Nursing Theses and Dissertations

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed existing racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, geographic, and gender disparities in cancer care and highlighted the need for more research in understudied populations. No studies have elucidated the experience of women living on the Texas-Mexico border receiving cancer treatment during the pandemic. This study explored the lived experience of receiving cancer treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 for women living on the Texas-Mexico border and identified participants' self-identified unmet needs while receiving cancer treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic on the Texas-Mexico border. Following IRB approval and informed consent, ten women living on the Texas-Mexico border who received …


The Plasma Pressure Contribution From Low-Energy (0.05–2 Kev) Energetic Neutral Atoms In The Heliosheath, André Galli, Peter Wurz, Nathan A. Schwadron, Eberhard Möbius, Stephen A. Fuselier, Justyna M. Sokół, Paweł Swaczyna, Maciej Bzowski, David J. Mccomas Aug 2024

The Plasma Pressure Contribution From Low-Energy (0.05–2 Kev) Energetic Neutral Atoms In The Heliosheath, André Galli, Peter Wurz, Nathan A. Schwadron, Eberhard Möbius, Stephen A. Fuselier, Justyna M. Sokół, Paweł Swaczyna, Maciej Bzowski, David J. Mccomas

Faculty Publications

Energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) from the heliosphere are a unique means to remotely image the boundary regions of our heliosphere. The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) has been very successful in measuring these ENAs since 2008 at energies from tens of eV to 6 keV. The main question raised by one solar cycle of IBEX-Lo observations at 0.05–2 keV is the strong and ubiquitous underestimation of several model predictions compared with actually measured ENA intensities at energies between 100 and 500 eV. This study converts the observed ENA intensities into plasma pressures for different sky directions and considers the implications for …