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The Bombing Of Cities And Economic Sanctions: A Comparative Moral Analysis Using The Catholic Just War Tradition, Eric Marcelo O. Genilo

Landas

This essay analyzes two moral cases using the Church’s just war teaching: the Allied bombing of German cities during World War II and modern-day economic sanctions imposed by certain governments on other countries. The first part of this paper discusses the arguments used by moral theologian John C. Ford, S.J., in his article “The Morality of Obliteration Bombing,” to condemn the Allied forces’ policy of bombing civilian areas in Germany during World War II.1 The second part of this article discusses how economic sanctions are used in international relations as a non-violent means to punish or correct the behavior or …

Restoring The Organization For The Security And Cooperation In Europe’S Role In Human Rights And Security After Russian Invasion, Roman Nekoliak

Human Rights Brief

This Article diagnoses a systemic erosion of rights-based multilateralism driven by geopolitical realignment, reduced leadership by traditional human rights defenders, the rise of authoritarian coalitions, and the growth of transactional and securitized diplomacy. This Article argues that revitalizing the Organization for the Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) around a rights-centered, cross-dimensional concept of security is essential to restoring both regional stability and the credibility of international human rights commitments. It places the war in Ukraine within broader patterns of democratic backsliding, institutional paralysis, and the rise of authoritarian governance, demonstrating how domestic repression and interstate aggression mutually reinforce one …

Disarmament, Demobilization, And Reintegration And The Compensated Eradication Plan: The United States And Nato’S Counternarcotics Strategies In The War In Afghanistan From 2001-2005, Sungu A. Flottman

UROP Posters

Starting in the late 1980s, Afghanistan was a major source of opium production, until the ban on opium in 2000, when Afghanistan’s share in the world’s supply of opium decreased. The United States’ intervention in Afghanistan in 2001 removed this ban on opium, which indicates that the United States may not have been prioritized stopping the narcotics trade. Consequently, the task of counternarcotics fell to the British. The question then becomes whether the British counternarcotics strategies were effective in curbing the Afghan narcotics trade, which may reveal the possible complacency behind the United States intervention in Afghanistan. Current research on …

From Russia Without Love: A Unique Path Forward For Western Asset Holders Looking To Recover Expropriated Property In Russia, Anthony Liberatori

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Chelsea Football Club, Sean Baker’s Academy Award-winning film “Anora,” and billionaire parties in St. Barth’s: the rapid rise of Russian capital since the collapse of the Soviet Union has permeated international popular culture and underscores the modern global economy. However, Vladimir Putin’s invasions into Ukraine in 2014 and 2022 have caused the international community — particularly the West — to sanction Russia, challenging its place in an increasingly globalized supply chain, and harkening anti-Russian sentiment not seen since the Cold War. In response to sanctions, Russia has begun nationalizing Western assets left behind within its borders, leaving company owners scrambling …

Beyond Likes And Reposts: Social Media's Role In Warfare, Britney Arteaga

St. Thomas Law Review

Social media has become a double-edged sword in our current digital era, bringing both serious advantages and disadvantages to the forefront of domestic and international discussions. Social media has become a weapon in political, cultural, and even military conflicts due to the spread of unregulated content, despite it enabling people to interact, share information, and voice their opinions. Social media has facilitated the spread of hate speech, propaganda, and false information, which in turn distorts realities and shapes narratives and opinions. Social media's effect on both a domestic and global scale have been catastrophic, ranging from promoting violence to further …

Que Ondee Sola - Winter 2026, Xavier Morales-Greene

Que Ondee Sola

Student publication founded in 1972, articles include:

Wear Your Crown Freely, Boricua Feminism and the Fight for Decolonization, Envision Community Services Provides 14 Years of Restorative Justice in Pilsen, If You Loved Me- Intimate Partner Violence in Latin Communities, Cosas and Linda from Guarida de Cosas, No Kings Protest 2025, We Won! HITN Takes Home Three Emmys at 68th New York Awards, Our History is a History of Solidarity, Ramon Lopez- The Ethnographer of Paseo Boricua, The United Shits of Amerikkka, Stop the Deportation of 340,000 Haitians with Temporary Protected Status, The Journey of South American Immigrants, Austin, Acostumbrando el …

Review:Linklater, Andrew. Violence And Civilization In The Western States-Systems. Cambridge University Press, 2017., Stephen T. Satkiewicz

Comparative Civilizations Review

The late Andrew Linklater (1949-2023) has been considered one of the most influential scholars within the field of International Relations. This was the result of his innovative synthesis into the field, with others, of the historical sociology of Norbert Elias (1897- 1990), work that addressed the long-term figuration processes of societies. This synthesis was enriched with the insights of the English School of International Relations, as devised by Martin Wight (1913-1972) and Hedley Bull (1932-1985), scholars who analyzed the many and differing interlocking networks and connections amongst geopolitical actors on the world stage. These efforts led Linklater to his final …

Full Issue

Comparative Civilizations Review

No abstract provided.

Deterrence Without Peace: Nuclear Weapons And The Rising Threshold Of Warfare, Catie Clarke

CISLA Senior Integrative Projects

Nuclear weapons fundamentally changed the international political landscape, leading to the emergence of deterrence theory and the notion of the Long Peace. This paper challenges these claims, arguing that nuclear weapons facilitated a more violent and volatile international system rather than stability. Drawing on constructivist theory, this paper develops the Threshold of Violence framework – a normative model which asserts that nuclear weapons elevated the perceived upper limit of tolerable violence in international politics. This raised threshold generated three trends in the nuclear era: increased frequency of proxy wars, escalating levels of benefactor involvement, and greater severity of conflicts fought …

The Lives Of Fritz Haber And Of International Law: Entwined Tales Of Tragedy And Irony, Mark A. Drumbl, C. William Vardy

Scholarly Articles

This article recounts the life of international law through the story of a single individual. This is the narrative of biographical international law. The subject — equally protagonist and antagonist — of this article is Fritz Haber, a German-Jewish scientist born in 1868. Devoted to the Kaiser, Haber was declared a war criminal by the Allies following World War I for having been ‘the father’ of chemical warfare. Haber argued that chemical weapons were more humane than conventional weapons. While under this shadow, Haber also won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1920 for his pioneering work with ammonia …

John Wesley And The Jews, Nicholas Railton

The Asbury Journal

This article focuses on John Wesley’s attitude to Jews and his understanding of their place in the divine plan of salvation. Wesley attended some synagogue services and got to know Jews personally. His understanding of biblical prophecy was expressed most clearly in the explanatory notes on the Bible that were once the standard guide for Methodists. Wesley’s eschatology encompasses a belief in the future conversion and restoration of the Jewish nation in the Holy Land. British Methodism has drifted from these moorings, and this is reflected in the resolutions it passes on the State of Israel.

Marshall Shulman: Bridging The Gap Between The Academic And Policymaking Worlds And Building Transnational Communities, Cynthia A. Roberts

Publications and Research

This essay examines Marshall D. Shulman’s legacy as a scholar of Soviet foreign policy, a scholar-practitioner who moved between academic and policymaking worlds, and a builder of transnational expert communities. It highlights Shulman’s early challenge to essentialist interpretations of Soviet foreign policy, his conception of the U.S.-Soviet relationship as a “limited adversary relationship,” and his emphasis on managing nuclear competition while avoiding catastrophic war. The essay also traces Shulman’s role in arms control, Track II diplomacy, scientific and expert exchanges, and the development of Russian and Soviet studies at Columbia University. Drawing on the author’s experience as Shulman’s student and …

Introduction To The Jervis Forum Roundtable Of Review Essays On Mark Kramer, The Fate Of The Soviet Bloc’S Military Alliance: Reform, Adaptation, And Collapse Of The Warsaw Pact, 1985–1991, Cynthia A. Roberts

Publications and Research

This introduction frames a Jervis Forum roundtable of review essays on Mark Kramer’s study of the final years of the Warsaw Pact and situates the book within broader scholarship on the end of the Cold War. It examines Kramer’s archivally- grounded argument that the alliance’s collapse was not predetermined but followed from a consequential Soviet policy shift under Mikhail Gorbachev, particularly the decision to renounce military intervention to preserve communist regimes in Eastern Europe. This introduction considers changes in Soviet military doctrine, civil-military relations, arms-control priorities, and Moscow’s effort to transform rather than abolish the alliance. It also situates Kramer’s …

Human Rights In Turkish Foreign Policy, Elif Babül, Zümray Kutlu

Government: Faculty Books

This book builds on the editors’ earlier work and once again brings together women scholars of Turkish foreign policy from different parts of the world. The contributors take an interdisciplinary approach to foreign policy analysis that is increasingly necessary in a global environment shaped less by traditional statecraft and more by overlapping, non-traditional challenges.

The book places human well-being at the center of foreign policy analysis and highlights dynamics long treated as peripheral, including gender, the environment, civil society, and the transnational role of diasporas.

Through historically grounded and theoretically informed chapters, the authors examine how these concepts and themes …

Bridging The Gap: A Systematic Review Of Cyber Conflict Forecasting Models And The Case For Ai-Driven Dynamic Frameworks, Salim Arfaoui, Youssef Harrath, Omar El-Gayar

Research & Publications

Cyber conflict forecasting remains constrained by static models that overlook the integration of geopolitical context with technical indicators. This systematic literature review examines 58 studies (2010–2025) using PRISMA guidelines and an Input-Process-Output framework to classify approaches and identify key gaps. Quantitative methods dominate (67%), yet only 14% incorporate geopolitical variables, despite the political nature of cyber conflict. Major limitations include adversarial adaptation blindness (85% assume static behavior), coarse temporal granularity (72% use daily+ intervals), lack of uncertainty quantification (75%), and minimal modeling of cross-domain escalation (92% cyber-only focus). Strategic forecasting is rare, with just 14% providing long-term insights and 16% …

Mandatory Cooperation Under International Law, Evan J. Criddle, Evan Fox-Decent

Faculty Publications

Humanity in the twenty-first century faces serious global challenges and crises, including pandemics, nuclear proliferation, violent extremism, refugee migration, and climate change. None of these calamities can be averted without robust international cooperation. Yet, national leaders often assume that because their states are sovereign under international law, they are free to opt in or out of international cooperation as they see fit. This book challenges conventional wisdom by showing that international law requires states to cooperate with one another to address matters of international concern – even in the absence of treaty-based obligations. Within the past several decades, requirements to …

Integrating Military-Acquired Iso Quality Management Principles Into Civilian Employment: A Phenomenological Study Of Post-9/11 Veterans, Paul Encinias

Dissertations

Purpose: This qualitative phenomenological study explored how post-9/11 U.S. military veterans describe their lived experiences of understanding and applying four ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Principles (leadership, engagement of people, process approach, and evidence-based decision making) during the transition to civilian employment. This study further sought to understand how veterans articulated these competencies across employment stages and how those competencies were recognized within civilian organizations.

Methodology: This qualitative phenomenological study used semistructured interviews with 10 post-9/11 U.S. military veterans residing in the United States who had separated from active duty and were engaged in the transition to civilian employment. Participants were …

The Prohibition Of Force Is The First Principle Of International Humanitarian Law, Mary Ellen O'Connell

Saint Louis University Law Journal

With the end of the Cold War, United States presidents have shown growing disinterest in complying with the United Nations Charter prohibition on the use of force. Their legal advisers have based justifications for resort to military force on ever thinner legal grounds to the point that justifications appear to focus only on the legal principles governing the conduct of military force, not on the right to resort to force in the first instance. Samuel Moyn captured the phenomenon in his book, Humane: How the United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War. The phenomenon of decline has not stopped with …

A Farewell To Space Arms Control, Eytan Tepper, James B. Romano

Saint Louis University Law Journal

This paper examines the nearly seven decades of attempts to adopt multilateral rules restricting space arms race and limit military uses of outer space. The paper presents the early success to introduce, as part of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, basic key limitations, notably a ban on weapons of mass destruction and offensive military uses of celestial bodies, and the subsequent failure to expand these basic rules. Indeed, despite forty-five years since the early 1980s of work in various streams and frameworks attempting to prevent a space arms race, and despite many countries’ proclamations supporting space arms control, no meaningful …

Rewriting The Sentence: Second Look Sentencing In Rhode Island, Carter Hazzard

Roger Williams University Law Review

No abstract provided.

Toxic Exposure, Judy Ann Clausen

UF Law Faculty Publications

Service members are often exposed to toxins in service. When they file claims for disability compensation, they struggle to link their diseases to toxic exposure while serving. Congress stepped in to ease their burden by creating presumptions, relieving the veterans of the burden of proving a nexus between the exposure and their disease. In 2022, Congress enacted the PACT Act which expanded presumptive service connection for veterans whose service involved exposure to toxic substances. But, for veterans whose conditions do not fall within these presumptions, problems with the Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) benefits adjudication system make it difficult to …

Using Genetically Diverse Mice To Examine The Effects Of Environmental Enrichment Of The Transcriptome, Michael Richard Leonardo

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Environmental impoverishment is a model of early life stress with direct consequences across a wide range of neurological and physiological conditions. Neuron morphology and density as well as anxiety disorders and addiction have shown to have significant relationships with environmental impoverishment models. Conversely, environmental enrichment confers therapeutic benefits that are protective across these conditions. There is an observed spectrum of resistance or vulnerability to the effects of housing conditions across populations, indicating genetics as an influential factor. Understanding this interaction is critical for deepening our knowledge of how genes and environment interact in ways that confer resistance or vulnerability, and …

Thailand’S Alignment Strategy Amidst The Us-China Rivalry : A Role Theory Perspective, Wen Chou Han

Journal of Social Sciences

This paper seeks to analyze how Thailand, as a middle power, navigates its alignment choices amid an intensifying US-China rivalry in the Asia-Pacific region through the lens of role theory. This paper also proposes several original mechanisms to operationalize the role theory in the analysis of Thailand’s strategy. To this end, Thailand’s foreign policy from the past decade (2012 to mid-2025) will be reviewed. The central argument is that Thailand is adopting a “soft hedging” strategy marked by opportunism and driven by its key goal of development, but is, at the same time, complicated by domestic political dysfunction (“fragmented centralism”). …

สิทธิการป้องกันตนเองร่วมของญี่ปุ่นในยุทธศาสตร์อินโด-แปซิฟิก : มุมมองยุทธศาสตร์การกระจายความเสี่ยงแบบการถ่วงดุลทางอ้อม, พรพิทักษ์ นิ่มอนงค์

Journal of Social Sciences

นายกรัฐมนตรีชินโซ อาเบะ ให้เหตุผลการยอมรับสิทธิการป้องกันตนเองร่วม (Collective Self-Defense : CSD) ว่า ภัยคุกคามต่อญี่ปุ่นกำลังทวีความรุนแรงรอบด้าน ทั้งขีปนาวุธจากเกาหลีเหนือ ข้อพิพาททางดินแดน รวมไปถึงการขยายอิทธิพลของจีนที่อาจเข้าแทนที่สหรัฐอเมริกาในภูมิภาค หากสถานะเดิม (Status quo) เปลี่ยนไป ญี่ปุ่นภายใต้รัฐธรรมนูญสันติภาพจะไม่อาจต่อสู้ได้เพียงลำพัง บทความชิ้นนี้ต้องการศึกษาพลวัตการใช้สิทธิการป้องกันตนเองร่วมของญี่ปุ่นในสมัยนายกรัฐมนตรีอาเบะ โดยศึกษาผ่านมุมมองการกระจายความเสี่ยง (Hedging) เพื่อตอบคำถามที่ว่า ญี่ปุ่นใช้สิทธิการป้องกันตนเองร่วมในยุทธศาสตร์อินโด-แปซิฟิกอย่างไร โดยเสนอว่า สิทธิการป้องกันตนเองร่วมช่วยเสริมสร้างการเป็นผู้สร้างสันติภาพเชิงรุกในเวทีโลก การกระชับความสัมพันธ์ด้านความมั่นคงกับพันธมิตรที่มีแนวคิดตามหลักนิติธรรมเหมือนกันนอกเหนือจากสหรัฐอเมริกา เป็นการกระจายความเสี่ยงโดยวิธีถ่วงดุลทางอ้อมให้ยังคงรักษาความสัมพันธ์อันดีกับจีนได้ ขณะเดียวกันก็แสดงถึงการกระจายความเสี่ยงแบบสองชั้นเพื่อลดการพึ่งพาสหรัฐอเมริกา และเล่นบทบาทนำมากขึ้น

Part 4: Arts And Culture In Hampton Roads: Exploring A Challenging Future, Dragas Center For Economic Analysis And Policy, Old Dominion University

State of the Region Reports: Hampton Roads

Hampton Roads hosts a remarkably vibrant and dynamic arts and culture ecosystem. It includes not only high-caliber professional institutions such as the Virginia Arts Festival, Virginia Opera, Virginia Symphony Orchestra, and Chrysler Museum of Art—but many other museums and galleries, theaters and performance spaces, open-air festivals, creative districts, public art, independent artists and creators, large performance venues for outside talent, and a wide array of professional and amateur arts organizations. This chapter discusses the arts in Hampton Roads and explores its impact on the region.

When Helpfulness Becomes Harmful: Jailbreaking Llms For Malicious Code Generation, Noelle Capodieci

Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present)

Generative AI (GenAI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) have made large strides in coding task capabilities, with many software developers integrating agentic engineering into their workflow. While GenAI has largely benefited professional software engineers who can automate their work, it has also created room for those with little coding expertise to also create fully fledged programs and applications. It is commonly noted that GenAI is trained with two major goals in mind: to be as helpful as possible, and be as harmless as possible. There exist moments where helpfulness may be prioritized over harmlessness when these goals conflict. LLMs may …

Predicting Vehicle Combat Effectiveness In Ukraine, Griffin Seel, Cameron Cummins, John O'Toole, Andrew Alexander

High Impact Practices Student Showcase Spring 2026

The 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict has been a series of relentless tragedies for the people of Ukraine, as well as the ultimate test for NATO defense initiatives. Today, over 3000 Armored Fighting Vehicles (AFV’s) from across NATO member states have been contributed to the Ukrainian army, doubling the size of its armored divisions since 2021. With vehicles sent in from nations as far away as the United States and Sweden, many are asking which vehicles have proved their worth, what makes these vehicles fit to survive on a modern battlefield, and what lessons can we take from the last 4 years …

Revenge Of The Interceptors? The Dod, Congress, And The Return Of Space-Based Missile Defense During Trump 45, Chad Mcelroy

CMC Senior Theses

The initiation of the Golden Dome for America program has brought space-based missile defense (SBMD) to the forefront of American national security policy and rekindled debates that had laid dormant since the administration of President Ronald Reagan. How, forty-two years after President Reagan first proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative, did SBMD return as a national priority? In lieu of public information about the ongoing Golden Dome initiative, this thesis explores the first Trump administration, otherwise known as Trump 45, in order to analyze the development of SBMD proposals by its proponents in Congress and the Department of Defense. I used …

The Vestiges Of The German Democratic Republic: Memory Politics And Xenophobia In Former East Germany, Diana Zhou

CMC Senior Theses

From the 2015 migration influx onward, xenophobic and nationalist sentiments permeated Germany’s national political discourse. The former socialist territories in eastern Germany have proven particularly susceptible to far-right, anti-immigration, and anti-integration rhetoric. This thesis explores the mnemonic foundations of xenophobic sentiments in former East German states, tracing the development of an antifascist yet ethnically nationalist mnemonic framework to the state-sanctioned myths and invented traditions of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). As the loss of a collective GDR identity produced a reactionary rehabilitation of this framework post-unification, the racial and ethnic “other” — migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees — became constructed …

Lessons Unlearned: Cultural Competence And The Limits Of U.S. Army Doctrine In Iraq And Afghanistan, Kylie W. Ha

CMC Senior Theses

This thesis examines how the absence of comprehensive cultural and linguistic competence within U.S. Army doctrine contributed to operational and ethical failures during the wars in Iraq (2003–2011) and Afghanistan (2001–2021). It focuses on the gap between doctrinal recognition of culture and language and the failure to institutionalize these elements as measurable, force-wide competencies. The thesis analyzes doctrinal publications spanning the period from 2001 to 2014 and finds that, while these publications increasingly acknowledged the importance of cultural awareness, language, and local context—particularly in counterinsurgency operations—these elements were not embedded as standardized requirements across training, planning, or evaluation. Iraq and …