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Yale Medicine Magazine Spring 2025, Issue 174, Yale University. School Of Medicine

Yale Medicine Magazine - alumni bulletin and magazine

This is the Spring 2025 issue of Yale Medicine Magazine, issue 174. Prepared in cooperation with the alumni and development offices at the School of Medicine. Earlier volumes are called Yale School of Medicine alumni bulletins, dating from v.1 (1953) through v.13 (1965) and Yale Medicine: alumni bulletin of the School of Medicine, v.1 (1965) through v. 52, no.1. (Autumn 2017).

A Study Of Preconditions And Postconditions As Design Constraints For Llm Code Generation, Luke Newcomb

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced automated code generation, but current methods predominantly rely on natural language descriptions. This approach encounters challenges when handling complex, class-level software generation tasks due to inherent ambiguity and under-specification. Few studies have investigated how more formal software engineering constraints, such as explicit preconditions and postconditions, influence class-level generation tasks. This work addresses this gap through a structured evaluation of six state-of-the-art LLMs generating software implementations from systematically designed class-level specifications. Results demonstrate that incorporating explicit design constraints significantly boosts initial generation accuracy (measured via the pass@k metric), particularly in Python but also in …

Leveraging Allies, Partners, And Technology: A Case Study Approach To Identifying Best Practices For Improving Us Military All-Domain Urban Training, Kevin Michael Felix

Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Dissertations

In this study, the researcher explored urban training gaps, opportunities, and synergies across the United States and five Allied and partner nations, and how synthetic training environments (STE) technologies should be optimized now and in the future to improve US all-domain urban training. The researcher adopted a qualitative multiple case study approach, analyzing military doctrine, urban warfare training strategies, and infrastructure in the United States, Germany, France, Britain, Israel, and Singapore to establish best practices across these countries. Urban warfare requires specialized skills to negotiate terrain, including high-rise buildings, subterranean networks, and dense civilian populations. However, the existing U.S. military …

Reconstructing Russian Strategic Culture: Narratives, Othering, And The West, Dogachan Dagi

Journal of Strategic Security

The importance of narratives in the constitution of Russian strategic culture has been largely neglected. This is due to the common assumption that Russian strategic culture is out there, historically determined, and constant from the Russian Empire through the Soviet Union to Putin’s Russia. This article argues that Russian strategic culture is not ‘etched in stone,’ but a dynamic ‘context’ in the making of which stories told about the past and the present, the Russian self and its others, threats and aspirations play a constitutive role. As such, this article demonstrates how Russian strategic culture is being continuously reconstructed by …

Drawing Lines In The Sand: Armed Conflict, Climate Damage And Setbacks To Climate Action, Beatrice L. Hamilton

Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law

Armed conflicts have a significant and detrimental effect on the climate system, with considerable implications for efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change and the civilian population. Yet the environmental provisions under the law of armed conflict (LOAC), drafted some half a century ago, struggle to adequately address these concerns. This article assesses the capacity of LOAC to address conflict-driven climate damage and its cascading impacts by characterizing these harms as environmental damage and as injury to civilians. The analysis highlights opportunities for broadening LOA C's scope and offers recommendations to enhance its capacity to address climate damage and …

Colonial Legacies And Co-Ethnic Repatriation: A Comparative Analysis Of Germany And South Korea, Eunjin Yong

Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History

The paper examines the contrasting approaches of Germany and Korea in handling co-ethnic repatriation during the early Cold War era (1940-1950s). Focusing on Germany’s Federal Expellee Law of 1953 and Korea’s absence of formal policies for Korean-Chinese immigrants, the paper illustrates how colonial histories influenced their respective ethnic projects and provides a nuanced understanding of how repatriation policies are shaped by historical and political contexts.

The Bulletin: Sidney Kimmel Medical College At Thomas Jefferson University, Volume 103, Issue 1, Spring 2025

The Bulletin (formerly the Jefferson Medical College Alumni Bulletin)

No abstract provided.

Cybermapping Solutions: A Unified Approach In Us/Nato Military Applications And Development, Nicholas Macrino

Electrical & Computer Engineering Projects for D. Eng. Degree

[First paragraph] Cyber threats are evolving in complexity and frequency, posing significant challenges for cybersecurity professionals in identifying, categorizing, and responding to attacks in real time. Unlike traditional warfare, where battlefield awareness is based on fixed geographic warfare, cyber operations involve abstract attack vectors, non-linear threat escalation, and rapidly changing network conditions. Modern cyber threats, such as advanced persistent threats (APTs), polymorphic malware, and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, require adaptive visualization techniques that provide real-time awareness and facilitate rapid decision-making. However, existing symbology standards, such as MIL-STD-2525D, were not designed to accommodate the dynamic nature of cyber warfare. The inability …

The Impact Of Small-Scale Conflicts On Post-Soviet Alliances, Ani Hakobyan

Journal of Strategic Security

Military alliances are crucial for international and regional security. However, conflicts may disrupt these connections, weakening alliance structures, particularly in complex regions such as the post-Soviet space. This article examines the effects of small-scale conflicts on the post-Soviet alliance network by analyzing the impact of three conflicts: the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea, and the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh) War. Using the temporal exponential random graph model (TERGM), the study finds that three conflicts significantly weakened alliance structures in the region, reducing the likelihood of new alliance ties within both the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and broader …

Rethinking Cyber Deterrence: Adapting To The Realities Of The Digital Battlefield, Peter Pijpers, Kraesten Arnold

Journal of Strategic Security

The question of whether deterrence is achievable in or through cyberspace has sparked considerable debate among academics. Over time, arguments have evolved, further entrenching this discourse and moving it out of the mainstream spotlight. This article examines how recent armed conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza may reinvigorate discussions surrounding this issue. It emphasizes that cyber activities can indeed produce deterrent effects while also recognizing the necessity for a new terminology to accurately capture these effects. In cyberspace, traditional deterrent logics—such as deterrence by denial or punishment—along with core principles including credibility, communication, and cost-benefit analysis, do not uniformly apply due …

Law School Record, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Spring 2025), Law School Record Editors

Law School Record

• Message from the Dean
• Law School Celebrates Ten Cohorts of Rubenstein Scholars
• Criminal and Juvenile Justice Clinic Secures Commutations for Clients
• A Glimpse Into the Rare Book Collection of the D’Angelo Law Library
• With Chevron Deference Ended, What Happens Next?
• Building on Our Strengths
• Three State AG's: One Law School
• Theory in Practice
• Professor Curtis Bradley Discusses his New Book: The Unwritten Constitution of Foreign Affairs
• A Compilation of Other Recently Published Books by Faculty
• Professor Emeritus Bill Landes Reflects on Fifty Years of Teaching
• International Law Programs and Global Perspectives: Two Students Share Their Experiences
• Development News
• Two Alumni …

Analyzing Stability Of Estimates At Completion For Long Duration Development Efforts, Bradley Vuu, Jonathan D. Ritschel, Brandon M. Lucas, Edward D. White

Faculty Publications

Defense program managers utilize Earned Value Management (EVM) methodologies to measure, report, and predict the cost and schedule performance of their programs. Previous research conducted by Christensen (1996) and Kim et al. (2019) has shown varied results in the stability of EVM Estimates at Completion (EACs). Stability is defined as a 10% or less deviation from the final EAC at a specified percent completion point of the program. The Christensen (1996) and Kim et al. (2019) studies also noted that program-specific factors, such as phase, can impact the accuracy of EVM metrics. This study builds upon those works by assessing …

Weapons Of Mass Disruption: How Small States Use Cyber To Resist Larger Powers, Russell Alexander Korb

Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Dissertations

This paper examines the ways in which small states can engage larger actors using cyber- attacks. Since the end of both World Wars, small states have increased in both numbers and relevance, with strong international institutions and norms against military aggression allowing small states to gain legitimacy by the very act of participating in the international system. However, although small states can now do more than simply choose a larger, stronger benefactor to ward off their enemies, they still cannot defy larger powers outright due to the still- dramatic difference in capabilities between them. Those small states interested in confronting …

New Policy Tools And Traditional Policy Models: Better Understanding Behavioural, Digital And Collaborative Instruments, Michael Howlett, Sarah Giest, Ishani Mukherjee, Araz Taeihagh

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

The study of policy tools has been undertaken for several decades. This work has isolated and examined many different types of instruments or levers utilized by governments to implement their policies and examined in detail how they are arranged into mixes, packages, or portfolios of tools. However, recent developments in society and technology have highlighted the potential to use new or previously underutilized policy instruments for both traditional tasks and to address new challenges associated with emerging technologies and other contemporary issues. These tools include social media platforms, collaboration, behavioral insights, and data-driven approaches to policy-making and policy design using …

Archiving The Lumad Schools Of Mindanao, Ryan Cezar Alcarde, Michelle Mikiko Pagaran, Victoria Nolasco

Akda: The Asian Journal of Literature, Culture, Performance

During the Duterte administration, Indigenous communities in Mindanao, striving to protect their ancestral lands from destructive logging, mining, and agro-industrial plantations, were subjected to attacks by military and paramilitary groups. This resulted in the enforced shutdown of 215 Lumad schools, whose ecocritical pedagogy molded Indigenous children into land protectors and environmental stewards. In response, the Mindanao Climate Justice Resource Facility (MCJRF) and former Lumad school volunteer teachers and students, Indigenous leaders, and supporters launched the “Lumad School Memory Project” in 2023. This research and archiving initiative aims to document the rich educational practices of the forcibly closed Lumad schools, ensuring …

The Rise And Fall Of U.S. Support For Operation Condor, Siegrid Tuttle

Munn Scholars Awards

Operation Condor (Condor) was a transnational terror network set up by six military dictatorships in South America with the support of the United States’ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in order to kill and silence dissidents in the nineteen seventies. Research on Condor tends to focus on the individual dictatorships involved; the relationship between those dictatorships and the United States has been comparatively understudied. Unlike in other Cold War battlegrounds, the human rights violations committed by the Condor dictatorships caused Congress to take action, investigate the CIA, and tie human rights requirements to U.S. foreign assistance to the region.

Applying Software Engineering Black-Box Methods For Testing Machine Learning Models, Timothy Elvira

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

This dissertation proposes researching an approach to incorporate and align Software black-box testing methods into Machine Learning (ML) applications, specifically in the context of computer vision models. Typically, testing methods within Software Engineering (SE) encompass a range of test types that assess levels of a software system, such as Unit, Integration, Functional, and System testing [1]. The testing spectrum offers two perspectives on the system: black-box, where the system’s code is hidden, and white-box, where the system's code is exposed for testing. Software Quality pairs testing with requirements, in a many-to-one relationship, to ensure proper validation of the software system. …

Attenuation Characteristics Of Military Boots, Margaret Mayer

Master's Theses (2009 -)

This study evaluated commercially available military-style boots permitted for use in combat, against a military-issued boot. Testing simulated high-dynamic foot-loading scenarios using two anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs): Hybrid-III-50% (HIII) and Mil-Lx. The goal was to assess differences in force attenuation measurements. The commercially available boots were evaluated with both ATDs, while the military-issued boot was assessed with the Mil-Lx, with HIII data references from prior studies. All boots underwent pendulum impacts to the plantar surface of the boot, generating an axial force along the tibia axis, across a five-condition test matrix. The repeatability protocol ensured that neither the boots nor …

ข้อท้าทายทางกฎหมายในการปรับใช้กฎหมายมนุษยธรรมระหว่างประเทศและกฎหมายสิทธิมนุษยชนระหว่างประเทศ ต่อสถานการณ์ความขัดแย้งในพื้นที่จังหวัดชายแดนภาคใต้ (Legal Challenges In The Concurrent Application Of International Humanitarian Law And Human Rights Law To The Conflict In The Southern Border Of Thailand), Pimchanok Palasmith

Chulalongkorn University Law Journal

สถานการณ์ความขัดแย้งในพื้นที่จังหวัดชายแดนภาคใต้ของประเทศไทย เดิมถูกจัดเป็นการขัดกันทางอาวุธที่ไม่มีลักษณะระหว่างประเทศภายใต้กฎหมายมนุษยธรรมระหว่างประเทศ บทความนี้มีจุดประสงค์เพื่อเปิดโอกาสให้มีการประเมินการจำแนกประเภทการขัดกันทางอาวุธดังกล่าวใหม่ โดยพิจารณาจากพัฒนาการของสถานการณ์ความรุนแรง ประกอบกับองค์ประกอบของการขัดกันทางอาวุธที่ไม่มีลักษณะระหว่างประเทศ กล่าวคือ เกณฑ์ความรุนแรงและเกณฑ์การจัดตั้งของกลุ่มติดอาวุธ นอกจากนี้ บทความนี้จะวิเคราะห์ถึงผลกระทบจากการปรับใช้กฎหมายมนุษยธรรมระหว่างประเทศและกฎหมายสิทธิมนุษยชนระหว่างประเทศ ต่อสถานการณ์ความขัดแย้งในพื้นที่จังหวัดชายแดนภาคใต้ โดยนำเสนอว่าการบังคับใช้กฎหมายระหว่างประเทศดังกล่าว ก่อให้เกิดข้อท้าทายทางกฎหมายในการให้ความคุ้มครองสิทธิของผู้ที่ได้รับผลกระทบ กล่าวคือ สิทธิในชีวิต, สิทธิในเสรีภาพและสิทธิที่จะได้รับการเยียวยา ซึ่งข้อท้าทายเหล่านี้ส่งผลเป็นการลดทอนความคุ้มครองแก่บุคคลดังกล่าวภายใต้กฎหมายสิทธิมนุษยชนระหว่างประเทศ รวมทั้งมีผลกระทบในเชิงลบต่อสถานการณ์ความขัดแย้ง

Evaluation Of Background Music In Listening Assessment Items For English Language Proficiency, Jennifer Hansen

Instructional Psychology and Technology Graduate Student Projects

The purpose of this evaluation was to determine how background music in authentic intermediate-level listening items affects the scores and experience of the English language learners taking the Adaptive Listening Test created by the Center for Language Studies at Brigham Young University. The evaluation research found that background music does not significantly affect test difficulty or student performance. The analysis showed a strong correlation between the difficulty levels of items with and without music. Survey results and test scores revealed that students' feelings about items with background music had no measurable impact on their performance, either positively or negatively. Since …

Trump Approval Slips, Mainers Oppose Transgender Participation In Women's Sports 3/27/2025, Unh Survey Center

All UNH Survey Center Polls

Amid ongoing acrimony between Maine Governor Janet Mills and President Donald Trump, nearly two-thirds of Mainers agree with Trump that transgender women should be barred from participating in women's sports. Mainers increasingly disapprove of Trump's performance as president, particularly his handling of the economy and use of tariffs, and most expect a recession within a year. On foreign policy, most Mainers disapprove of Trump's handling of the conflict in Ukraine and disagree with Trump's contention that Ukraine started the war.

Influence Of U.S.-Led Integration Initiatives And China-India Controversy On The Brics Development, Ekaterina Y. Arapova, Alexei S. Kudinov

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

The success of the BRICS agenda is influenced by a set of external and internal factors related mainly to its competition with US-led multilateral formats (such as QUAD, I2U2, the new Indo-Pacific Economic Structure, and the Blue Dot Network investment platform), as well as political and economic controversies within BRICS, primarily the ongoing tensions between India and China as well. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting the multilateral cooperation of the BRICS countries. India’s strategic priorities are crucial for the BRICS’s effectiveness, as the country participates simultaneously in BRICS and a …

The Role Of South Korea In The Strategic Rivalry Between China And United States Of America, Ainura Kabirova, Panu Kilybayeva, Aigerim Ospanova, Gulnara Birimkulova

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

The beginning of the 21st century was marked by the intensification of the Sino-American confrontation due to armed conflicts, competition for resources, and spheres of influence. South Korea, as one of the main strategic partners of both countries, needs to choose a clear foreign policy strategy to maintain the balance of power in the region. The purpose of the study is to identify the main factors and key trends in shaping the role and influence of South Korea on China-United States of America relations by studying it as one of the most important geopolitical regions in the rivalry between the …

Integrating Mrna Vaccines Into The Attitudes Toward Genomics And Precision Medicine Scale: A Validation Study With A Sample Of 4939 Adults In The Usa, Jenine K Harris, Erin D Solomon, Kari Baldwin, Lauren L Baker, Eu Gene Chin, James M Dubois

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The attitudes toward genomics and precision medicine (AGPM) measure examines attitudes toward activities such as genetic testing, gene editing, and biobanking. This is a useful tool for research on the ethical, legal, and social implications of genomics, a major program within the National Institutes of Health. We updated the AGPM to explore controversies over mRNA vaccines. This brief report examines the factor structure of the updated AGPM using a sample of 4939 adults in the USA. The updated AGPM's seven factors include health benefits, knowledge benefits, and concerns about the sacredness of life, privacy, gene editing, mRNA vaccines, and social …

Stingers—A Review Of Current Understanding And Management, Teleale Gebeyehu, James Harrop, Stavros Matsoukas, Alexander Vaccaro

Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers

Abstract: A stinger is the transient sensory and motor loss of one upper extremity caused by a stretch or compression injury to the brachial plexus or the exiting cervical nerve roots. Athletes from contact sports like American football, rugby, wrestling, and horseback riding are most affected. Given today’s competitive athletic culture and recent advancements in sports medicine, understanding the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of stingers is crucial. Thus, this narrative review highlights current knowledge of pathology, clinical features, diagnostic modalities, radiologic measurements, management, rehabilitation, and return-to-play protocols. Recent and prominent English publications on adult athletes revealed that the brachial …

On Large Language Models In National Security Applications, William N. Caballero, Phillip R. Jenkins

Faculty Publications

The overwhelming success of GPT-4 in early 2023 highlighted the transformative potential of large language models (LLMs) across various sectors, including national security. This article explores the implications of LLM integration within national security contexts, analyzing their potential to revolutionize information processing, decision-making, and operational efficiency. Whereas LLMs offer substantial benefits, such as automating tasks and enhancing data analysis, they also pose significant risks, including hallucinations, data privacy concerns, and vulnerability to adversarial attacks. Through their coupling with decision-theoretic principles and Bayesian reasoning, LLMs can significantly improve decision-making processes within national security organizations. Namely, LLMs can facilitate the transition from …

Lawfare And Terrorism – Can Terrorism Justify The Use Of Force?, Joanna Siekiera

Graduate Research Conference (GSIS)

As the world became increasingly interconnected, the significance of international law has been augmented exponentially. International law encompasses a vast array of legal systems, written norms, and customary principles that govern the interactions between states, still being the primal and main norm creators, as well as to some extent international organizations, and other non-state actors (NSA) gaining more and more influence, and finally us - individuals. In recent times, the utilization of law as a tool of warfare has gained prominence, with public and private entities leveraging legal arguments and international institutions to achieve their military and political objectives. While …

Modeling The Impact Of Nato Policy Actions On Taliban Disinformation Campaigns With Lotka-Volterra Models, Timothy Tarter, Bella Santos

Graduate Research Conference (GSIS)

In this paper, we use an adaptation of the Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey framework (via Affilit Et. Al.) to model the relationship between Taliban disinformation campaigns and NATO’s attempts to counter them. We find that aggression is a significantly preferred strategy over stagnation; this result should prompt decisionmakers to take strong stances against disinformation campaigns while maintaining a healthy defense against retribution. This leads us to propose the NATO Afghan Youth for Change program, which provides scholarships to individuals throughout the Afghan diaspora to become NATO influencers - a role which will both advance their personal goals and mitigate the spread of …

Truth Subversion And The Challenges To International Order, David Acosta

Graduate Research Conference (GSIS)

This essay explores the increasing prevalence and impact of truth subversion on the liberal international order (LIO). It examines how modern disinformation campaigns seek to undermine shared epistemological foundations critical for international cooperation, and looks to answer the question: what impact does truth subversion have on international order? Furthermore, it investigates how truth subversion creates uncertainty, challenges alliances, and exacerbates security dilemmas. The essay identifies four core truth subversion tactics: disinformation, double speak, conspiracy theories, and flooding, and applies them to the 2014 Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 tragedy, where Russian actors employed these techniques to distort facts, challenge investigative findings, …

From Shatter Zone To Shatterbelt: The Role Of The Three Seas Initiative In Shaping Central And Eastern Europe, Ian Murphy

Graduate Research Conference (GSIS)

The Three Seas Initiative (TSI) is a relatively new political and economic platform aimed at enhancing connectivity and infrastructure development in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). This initiative seeks to address the region’s historical underdevelopment and lack of north-south connectivity. This paper examines the role of the TSI in the context of a changing geopolitical landscape, where Russia and China are increasingly seeking to exert influence. The central research question is: Does the TSI represent a fundamental shift in the CEE region, and how can it foster interdependence while mitigating the risk of conflict? I argue that the TSI signifies …