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The Prison Abolition Movement, Takajya Clayton Sep 2026

The Prison Abolition Movement, Takajya Clayton

Creating Change: The Online Journal of Zines about Social Movements

No abstract provided.


Kidfluencing: The Exploitation Of Children And Resulting Challenges, Mary Helen Pollard Sep 2026

Kidfluencing: The Exploitation Of Children And Resulting Challenges, Mary Helen Pollard

Creating Change: The Online Journal of Zines about Social Movements

No abstract provided.


From The Editor: Cynthia George Sep 2026

From The Editor: Cynthia George

Creating Change: The Online Journal of Zines about Social Movements

No abstract provided.


Racial Health Disparities And The Role Of Education, Johnny Huynh, Adriana Lleras-Muney Sep 2026

Racial Health Disparities And The Role Of Education, Johnny Huynh, Adriana Lleras-Muney

Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk

This paper explores whether — and the degree to which — Black-White health disparities can be accounted for by educational attainment gaps. Part I reviews evidence on the causal effects of educational policies on health behaviors and outcomes. Many of these policies have demonstrated significant long-term health benefits, particularly for disadvantaged populations, though the effects are heterogeneous. Part II discusses whether the health benefits of education vary by race, reviewing theories of structural inequalities that posit that minorities benefit less from education. Part III analyzes data from the National Health Interview Survey to quantify the educational gradient in health across …


Factors Shaping The Graduate Assistantship Experience In Ncaa Division I Athletic Departments, Kelly P. Elliott, Kate Labate, Josh Tennant, Chris Espinosa Sep 2026

Factors Shaping The Graduate Assistantship Experience In Ncaa Division I Athletic Departments, Kelly P. Elliott, Kate Labate, Josh Tennant, Chris Espinosa

The COSMA Journal

Graduate Assistantships (GA) are a critical component of career preparation in sport management, yet little is known about how the GA experiences vary across institutions, and intercollegiate athletic departments. This exploratory study examined differences in intercollegiate athletic department GAs based on NCAA Division I subdivision, length of time the GA served in the position, and how the GA found the opportunity. Survey data were collected from GAs listed on athletic department staff directories. The instrument assessed functional areas, supervision, compensation, satisfaction, and perceived career impact. Chi-square analyses compared GA experiences across institutional and student-level variables. Overall, the findings suggest that …


2026 Conference Schedule, Gpis Department, Old Dominion University Sep 2026

2026 Conference Schedule, Gpis Department, Old Dominion University

Graduate Research Conference (GSIS)

Schedule for ODU's 2026 Graduate Research Conference: Digital Sovereignty & Global Governance in the AI Era.


Analyzing Cultural Alignment In Rwandan Sexual And Reproductive Health Education, Amit Gerstein Sep 2026

Analyzing Cultural Alignment In Rwandan Sexual And Reproductive Health Education, Amit Gerstein

Journal of Critical Global Issues

Rwandan education cannot be understood outside the context of colonization. This study investigates the cultural alignment of Rwandan sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education. Using existing literature on indigenous sexuality and reflective practice from teaching in a Rwandan secondary school, this paper analyzes three SRH curricula to examine the extent to which they incorporate local knowledge versus Western scripts. The analysis focuses on four key areas: the definition of sex, contraception, consent, and female anatomy.

The findings reveal significant disconnects, where Western narratives regarding sex and sexuality appear to overwrite or displace indigenous sexual knowledge and practice. This study concludes …


A Target-Responsive And Signal-Amplified Dna Hydrogel Biosensor For Visual And Quantitative Detection Of Aflatoxin B1, Haojie Du, Haoyue Liu, Yongshuai Li, Shiyi Wei, Xinning Wang, Yunxuan Weng, Xiaoying Zhao Sep 2026

A Target-Responsive And Signal-Amplified Dna Hydrogel Biosensor For Visual And Quantitative Detection Of Aflatoxin B1, Haojie Du, Haoyue Liu, Yongshuai Li, Shiyi Wei, Xinning Wang, Yunxuan Weng, Xiaoying Zhao

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) poses a severe threat to food safety due to its potent carcinogenicity. To address the need for rapid and on-site detection, this study developed a colorimetric biosensor based on an AFB1-responsive DNA aptamer-cross-linked sodium alginate hydrogel. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were encapsulated within the hydrogel as a visual signal reporter. The sensing mechanism relies on target-induced dissociation of aptamer crosslinkers, leading to hydrogel disintegration and release of AuNPs. The hydrogel formulation was optimized regarding sodium alginate concentration and crosslinking conditions. To enhance sensitivity, an Exonuclease I (Exo I)-triggered target recycling strategy was implemented, which amplifies hydrogel network disruption …


Pharmacist-Led Initiative To Increase Naloxone Prescribing For Patients On High-Dose Opioids In A General Internal Medicine Clinic, Christine E. Leduc, Hyun J. Lee, Polly D. Fraga Sep 2026

Pharmacist-Led Initiative To Increase Naloxone Prescribing For Patients On High-Dose Opioids In A General Internal Medicine Clinic, Christine E. Leduc, Hyun J. Lee, Polly D. Fraga

The Lahey Journal

Abstract

Introduction:

Opioid overdose is a pressing public health concern in the United States. In 2022, prescription opioids were involved in 15% of all opioid deaths.1 Despite CDC recommendations for prescribing naloxone to high-risk patients, primary care physicians prescribe only 1.5 naloxone prescriptions per 100 prescriptions of high-dose opioids.2,3 Strategies are needed for healthcare institutions to expand naloxone access and mitigate opioid-related harm. This pilot study assesses the impact of a pharmacist-led quality improvement patient outreach initiative on increasing naloxone prescribing for adult patients taking ≥ 50 MME per day of prescription opioids as recommended by current CDC guidelines.

Methods: …


The Moderating Role Of Social Support Between Job Burnout And Task Performance, Mohammed Alshamrani Sep 2026

The Moderating Role Of Social Support Between Job Burnout And Task Performance, Mohammed Alshamrani

Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences

This study examines the relationship between job burnout and task performance and investigates the moderating role of social support from supervisors, colleagues, and family among teachers in the Saudi Arabian education sector. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from teachers using standardized questionnaires and subsequently analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using SmartPLS software (4.0). The findings reveal that job burnout has a significant negative effect on teachers' task performance, indicating that higher levels of burnout are associated with lower performance. However, social support from supervisors, colleagues, and family significantly moderates this relationship by reducing the negative impact …


An Intelligent Approach For Mobile Traffic Forecasting And Optimal Positioning Of New Radio Access Sites In Emerging Mobile Networks, Bavoua Kenfack Patrick Dany, Binele Abana Alphonse, Tonye Emmanuel, Ngohe-Ekam Paul-Salomon, Heuna Njeumi Susy Anne-Lucie Sep 2026

An Intelligent Approach For Mobile Traffic Forecasting And Optimal Positioning Of New Radio Access Sites In Emerging Mobile Networks, Bavoua Kenfack Patrick Dany, Binele Abana Alphonse, Tonye Emmanuel, Ngohe-Ekam Paul-Salomon, Heuna Njeumi Susy Anne-Lucie

Engineering and Technology Journal

The exponential growth of mobile data traffic in Sub-Saharan Africa is placing increasing pressure on cellular operators to modernise their radio access network (RAN) planning. Traditional approaches, namely Excel-based linear extrapolation and manual congestion-map analysis, are inadequate for the non-linear, seasonally driven traffic dynamics observed in heterogeneous environments such as Cameroon. This paper presents RAN-OptimForecast, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based decision-support framework that jointly addresses two problems: (1) accurate long-term evolution (LTE) mobile traffic forecasting using machine learning, and (2) optimal geographical positioning of new radio base stations. Because proprietary operator traffic measurements were not available for release, the framework is …


'Not Done Yet', September 10, 2026, Tisa Mason Ed.D. Sep 2026

'Not Done Yet', September 10, 2026, Tisa Mason Ed.D.

Heart of a Tiger Columns

No abstract provided.


Omoiyari In The Performance Of American Learners Of Japanese: An Analysis Of Second Culture Compilation And Pragmatic Transfer, Shizuka Fukuo Sep 2026

Omoiyari In The Performance Of American Learners Of Japanese: An Analysis Of Second Culture Compilation And Pragmatic Transfer, Shizuka Fukuo

Dissertations and Theses

This thesis examines omoiyari (consideration for others) as a Japanese cultural theme by examining how it is enacted by native Japanese speakers and American learners of Japanese during an invitation scenario. L2 learners' incorporation of the target culture's linguistic and behavioral norms is essential to fully participate in ways that read as natural in that culture. However, relatively little research has examined the extent to which L2 learners are able to enact culturally embedded norms in L2 interaction. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to explaining the cultural theme of omoiyari as it is enacted in an invitation role-play provides …


Racial Disparities In Off-Guideline Endovascular Treatments For Acute Ischaemic Stroke, Joseph Samaha, Ngoc Mai Le, Ananya Iyyangar, Ananya S. Iyyangar, Rania Abdelkhaleq, Diogo C. Haussen, Jaydevsinh N. Dolia, Ameer E. Hassan, Wondwossen G. Tekle, Samantha Miller Sep 2026

Racial Disparities In Off-Guideline Endovascular Treatments For Acute Ischaemic Stroke, Joseph Samaha, Ngoc Mai Le, Ananya Iyyangar, Ananya S. Iyyangar, Rania Abdelkhaleq, Diogo C. Haussen, Jaydevsinh N. Dolia, Ameer E. Hassan, Wondwossen G. Tekle, Samantha Miller

School of Medicine Publications

Introduction: Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is an established treatment for large vessel occlusion acute ischaemic stroke, and indications have expanded to include broader patient groups. Whether this expansion has occurred equitably across racial and ethnic populations remains unclear.

Materials/methods: We analysed the SVIN (Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology) Registry+ (2014–2021) to assess disparities in EVT use. Patients were categorised by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white (NH-white), NH-black, Hispanic, Asian, other). Off-guideline EVT was defined as treatment in patients with age >85, pre-stroke disability (modified Rankin Scale >1), distal occlusion, large core (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score < 6), mild symptoms (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) < 6) or presentation >24 hours. The primary outcome …


Teaching Communication And Teamwork Under Pressure: An Experiential Activity Using Keep Talking And Nobody Explodes, Bryan L. Rogers, Cody Logan Chullen, Brian Waterwall Sep 2026

Teaching Communication And Teamwork Under Pressure: An Experiential Activity Using Keep Talking And Nobody Explodes, Bryan L. Rogers, Cody Logan Chullen, Brian Waterwall

International Journal for Business Education

Background/Introduction/Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present an experiential classroom activity designed to help students develop communication and teamwork skills under conditions of time pressure and information asymmetry.

Methods/Design: This paper presents a teaching activity rather than an empirical study; no research design, sample, instruments, or analytic procedures are reported. The paper describes and contextualizes an experiential learning activity using the cooperative video game Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes. Drawing on research in experiential learning, cooperative learning, and simulation-based instruction, the paper outlines learning objectives, materials, implementation procedures, observer roles, and structured debriefing strategies suitable for undergraduate and …


Hospitality And Tourism Students’ Perceptions Of Well-Being, Belonging, And Engagement In Their Academic Endeavors And Extracurricular Activities, Cynthia S. Deale, Seung Hyun Lee Sep 2026

Hospitality And Tourism Students’ Perceptions Of Well-Being, Belonging, And Engagement In Their Academic Endeavors And Extracurricular Activities, Cynthia S. Deale, Seung Hyun Lee

International Journal for Business Education

Background/Introduction/Purpose: This study examined hospitality and tourism college/university students’ views of their engagement, well-being, and sense of belonging in academic and extracurricular activities, based on 130 responses from students in the United States.

Methods: Descriptive analysis, analysis of variance, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the responses. Qualitative comments were also obtained.

Results:  Respondents felt positive overall about their engagement, and many participated in extracurricular activities. The relationships between class engagement and sense of belonging, and between campus engagement and sense of belonging were significant, and the sense of belonging significantly influenced student subjective …


Enhancing Hiv Knowledge And Resource Awareness Among Chief Nursing Officers, Susan Louise Cooper Bailey Sep 2026

Enhancing Hiv Knowledge And Resource Awareness Among Chief Nursing Officers, Susan Louise Cooper Bailey

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a significant public health concern in rural communities, where limited specialty care, geographic isolation, transportation barriers, and stigma may delay testing and entry into care. The Texas Panhandle is a geographically expansive rural region served by rural hospitals with limited resources. Although area HIV services are available, they are inconsistently utilized. Although chief nursing officers (CNOs) influence practice and care coordination, knowledge gaps regarding HIV guidelines, prevention strategies, and regional resources may limit identification, referral, and continuity of care. The purpose of this doctor of nursing practice (DNP) project was to determine whether a targeted …


The Impact Of The Keller The Marzano Model Of Learning The Skills Of Serving And Receiving Serves In Volleyball For Students, Ali Abbas Taher Sep 2026

The Impact Of The Keller The Marzano Model Of Learning The Skills Of Serving And Receiving Serves In Volleyball For Students, Ali Abbas Taher

Modern Sport

This research aims to identify the impact of the Keller and Marzano models on learning the skills of serving and receiving serves in volleyball, and to determine the superiority of the educational models compared to the standard method. The researcher used an experimental design with equivalent groups, and the sample included (45) female students, with (15) students in each group: two experimental groups that implemented the Keller and Marzano models, and one control group that followed the standard method. The implementation lasted (6) weeks. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests for all groups, in favor …


Understanding The Use Of Community Advisory Boards In Autism Research: A Scoping Review, Margaret Janse Van Rensburg, Elisa Niunin, Alexia Ostrolenk, Sydney Arsenault, Anja Wilson, Courtney Weaver, Valérie Courchesne, Robert M. Hock Sep 2026

Understanding The Use Of Community Advisory Boards In Autism Research: A Scoping Review, Margaret Janse Van Rensburg, Elisa Niunin, Alexia Ostrolenk, Sydney Arsenault, Anja Wilson, Courtney Weaver, Valérie Courchesne, Robert M. Hock

Faculty and Staff Publications

Community engagement is increasingly promoted as a good practice in autism research, yet little is known about how Community Advisory Boards are used. This scoping review mapped the extent and nature of empirical literature on Community Advisory Boards in autism research. Five databases were searched, supplemented by reference list searching. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria. Most were published recently, conducted in the United States, and used mixed methods. Community Advisory Boards were rarely formally defined and were typically described functionally rather than conceptually. Most operated in consultative roles, with inconsistent reporting of recruitment, compensation, onboarding, communication, and influence on decision-making. …


“The Goal Is To Live Their Heritage Culture, Speak Their Language”: Teaching, Techniques, And Environments In Uk Turkish Weekend Schools, Ayşe Çiftci, Leah Roberts, Fatma F.S. Said Sep 2026

“The Goal Is To Live Their Heritage Culture, Speak Their Language”: Teaching, Techniques, And Environments In Uk Turkish Weekend Schools, Ayşe Çiftci, Leah Roberts, Fatma F.S. Said

All Works

This research scrutinizes Turkish weekend schools in the UK, investigating their instructional practices, teaching methodologies, and educators’ perspectives. Despite the expectation of homogeneity in teaching qualifications, the study reveals a lack of consistent prerequisites for formal Turkish language teaching credentials. Findings are based on questionnaires from 22 teachers and interviews with five teachers from Turkish weekend schools across the UK. The study demonstrates that being a native Turkish speaker does not necessarily equate to effective pedagogy. The primary language of instruction is Turkish, while students predominantly employ English. It indicated that family involvement, student motivation, and the creation of an …


Child Welfare History Of Prison Inmates Would Provide Meaningful Data For Foster Care Policy Research And Planning, Maggie Zehring Sep 2026

Child Welfare History Of Prison Inmates Would Provide Meaningful Data For Foster Care Policy Research And Planning, Maggie Zehring

Student Scholarship

Child welfare intervention in the United States continues to operate distinctly different in each states and community without a full picture of the overall system’s efficacy. While federal and state agencies collect extensive information on children’s movement in and out of the foster care system and related adjudication, there lacks a nationwide understanding of how kids fare after exiting the system. This note argues that Departments of Correction (DOC) nationwide should collect child‑welfare history from incarcerated individuals as part of existing intake procedures and regularly communicate the data for the federal Children’s Bureau to aggregate for longitudinal analysis of foster …


Visual Narratives Of Forced Displacement, Schooling, And Re-Settlement Among Refugee And Asylum-Seeking Students In Grand Forks, Nd, Pempho Chinkondenji, Giovanni Whyte Sep 2026

Visual Narratives Of Forced Displacement, Schooling, And Re-Settlement Among Refugee And Asylum-Seeking Students In Grand Forks, Nd, Pempho Chinkondenji, Giovanni Whyte

Education, Health & Behavior Studies Faculty Publications

This study examines how school-aged refugee and asylum-seeking students, most of them girls from the "Global South," experience schooling, resettlement, and belonging within the Grand Forks community and the broader U.S. education system. Using a two-phase visual/arts-based participatory design, the research team engaged 34 co-researchers from various countries including Somalia, Afghanistan, Liberia, Burundi, Ecuador, Venezuela, Mexico, and Guinea Conakry. In the first phase, 20 co-researchers aged 14 to 20 took part in a photovoice study, using photography, focus groups, and interviews to document their lived experiences. A subsequent arts-based Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) project extended this work through comics, …


Strengthening Health System-Community Partnerships To Address Pediatric Social Needs: A Qualitative Study, Joy Friedman, Melissa A. Alderfer, Kelsey Higgins, Aaron Carpenter, Jennifer Sciolla, Sarah E. Wawrzynski Sep 2026

Strengthening Health System-Community Partnerships To Address Pediatric Social Needs: A Qualitative Study, Joy Friedman, Melissa A. Alderfer, Kelsey Higgins, Aaron Carpenter, Jennifer Sciolla, Sarah E. Wawrzynski

Department of Pediatrics Faculty Papers

IntroductionStructural and social conditions influence pediatric health outcomes. Successful implementation of social needs screening and referral programs depends on community-based organizations (CBOs) to provide resources that address health-related social needs (HRSN). We explored current practices and perspectives of health care workers and CBO representatives on improving health system-CBO partnerships.MethodsParticipants were purposively recruited from a variety of health care settings involved in HRSN screening and CBOs delivering resources in the community. Participants completed semi-structured interviews. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to summarize data.ResultsTen key informants participated (six health care workers and four CBO representatives). Four themes were identified: 1) mismatches in …


Co-Production Of Digital Health Interventions For Parents Of Acutely Ill Children Under Five: ‘The Ipoorly Project., Sarah Neill, Amy Rathbone, John Downey, Monica Lakhanpaul, Damian Roland, Matt Carey Sep 2026

Co-Production Of Digital Health Interventions For Parents Of Acutely Ill Children Under Five: ‘The Ipoorly Project., Sarah Neill, Amy Rathbone, John Downey, Monica Lakhanpaul, Damian Roland, Matt Carey

School of Nursing and Midwifery

No abstract provided.


Intensive Longitudinal Assessment Of Stress And Stress-Related Concepts Across A Weight Loss Program: Protocol For A Longitudinal Ecological Momentary Assessment Study., Chelsea L. Kracht, Ann M. Davis, Udayan Apte, Madigan Snodgrass, Taylor Y. Collier, Jeffery J. Honas, John M. Jakicic Sep 2026

Intensive Longitudinal Assessment Of Stress And Stress-Related Concepts Across A Weight Loss Program: Protocol For A Longitudinal Ecological Momentary Assessment Study., Chelsea L. Kracht, Ann M. Davis, Udayan Apte, Madigan Snodgrass, Taylor Y. Collier, Jeffery J. Honas, John M. Jakicic

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

BACKGROUND: Fluctuations in daily stress and the inability to cope with this stress (i.e., coping) can negatively impact behavior and potentially weight loss. Longitudinal studies using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of psychological factors and behavior may inform interventions that can be adapted in real-time to modify stress and stress-related factors to enhance weight loss. This study's purpose is to examine variability in stress and stress-related concepts and weight loss during a behavioral weight loss program with the intent of this informing future interventions.

METHODS: Individuals with obesity (body mass index: ≥ 30 kg/m2) who are newly enrolled in an existing …


Spartan Daily, September 10, 2026, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications Sep 2026

Spartan Daily, September 10, 2026, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications

Spartan Daily, 2026

Volume 167, Issue 9


Experimental Investigation Of Factors Affecting Natural Magnetite Wettability: Implications For Geological Hydrogen Generation And Storage, Kaveh Moghanirahimi, Lionel Esteban, Valeriya Shulakova, Stefan Iglauer, Alireza Keshavarz Sep 2026

Experimental Investigation Of Factors Affecting Natural Magnetite Wettability: Implications For Geological Hydrogen Generation And Storage, Kaveh Moghanirahimi, Lionel Esteban, Valeriya Shulakova, Stefan Iglauer, Alireza Keshavarz

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Natural magnetite in Banded Iron Formations (BIFs) is attracting interest as a hydrothermal H2-generating medium and a potential caprock for subsurface hydrogen storage because of its low permeability. However, its wettability under reservoir conditions remains poorly understood. In this study, the wettability of natural and organically aged magnetite was evaluated using the tilted plate contact angle method at 1–100 bar and 25–65 °C with deionized water and 5 and 10 wt% NaCl brines as droplet fluids. The results showed that magnetite remained water-wet throughout the tested conditions. Higher pressure shifted the system toward less water-wet behaviour, whereas increasing temperature enhanced …


Displaced By Disaster: Examining The Effects Of Hurricanes Maria And Irma On Chronic Homelessness In The United States Virgin Islands, Clinton Hart Sep 2026

Displaced By Disaster: Examining The Effects Of Hurricanes Maria And Irma On Chronic Homelessness In The United States Virgin Islands, Clinton Hart

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The United States Virgin Islands (USVI) is an island territory that is geographically isolated and has a fragile economy that has a limited capacity to address homelessness particularly when exacerbated by natural disasters. Existing literature demonstrated that major hurricanes can be associated with displacement, housing instability, and increased demand for emergency housing resources among socially vulnerable populations. However, limited longitudinal quantitative research has examined the impact of hurricanes on changes in homelessness trends in the USVI, representing a gap in territory-specific research. The purpose of this quantitative interrupted time series study was to examine homelessness trends associated with hurricanes Irma …


The Impact Of Leadership Styles From Traditional Policing To Community Policing, Ryan Gates Sep 2026

The Impact Of Leadership Styles From Traditional Policing To Community Policing, Ryan Gates

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study examines leadership in a community policing context. It addresses a long-standing problem: injustice, inequality, and unfair treatment. Specifically, it examines community policing and the impact of law enforcement leadership, particularly servant leadership, on policing outcomes. Greenleaf’s Theory of Servant Leadership guided this study. Participants included mid- to senior-level law enforcement officers with community policing experience, at least three years of leadership experience, and at least 18 years of age. Recruitment occurred through social media outlets such as Facebook and Instagram. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 19 participants. Thematic analysis produced six themes: community engagement and partnerships; …


Drug Court Graduation Rates Of African American Males Attending Habilitation Empowerment Accountability Therapy, Tierney President Sep 2026

Drug Court Graduation Rates Of African American Males Attending Habilitation Empowerment Accountability Therapy, Tierney President

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

African American males between the ages of 18 and 29 have lower rates of successful completion in drug court programs compared to other populations, increasing their risk of incarceration and recidivism. This study examined whether participation in the Habilitation Empowerment Accountability Therapy (HEAT) program, a culturally responsive intervention, was associated with improved drug court graduation outcomes among African American male participants. Guided by cognitive behavioral theory, a quantitative retrospective causal-comparative design was used to analyze archival data from 96 African American male participants enrolled in a drug treatment court program in Columbia, Missouri. A chi-square test of independence was conducted …