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Refinement Of Wind Speed Estimation At Turbine Hub Height Using Satellite Data And Regression Analysis Under Complex Terrain Conditions, Isroil Abriyevich Yuldoshev, Tulqin Rustamovich Jamolov, Sa'dullo Sayfiddin Ugli Fazliddinov, Jumanazar Farhodjon OʻGʻL Abdurashidov Apr 2026

Refinement Of Wind Speed Estimation At Turbine Hub Height Using Satellite Data And Regression Analysis Under Complex Terrain Conditions, Isroil Abriyevich Yuldoshev, Tulqin Rustamovich Jamolov, Sa'dullo Sayfiddin Ugli Fazliddinov, Jumanazar Farhodjon OʻGʻL Abdurashidov

Technical science and innovation

Reliable assessment of wind energy potential in regions characterized by complex terrain is often constrained by the limited availability of ground-based meteorological measurements. This study proposes an improved regression-based approach for refining wind speed estimates at the wind turbine hub height of 65 m using satellite-derived data from the NASA POWER database combined with a logarithmic vertical wind profile. The proposed methodology is validated using real operational data from a 750 kW wind power plant located in the mountainous Bostanlyk district of Uzbekistan for the period 2018–2021. The regression analysis demonstrates a strong linear relationship between the extrapolated wind speed …

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Design Of Virtual Impedance Controller For Parallel-Connected Converters In A Microgrid, Manyanda Makoye, Francis Mwasilu, Peter M. Makolo, Jackson Justo Apr 2026

Design Of Virtual Impedance Controller For Parallel-Connected Converters In A Microgrid, Manyanda Makoye, Francis Mwasilu, Peter M. Makolo, Jackson Justo

Tanzania Journal of Science

This paper addresses the significant challenge of inaccurate power sharing among Distributed Generators (DGs) in islanded microgrids, which is primarily caused by mismatched feeder and line impedances. Conventional decentralized control solutions often fail to ensure accurate power sharing, especially when line impedances are resistive. To overcome this, the paper proposes a robust, coordinated Virtual Impedance Control (VIC) strategy for DGs. This method implements fixed virtual resistance and virtual inductance to standardize the output impedance characteristics of parallel-connected inverters, thereby minimizing impedance discrepancies and enhancing system stability through increased damping. The theoretical analysis and design of the VIC were validated through …

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Relationships Between The Parameters Of The Vegetable Oil Refining Process And Energy Consumption, Umidjon Abdimajitovich Ruziev, Marufjon Kobuljonovich Shodiev Apr 2026

Relationships Between The Parameters Of The Vegetable Oil Refining Process And Energy Consumption, Umidjon Abdimajitovich Ruziev, Marufjon Kobuljonovich Shodiev

Technical science and innovation

Vegetable oil refining is a multi-stage thermochemical process that is closely related to energy consumption, process parameters, product quality, and food safety requirements. Despite the extensive scientific literature on oil quality and pollutant formation, the quantitative relationship between purification parameters and relative energy consumption has not been sufficiently studied. In this work, a systematic analysis and engineering synthesis were carried out based on existing studies. According to the analysis results, the deodorization process accounts for 52–56% of the total thermal energy consumption, with a relative value ranging from 160 to 380 kJ/kg, depending on the enterprise's capacity and heat utilization …

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Impact Of Compositing Method Choice On Spectral Fidelity In Semi-Arid Mining Landscapes, Ruslan Nailevich Khadzhaev, Dilbarkhon Shamuradovna Fazilova Apr 2026

Impact Of Compositing Method Choice On Spectral Fidelity In Semi-Arid Mining Landscapes, Ruslan Nailevich Khadzhaev, Dilbarkhon Shamuradovna Fazilova

Technical science and innovation

This study examines the choice of satellite image compositing method for Landsat 8/9 (Collection 2 Level-2) imagery to calculate the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This paper compares the methods used to create median and medoid composites for the Angren open pit coal mine. The 'synthetic' nature of the composites is quantified based on a spectral consistency metric. This involves assessing the equivalence of median and medoid values, and analysing the sensitivity of NDVI to the compositing method across varying surface types. A strongly right-skewed distribution of surface reflectance values was found, covering 82.8% of the pixels, mostly in areas …

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Mapping Of Petroleum-Prospective Structures In The Jurassic Complex Of The Western Aral Uplift Based On Seismic Attributes, Yuliya Leonidovna Salaydinova, Marina Georgievna Yuldasheva Apr 2026

Mapping Of Petroleum-Prospective Structures In The Jurassic Complex Of The Western Aral Uplift Based On Seismic Attributes, Yuliya Leonidovna Salaydinova, Marina Georgievna Yuldasheva

Technical science and innovation

To solve the problems of identifying and mapping prospective structures, comprehensive analysis of 3D seismic attributes is widely used at the present stage of geological research; it was applied to assess the petroleum potential of the Jurassic rock complex in the Aral Sea offshore area of the Ustyurt region. The study integrates structural mapping on the tops of Permo-Triassic and Jurassic horizons, attribute volumes (Variance/Coherence, Sweetness, root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude, Envelope) and generalized spectral decomposition (GSD, 19-41 Hz), combined with well-log and well-test data from the Western Aral, Meros, Dengiz and Karakum areas. Variance attributes were used to delineate fault zones …

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Theoretical And Practical Foundations Of Healthcare System Digitalization, Sanjarbek Bekturdiev Sharifboyevich Phd, Muxlisa G‘Ulom Qizi G‘Ofurova Apr 2026

Theoretical And Practical Foundations Of Healthcare System Digitalization, Sanjarbek Bekturdiev Sharifboyevich Phd, Muxlisa G‘Ulom Qizi G‘Ofurova

Technical science and innovation

The digital transformation of healthcare represents a key direction in improving the accessibility, quality, and efficiency of medical services. This study examines the main components of eHealth, including telemedicine, electronic health records, cloud technologies, and mobile applications, as well as the role of international organizations in promoting national digital health strategies. Particular attention is given to the current state of digital healthcare in the Republic of Uzbekistan, where significant progress has been made in developing infrastructure and implementing information systems, although challenges related to integration, standardization, and regulatory support remain. The work identifies the main trends in the development of …

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Development Of New Methods For Calculating Pressure And Energy Losses For Pumping Station Water Intakes, Faxriddin Jaylovovich Nosirov, Oleg Yakovlevich Glovatsky, Jurabek Abdyrahmon O'G'Li Urolov, Abduqodirkhon Samatkhonovich Abdullakhaev, Anvar Mamur Ugli Uzokov Apr 2026

Development Of New Methods For Calculating Pressure And Energy Losses For Pumping Station Water Intakes, Faxriddin Jaylovovich Nosirov, Oleg Yakovlevich Glovatsky, Jurabek Abdyrahmon O'G'Li Urolov, Abduqodirkhon Samatkhonovich Abdullakhaev, Anvar Mamur Ugli Uzokov

Technical science and innovation

The aim of this study is to improve the efficiency of water resource management methods. Improvements to the water intake of the Karshi Main Canal are considered using calculations of pressure losses at the entry and exit of liquid into the flow, which differ from pressure losses in a stationary medium. The article considers some of the methods for using renewable energy sources, where the change in gravitational potential energy does not depend on the way of using energy and the operating scheme is a gravitational energy pump. The implementation of control and monitoring systems is necessary to ensure optimal …

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Dual History Enhancement With Hybrid Hypergraph-Graph Networks For Temporal Knowledge Graph Reasoning, Kailun Ye, Xiangjie Kong, Yuchao Zhang, Xuan Wang, Linan Zhu, Jiaxin Du, Guojiang Shen, Jianxin Li Apr 2026

Dual History Enhancement With Hybrid Hypergraph-Graph Networks For Temporal Knowledge Graph Reasoning, Kailun Ye, Xiangjie Kong, Yuchao Zhang, Xuan Wang, Linan Zhu, Jiaxin Du, Guojiang Shen, Jianxin Li

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Temporal Knowledge Graph (TKG) reasoning seeks to predict future events by analyzing historical data, where the effective leverage of both local and global historical facts proves crucial. Existing approaches employ graph neural networks (GNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for local evolution patterns, complemented by statistical methods to enhance attention to global facts, demonstrating efficient predictive capabilities. However, traditional GNNs, constrained by their low-order neighborhood aggregation design, inherently fail to model potential high-order dependencies among facts. Furthermore, existing global history modeling approaches may introduce irrelevant historical information that interferes with prediction tasks. To address these limitations, we propose a Dual …

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Elemental And Mineralogical Characterization Of Permo-Carboniferous Coal In The Ngaka Coalfield, Southwest Tanzania: Implications For Coal Quality Variation, John W. Gama, Justina J. Saroni, Remigius L. Gama Apr 2026

Elemental And Mineralogical Characterization Of Permo-Carboniferous Coal In The Ngaka Coalfield, Southwest Tanzania: Implications For Coal Quality Variation, John W. Gama, Justina J. Saroni, Remigius L. Gama

Tanzania Journal of Science

Coal from heterolithic seams exhibits distinct chemical characteristics due to interbedded non-coal beds, which influence its quality and usability. Despite extensive research in these settings, the elemental and mineralogical characteristics of the heterolithic sequences of the Mchuchuma Formation (K2) in the Ngaka Coalfield remain poorly documented. This study provides the first detailed assessment of K2 seams across five active mine sites. Eleven representative samples were analyzed using proximate, elemental, and mineralogical techniques, supported by Pearson correlation, binary analysis, and Principal Component Analysis. Proximate analysis revealed that ash content varies across mine sites, with values ranging from 9.17 to 25.03%, volatile …

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Management Of Discipline Culture Of High School Students In Eastern Indonesia, Sherly Ersinta Lawa, Bambang Budi Wiyono, Achmad Supriyanto Apr 2026

Management Of Discipline Culture Of High School Students In Eastern Indonesia, Sherly Ersinta Lawa, Bambang Budi Wiyono, Achmad Supriyanto

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This study aims to determine the management process of disciplining the culture of high school students. This study used a descriptive qualitative design with a multi-site study design. Collecting data through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Data were analyzed by stages of data condensation, data display, and conclusions, verification. The results of the study show that: (1) discipline of students emphasizes time discipline, dressing, appearance; (2) discipline is applied so that students can become quality and superior people; (3) discipline is built by disseminating rules and sanctions for violations, cooperation with parents; (4) the strategy of building a culture of …

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Teaching Using Youtube Tutorial Video To Improve Students' Speaking Skills, Ida Prasetianing Jati, Alis Saukah, Nunung Suryati Apr 2026

Teaching Using Youtube Tutorial Video To Improve Students' Speaking Skills, Ida Prasetianing Jati, Alis Saukah, Nunung Suryati

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This study aimed at researching how YouTube Tutorial Videos can improve students' speaking skill in performing procedure text. It employs Collaborative Action Research adapting Kemmis and Taggart design, which covers 1) planning, 2) implementing, 3) observing, 4) reflecting. Result of the study showed that the students' speaking skill was improving in three aspects 1) accuracy, 2) fluency, 3) performance. However, it was revealed that native English speaker (NES) videos are not helpful for the students, especially the low-level student. Non-native English speaker (NNES) videos were more helpful for the students because they tend to speak slower with clearer articulation.

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Technology Based Learning In Efl Speaking Class, Wulan Wuryantari Winarsih Apr 2026

Technology Based Learning In Efl Speaking Class, Wulan Wuryantari Winarsih

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

The challenges of world globalization demand a great deal of effort to transform the need of education nowadays. The advanced technology and the urgency of English communication skill as part of the challenges required English teacher to provide EFL students in particular with a set of tools and teaching method which can accommodate those two priorities in the classroom. This paper shares the idea of how the implementation of project-based learning concentrating on the technology-based project as a selection of the method to enhance EFL students' oral communication skill. The result shows that not only communication skill, but PBL also …

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How Is Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (Mall) Implemented By Senior High School English Teachers?, Narendra Dyah Inggita, Francisca Maria Ivone, Ali Saukah Apr 2026

How Is Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (Mall) Implemented By Senior High School English Teachers?, Narendra Dyah Inggita, Francisca Maria Ivone, Ali Saukah

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

Implementing Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) is one way to develop language teaching practices. Finding out how MALL is implemented by English teachers could provide insights to the future of MALL. Three high school English teachers were chosen as the subjects of the study representing three degrees of implementation-high, medium and low. It was revealed that the teachers recognized the potentials and practices of mobile devices for language learning. However, their familiarity with MALL does not automatically make them able or willing to employ MALL. Their application is limited in the range of mobile applications and learning activities.

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Basic Psychological Needs On Primary School Student Well-Being, Deasyanti Deasyanti, Helmi Nurhasanah Apr 2026

Basic Psychological Needs On Primary School Student Well-Being, Deasyanti Deasyanti, Helmi Nurhasanah

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This study aimed to test the effect of basic psychological needs toward the school well-being. This quantitative study uses a causal relationship research design. A total of 150 students were taken from six primary schools using a multi stage cluster random sampling technique. Data were collected by using two types of instruments, namely instruments to measure basic psychological needs; and instruments to measure school well-being. Data then analyzed by using regression. The findings showed there was an effect of the basic psychological needs on school well being. The need for relatedness is the most predictor to school well-being; whereas the …

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The Correlation Between Syntactic Knowledge And Reading Comprehension, Novita Pratiwi Apr 2026

The Correlation Between Syntactic Knowledge And Reading Comprehension, Novita Pratiwi

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This study aimed to find out the precise degree of relationship between syntactic knowledge (represented by grammar scores) and reading comprehension within EPT context. The data collected were in form of examinees' individual scores of EPT taken from two language institutes. The data representing 160 examinees were divided into two sets of scores: grammar and reading. Utilizing statistical analysis software, the researcher analyzed the data using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The result shows that syntactic knowledge and reading comprehension have strong positive correlation. It indicates that examinees' grammar scores might predict their reading scores within EPT.

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Spirituality-Based Character Education Strategic Management, Henderikus Dasrimin, Ali Imron, Achmad Supriyanto Apr 2026

Spirituality-Based Character Education Strategic Management, Henderikus Dasrimin, Ali Imron, Achmad Supriyanto

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

The purpose of this study is to determine the process of strategic management of character-based characterization of Carmelite spirituality at Senior High School. This study uses a qualitative approach with multi-site study design. Data were collected through observation, interviews and documentation studies. Data analysis used single data analysis and cross-site data analysis. The results of the study show that: (1) strategic planning is characterized by the formation of organizational structures and task descriptions by principals, (2) character education programs formulated in Academic Guidebooks or Learning Guidelines (3) the implementation of character education is done by assigning character values in the …

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Cooperative Integrated Reading And Composition (Circ) On Writing Achievement Across Self-Efficacy, Heny Setyawati, Suharmanto Suharmanto, Johannes Anantya Prayogo Apr 2026

Cooperative Integrated Reading And Composition (Circ) On Writing Achievement Across Self-Efficacy, Heny Setyawati, Suharmanto Suharmanto, Johannes Anantya Prayogo

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This study was conducted to reveal the effectiveness of Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) implementation on writing achievement by considering the level of students' self-efficacy. The findings revealed that CIRC contribute a better effect on student' writing achievement than conventional method. This also revealed that writing achievement was higher on students who categorized in high self-efficacy than those categorized in low self-efficacy. Furthermore, it was noted that self-efficacy and teaching method had no interaction.

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Comparison Of Hedging Devices In Published Research Articles By Indonesian And English Native Writers: A Corpus Based Study, Ika Kartikasari Apr 2026

Comparison Of Hedging Devices In Published Research Articles By Indonesian And English Native Writers: A Corpus Based Study, Ika Kartikasari

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This study aims to compare how Indonesian and English Native writers use hedges in their published research articles. The source of data was 40 research articles published in English written by Indonesian and English Native writers. The study investigated three sections of each research article (Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion) where hedging devices are usually used. To get the hedge frequencies, the data were analysed using concordance program called Ant FileConverter (1.2.1) and AntConc (3.5.0). The types of hedges were categorized based on hedges taxonomy adapted from Selager-Meyer. The result of the study provides the implication that Indonesian scholars need a …

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Teaching English As A Foreign Language: Making Use Of Spontaneous Language, Meiga Rahmanita, Nur Mukminatien Apr 2026

Teaching English As A Foreign Language: Making Use Of Spontaneous Language, Meiga Rahmanita, Nur Mukminatien

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

Although the importancee of teaching and learning English has been widely recognized, many still do not know the best way to optimize the students' ability in EFL learning.

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Empowering Teacher In Utilizing Ict-Based Media Through In-House Training (Iht) To Improve Learning Quality, Ika Tyasing Kusumawati, Bambang Ismanto, Ade Iriani Apr 2026

Empowering Teacher In Utilizing Ict-Based Media Through In-House Training (Iht) To Improve Learning Quality, Ika Tyasing Kusumawati, Bambang Ismanto, Ade Iriani

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This paper aims at discussing the attempt to improve the quality of learning by empoering teachers in utilizing ICT-based instructional media through in-house training.

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Integrating Reciprocal Teaching And Edmodo To Improve The Students' Reading Comprehension For Eleventh Graders, Marko Wibisono, Franciska Maria Ivone, Enny Irawati Apr 2026

Integrating Reciprocal Teaching And Edmodo To Improve The Students' Reading Comprehension For Eleventh Graders, Marko Wibisono, Franciska Maria Ivone, Enny Irawati

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

The purpose of this collaborative classroom action research was to improve the students' reading comprehension in analytical exposition text.

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Using English Discoveries Online Program To Boost Listening Skills, Adisti Prihandani Hadidwiputri, Gunadi Harry Sulistyo, Nunung Suryati Apr 2026

Using English Discoveries Online Program To Boost Listening Skills, Adisti Prihandani Hadidwiputri, Gunadi Harry Sulistyo, Nunung Suryati

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

Listening skills are essential for interaction among human beings. However, the teaching of listening skills using conventional media and materials has created problems for the students.

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Students' Perceptions Of The Flipped Academic Writing Classroom Learning Activities, Muhammad Dzulfiqar Praseno, Utari Praba Astuti, Niamika El Khoiri Apr 2026

Students' Perceptions Of The Flipped Academic Writing Classroom Learning Activities, Muhammad Dzulfiqar Praseno, Utari Praba Astuti, Niamika El Khoiri

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

Flipped-classroom strategy, as the name suggests, flips the conventional teaching and learning process. In a flipped classroom, students learn the materials at home in an online platform (out-class) and then they learn more through discussion with their peers in the classroom (in-class). This study focuses on students' perceptions of the activities in a flipped academic writing classroom. The result shows that the activities were able to help students to learn and improve their academic writing. In addition, students also gave positive responses to the use of teaching media and peer feedback sessions.

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Students' Willingness To Communicate In English Through Virtual Classroom, Chotmaniyah Chotmaniyah, Yazid Basthomi, Mirjam Anugerahwati Apr 2026

Students' Willingness To Communicate In English Through Virtual Classroom, Chotmaniyah Chotmaniyah, Yazid Basthomi, Mirjam Anugerahwati

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

The aim of this study is to describe students' willingness to communicate in English through virtual classroom during Covids-19 Pandemic. This study used descriptive qualitative research design, conducted at SMK Negeri 8 Malang. Data collection methods were obtained from students' responses on questionnaires and compiled with transcripts of the virtual interview result. The finding showed the students preferred to communicate in English written rather than English spoken.

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The Effect Of Using Google Docs On The Students' Skill In Writing Expository Essay Across Personality Learning Style, Bagio Tjahjadi, Sintha Tresnadewi, Bambang Yudi Cahyono Apr 2026

The Effect Of Using Google Docs On The Students' Skill In Writing Expository Essay Across Personality Learning Style, Bagio Tjahjadi, Sintha Tresnadewi, Bambang Yudi Cahyono

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This research is aimed at (1) finding out whether the EFL students taught using Google docs show better writing ability than those taught without using Google docs, (2) discovering if there is a significant difference in writing ability between the introverted students and extroverted students taught using Google docs. The results showed that the mean score of experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group. When it comes to personality learning styles, there was no significant difference in the mean scores obtained by the extroverted students and introverted students.

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Students' Critical Thinking And Irf Sequence In English Literature Class, Setiawan Furqoni, Mirjam Anugerahwati, M. Misbahul Amri Apr 2026

Students' Critical Thinking And Irf Sequence In English Literature Class, Setiawan Furqoni, Mirjam Anugerahwati, M. Misbahul Amri

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This study is intended to investigate the communication using IRF sequence, issues occurred during teaching-process, and critical thinking in Basic Analysis of Poetry class. The result indicates that the faculty member used questions to build ELT students' critical thinking and ELT students believe that by reading a lot of poems will help them to develop their critical thinking. In conclusion IRF sequence with certain modification will help the faculty member to communicate with the students.

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Efl Learning Strategies Employed By Indonesian Successful High School Students, Maharani Khansa Apr 2026

Efl Learning Strategies Employed By Indonesian Successful High School Students, Maharani Khansa

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

Language learning strategies (LLSs) play an essential role in the process of English language learning. This study is aimed at investigating language-learning strategies employed by successful Indonesian EFL high school students. This study is of significance to provide a model of strategies practiced by successful EFL students who manage to develop good command of English regardless certain limitations and challenges they face. The results of this study show the students actively employ a combination of affective and cognitive-social learning strategies to develop their English skills.

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Berpikir Kritis Atas Informasi Hoaks Di Media Sosial Bagi Siswa Tingkat Sma, Urin Laila Sa'adah, Blasius Boli Lasan, Nur Hidayah Apr 2026

Berpikir Kritis Atas Informasi Hoaks Di Media Sosial Bagi Siswa Tingkat Sma, Urin Laila Sa'adah, Blasius Boli Lasan, Nur Hidayah

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

Informasi hoaks yang tersebar melalui media sosial memberikan dampak buruk bagi penggunanya, pelajar dalam hal ini masuk kategori tinggi sebagai pengguna media sosial, sehingga rawan terpapar dampak informasi hoaks. Penelitian dan pengembangan ini menggunakan teori berpikir kritis Butterworth dan Thwaites yang dikembangkan menjadi modul bagi siswa tingkat SMA dan buku panduan bagi guru BK sebagai media bimbingan di sekolah. Melalui 9 tahapan, yang telah disesuaikan dari 10 tahapan model Borg dan Gall, Hasil dari penelitian ini menghasilkan modul berpikir kritis atas informasi hoaks di media sosial bagi siswa tingkat SMA dan buku panduan atas modul berpikir kritis atas informasi hoaks …

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Fostering Autonomy Through Digital Reading: Students' Evaluation Of The Readyread Application, Rulli Putri Maulida, Francisca M. Ivone, Anik Nunuk Wulyani Apr 2026

Fostering Autonomy Through Digital Reading: Students' Evaluation Of The Readyread Application, Rulli Putri Maulida, Francisca M. Ivone, Anik Nunuk Wulyani

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

ReadyRead is an Android-based application which provides several features for scaffolding reading comprehension practice. It is the product of Design-Based Research. The present study examined high school students’ experience in using the application. An online questionnaire was employed to gather information on students’ opinions regarding the content, learning activities, and usability of the app. Results of the data analysis revealed the most favorable feature in the app perceived to be the most helpful for students in learning reading independently. Further, the app provides space for students to learn individually and collaboratively. Suggestions from the students are constructive and taken into …

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An Analysis Of The Emerging Factors Of Fla And Fle Based On Students' Perception, Maula Khoirunnisa, Yazid Basthomi, Mirjam Anugerahwati Apr 2026

An Analysis Of The Emerging Factors Of Fla And Fle Based On Students' Perception, Maula Khoirunnisa, Yazid Basthomi, Mirjam Anugerahwati

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

This qualitative survey study investigated the students’ perspectives on the emerging factors of anxiety and enjoyment during ESP class of non-English department students. This study involved 35 freshmen of non-English department study program at Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang who were joining ESP class. The most frequent causes of FLA based on the students’ perception were being afraid that their utterances are not understandable, their own concern on their pronunciation and accent and thoughts that others can speak better than they do. For FLE, the excellent atmosphere created by the teachers was most considered by the students to contribute to their enjoyment …

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