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Difficulties Of Hydrofracturing In Sandstone – Experimental Study, S Vikram, Dheeraj Kumar, Ds Subrahmanyam Mar 2024

Difficulties Of Hydrofracturing In Sandstone – Experimental Study, S Vikram, Dheeraj Kumar, Ds Subrahmanyam

Journal of Sustainable Mining

Hydrofracturing in sandstone is not an easy task. Sandstone is porous; fluid dissipation is common hence unable to obtain breakdown pressures in certain flow rates (0.0000005–0.0001 m3/s). The higher flow rate (0.00025 m3/s) is ascertained to determine the fracturing pressures. Due to this, fracture propagation and delineation are observed [1]. To enhance, an experimental method is adopted by carrying out 6 Hydrofracturing tests in a borehole comprising sandstone. A high flow rate of 0.00025 m3/s and viscosity 0.001 Pascal second is applied. Later, the fracture simulation was run on 12 core samples collected from the same depths in a lab. …


Gaining Insight Into Lithic Technology In Eastern Pennsylvania Through The Study Of An Amateur Collection, Khori Newlander, Linda Zuniga Mar 2024

Gaining Insight Into Lithic Technology In Eastern Pennsylvania Through The Study Of An Amateur Collection, Khori Newlander, Linda Zuniga

Anthropology and Sociology Faculty Research

The farm fields of east-central Pennsylvania contain an abundance of artifacts that span much of regional prehistory. Not surprisingly, many of these artifacts have been collected by local amateurs. Here, we analyze an assemblage of projectile points collected from the Kramer Farm in Kutztown, Pennsylvania. We explore how morphometric attributes (e.g., size, shape), indices of retouch, and raw material vary in relation to projectile point type. Our analysis provides insight into projectile point design, lithic resource preferences, technological organization, and land use. Despite the imperfections that often characterize amateur collections and the controversy that surrounds their study, our analysis demonstrates …


Policy Review And Recommendation: Full Practice Authority For Nurse Practitioners In The Southwestern United States, Sara J. Rowe Mar 2024

Policy Review And Recommendation: Full Practice Authority For Nurse Practitioners In The Southwestern United States, Sara J. Rowe

Student Scholarly Projects

This policy analysis investigates the benefits of full practice authority (FPA) for Nurse Practitioners (NPs) in the Southwestern United States, using Arizona as an FPA model and California and Tennessee as comparison states. The PICO question that directed the project is: for NPs practicing as advanced practice nurse practitioners within the Southwestern United States region (P), does a comprehensive policy recommendation for FPA for NP-led clinics in the secondary education space (I) compared to existing variable approaches within the region (C) improve access to care and direct or indirect patient outcomes as endorsed by the literature (O)? A comprehensive literature …


Development Of Video-Based Learning Of Basic Boxing Techniques For Amateur Athletes, Ariyana Ariyana, Ari Wibowo Kurniawan, Mohad Anizu Bin Mohd Nor Mar 2024

Development Of Video-Based Learning Of Basic Boxing Techniques For Amateur Athletes, Ariyana Ariyana, Ari Wibowo Kurniawan, Mohad Anizu Bin Mohd Nor

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: The process of learning basic boxing techniques at Sasana Lion Boxing Academy requires correct techniques, because observation results show that 87% of amateur athletes at Sasana Lion Boxing Academy Malang City still have not mastered basic boxing techniques. Based on the results of a questionnaire questionnaire for amateur athletes at Sasana Lion Boxing Academy, there are still many who have not mastered basic boxing techniques, such as stance, straight jab, hook, uppurcut and defense. Objective: The aim is to develop learning of correct basic boxing techniques for amateur athletes at Sasana Lion Boxing Academy, Malang City. Method: This research …


The Effect Of Swedish Massage Using Ginger Oil On Chronic Low Back Pain, Syuhada Bahri, Sigit Nugroho, Sumaryanti Sumaryanti, Rizki Mulyawan, Agi Ginanjar, Tatpicha Pongsiri, Teejay D. Panganiban Mar 2024

The Effect Of Swedish Massage Using Ginger Oil On Chronic Low Back Pain, Syuhada Bahri, Sigit Nugroho, Sumaryanti Sumaryanti, Rizki Mulyawan, Agi Ginanjar, Tatpicha Pongsiri, Teejay D. Panganiban

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: Chronic low back pain is one of the musculoskeletal health problems that is common in society, including athletes. Chronic low back pain occurs in people in various countries, including Indonesia, with estimates that they experience pain that lasts approximately 24 hours for 3 months or more and often occurs at the age of 20-40 years. Disorders found in chronic low back pain sufferers usually experience pain in the lower back area. By using Swedish massage, which is a massage method to relax muscles, reduce pain and improve blood circulation, plus the use of ginger oil, which is a formulation …


The Effect Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On The Environmental Perceptions Of College Students, Sydney H. Kaylor Mar 2024

The Effect Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On The Environmental Perceptions Of College Students, Sydney H. Kaylor

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In this study, the environmental perception changes in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic were investigated. During the almost worldwide lockdown between March and December 2020, many students experienced dramatic changes in their socioeconomic life that have affected their well-being, ability to learn, and environmental perceptions. Students were sent home from college campuses, many businesses were shut down, and changes were seen in the environment throughout the world. The many industries and businesses that were shut down decreased the pollution that was in the atmosphere, in our water, and on the land. In many places, lockdown policies lead to improved …


Q-Rung Neutrosophic Sets And Topological Spaces, Michael Gr. Voskoglou, Florentin Smarandache, Mona Mohamed Mar 2024

Q-Rung Neutrosophic Sets And Topological Spaces, Michael Gr. Voskoglou, Florentin Smarandache, Mona Mohamed

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

The concept of the q-rung orthopair neutrosophic set is introduced in this paper, and fundamental properties of it are studied. Also, the ordinary notion of topological space is extended to the q-rung orthopair neutrosophic environment, as well as the fundamental concepts of convergence, continuity, compactness, and Hausdorff topological space. All these generalizations are illustrated by suitable examples.


Identification Of Differences In Height, Weight, And Body Mass Index Based On Playing Position In Amateur Female Football Athletes, Eggy Nur Arfiansyah, Kristoforus Nono Koba, Fauzan Asa Habiburrahman, Surya Rihadi Wicaksono, Swandika Pinem Mar 2024

Identification Of Differences In Height, Weight, And Body Mass Index Based On Playing Position In Amateur Female Football Athletes, Eggy Nur Arfiansyah, Kristoforus Nono Koba, Fauzan Asa Habiburrahman, Surya Rihadi Wicaksono, Swandika Pinem

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: Research interests in women's football has increased over recent years. Several factors can influence a woman's fitness level, including body composition (height, weight, and body mass index). Knowledge of anthropometry can help assess and evaluate the specifics of training programs. This is to identify players who may be considered necessary to successfully implement tactical roles and reference norms for developing future football-playing talent. Objective: This study aimed to identify differences in height, weight, and body mass index based on playing positions of female amateur football athletes. Methods: The population and sample in this study were 24 amateur female football …


Analysis Of The Relationship Between Knowledge, Behaviour, Prevention, And Self-Efficacy On The Mental Health Of Athletes During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Fahrial Amiq, Fidia Rizkiah Inayatilah, Prayogi Dwina Angga Mar 2024

Analysis Of The Relationship Between Knowledge, Behaviour, Prevention, And Self-Efficacy On The Mental Health Of Athletes During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Fahrial Amiq, Fidia Rizkiah Inayatilah, Prayogi Dwina Angga

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: Mental health has become a trending topic during the pandemic. Many athletes have experienced decreased performance during the pandemic, but not a few athletes are able to control their mental health. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between knowledge, preventive behaviour, and self-efficacy on mental health in professional football athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses quantitative methods. Methods: This type of research is observational with a cross-sectional study. Eighty professional football athletes were involved in this research. The sampling technique was carried out using a proportional stratified simple random sampling technique.  This …


The Relationship Between Shoulder And Wrist Muscle Flexibility And Hand Muscle Strength With The Smash Accuracy In Badminton, Ahmad Ridho Abiwan, Syafaruddin Syafaruddin, Destriana Destriana Mar 2024

The Relationship Between Shoulder And Wrist Muscle Flexibility And Hand Muscle Strength With The Smash Accuracy In Badminton, Ahmad Ridho Abiwan, Syafaruddin Syafaruddin, Destriana Destriana

Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health

Background: Smash accuracy in badminton games is often the primary problem athletes face to earn points, so it is necessary to investigate the relationship between smash accuracy with shoulder and wrist muscle flexibility and hand muscle strength. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between shoulder and wrist muscle flexibility and hand muscle strength with smash accuracy in badminton. Methods: This study uses a correlation method to assess the relationship between shoulder and wrist muscle flexibility, hand muscle strength, and badminton smash accuracy. In this study, all male athletes of PB Club. Mandiri Palembang, totaling 30 people with an …


A Global Health Crisis And Its Effects On Teaching Online At A Midwestern Institution, Kari Mcmullen Mar 2024

A Global Health Crisis And Its Effects On Teaching Online At A Midwestern Institution, Kari Mcmullen

Theses and Dissertations

This study examined faculty experiences and perceptions regarding online education during the COVID-19 global health crisis. An online survey was assessed for content validity using a team of faculty experts in online teaching and learning. It was administered to a convenience sample of faculty at a Midwestern university. Of the 963 faculty who were surveyed, 98 returned the survey, a return rate of about 10%. The analysis of faculty experiences indicated that faculty adopted new pedagogical practices into their curriculum, specifically problem-based (18.37%) and self-paced learning (5.31%). Additionally, faculty adjusted assessments (42.86%), modified instruction (39.80%), and changed assignment due dates …


Effect Of Initial Crack Length, Cross-Head Speed, And Quenching On The Fracture Toughness Of Hdpe With And Without Uv Stabilizers, A. Koriem, R. Singer, A. M. Ollick, M. Elhadary Mar 2024

Effect Of Initial Crack Length, Cross-Head Speed, And Quenching On The Fracture Toughness Of Hdpe With And Without Uv Stabilizers, A. Koriem, R. Singer, A. M. Ollick, M. Elhadary

Mansoura Engineering Journal

In materials science and engineering, understanding the fracture toughness of polymers is essential for ensuring the reliability and safety of various applications. This paper delves into the properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), a widely utilized polymer known for its versatility and durability. Fracture toughness, denoting a material's resistance to crack propagation, serves as a critical parameter in assessing the structural integrity of HDPE. The investigation focuses on unraveling the intricate interplay of factors influencing fracture toughness, with particular emphasis on crosshead speed, initial crack length, and the transformative effects of quenching. By exploring the relationships between these variables, our study …


Buprenorphine For Pain Management Vs. Chronic Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen Therapy When Comorbidities Increase The Risk Of Opioid-Related Side Effects, Jessica Zhao, Doo Hee Kim Mar 2024

Buprenorphine For Pain Management Vs. Chronic Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen Therapy When Comorbidities Increase The Risk Of Opioid-Related Side Effects, Jessica Zhao, Doo Hee Kim

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A clinical decision report using:

Gordon A, Callaghan D, Spink D, et al. Buprenorphine transdermal system in adults with chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, followed by an open-label extension phase. Clin Ther. 2010;32(5):844-860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.04.018

for a patient on long-term opioid therapy with high risk factors for adverse effects.


Simplifying Treatment From Double-Inhaler To Single-Inhaler Triple Therapy In Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Kelly Yang, Leah Warren Mar 2024

Simplifying Treatment From Double-Inhaler To Single-Inhaler Triple Therapy In Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Kelly Yang, Leah Warren

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A clinical decision report using

Ferguson GT, Brown N, Compton C, et al. Once-daily single-inhaler versus twice-daily multiple-inhaler triple therapy in patients with COPD: lung function and health status results from two replicate randomized controlled trials. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):131. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01360-w

for a patient requesting a simplified therapeutic regimen with equal efficacy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management.


Leslie Sandors - Holocaust Rescuers Interviews, Sam And Pearl Oliner Mar 2024

Leslie Sandors - Holocaust Rescuers Interviews, Sam And Pearl Oliner

Holocaust Rescuers Interviews

No abstract provided.


Is A Will Better Than Intestacy?, Kristine S. Knaplund Mar 2024

Is A Will Better Than Intestacy?, Kristine S. Knaplund

University of Cincinnati Law Review

No abstract provided.


A Meta-Analysis Of Randomized Controlled Trials On The Effects Of Photobiomodulation Therapy On Running Performance, Ana Paula Do Nascimento, Adriano Valmozino Da Silva, Juliano Casonatto, Andreo Fernando Aguiar Mar 2024

A Meta-Analysis Of Randomized Controlled Trials On The Effects Of Photobiomodulation Therapy On Running Performance, Ana Paula Do Nascimento, Adriano Valmozino Da Silva, Juliano Casonatto, Andreo Fernando Aguiar

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 17(4): 327-342, 2024. Objective: To conduct a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy on running performance. Introduction: PBM has recently been advocated as a valuable non-pharmacological ergogenic strategy, however, the efficacy of PBM on running performance remains unproven. Methods: A computerized literature search was conducted until June 2023. The databases searched were PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were determined through the PICO process. The running variables analyzed were time-trial or time-to-exhaustion. Results were combined with the standardized mean differences (SMD) and the 95% confidence intervals. Results: Twelve …


Effects Of Different Physical Therapy Interventions In Improving Flexibility In University Students With Hamstring Tightness- A Systematic Review And Network Meta-Analysis, Esther Liyanage, Kt Malwanage, Mkid Senarath, Hm Wijayasinghe, Indrajith Liyanage, Fmd Chellapillai, Shiromi Nishshanka Mar 2024

Effects Of Different Physical Therapy Interventions In Improving Flexibility In University Students With Hamstring Tightness- A Systematic Review And Network Meta-Analysis, Esther Liyanage, Kt Malwanage, Mkid Senarath, Hm Wijayasinghe, Indrajith Liyanage, Fmd Chellapillai, Shiromi Nishshanka

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 17(3): 359-381 2024. The aim of the present study was to identify the different interventions for hamstring flexibility among university students with hamstring tightness and to determine the better treatment method. Design: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. An electronic search of the databases: Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane, EMBASE, CINAHL, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) was conducted. A total of 11 articles were included in the review. Of these articles, 02 were case-control studies, 02 were interventional pre-post studies and 07 were RCTs. The 07 RCTs were included for network meta-analysis. The findings of the initial network meta-analysis …


Acute Effects Of A Hop-Stabilization Warm-Up Program On Dynamic Balance, Ground Reaction Force, And Muscle Activity During Cutting Movements In Collegiate Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability, Teerapat Laddawong, Hiromi Saito, Toshiaki Soga, Hirose Norikazu Mar 2024

Acute Effects Of A Hop-Stabilization Warm-Up Program On Dynamic Balance, Ground Reaction Force, And Muscle Activity During Cutting Movements In Collegiate Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability, Teerapat Laddawong, Hiromi Saito, Toshiaki Soga, Hirose Norikazu

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 17(1): 343-358, 2024. First-time lateral ankle sprains often lead to chronic ankle instability (CAI), with 47% facing recurrent injuries, emphasizing the need for preventive measures. Side-cutting movements in sports pose a risk for CAI individuals due to potential biomechanical control alterations. While the hop-stabilization warm-up program has proven effective in preventing ankle sprains, its specific acute impact on CAI individuals lacks substantial evidence. This study employed a crossover design with eight CAI participants (23 ± 3.4 years, BMI 23 ± 1.5 kg/m2) and eight healthy participants (25 ± 3.6 years, BMI 23 ± …


Balancing The Medical, Psychiatric, And Ethical Considerations In The Inpatient Treatment Of Extreme Anorexia Nervosa: A Case Report, Carter A. Schulz, Carolyn A. Kennedy Mar 2024

Balancing The Medical, Psychiatric, And Ethical Considerations In The Inpatient Treatment Of Extreme Anorexia Nervosa: A Case Report, Carter A. Schulz, Carolyn A. Kennedy

Aesculapius Journal (Health Sciences & Medicine)

Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by restricted energy intake, intense fear of gaining weight, and a disturbance in body image. A 2011 meta-analysis estimated the mortality rate for anorexia nervosa to be over 5 times that of the general population, with one-fifth of deaths in AN patients being due to suicide. Treating this disease is notoriously difficult, and treatment is complicated by these patients’ characteristically poor insight.

Case summary: Here we present the case of a 37 year old woman who visited the ED with complaints of nausea and weakness; she was admitted due to hypoglycemia, …


The Psychological Impact Of Climate Change Reminders, Brit King Mar 2024

The Psychological Impact Of Climate Change Reminders, Brit King

UM Graduate Student Research Conference (GradCon)

In addition to the ongoing and anticipated destruction of the environment, climate change threatens the mental well-being of humanity on a global scale. Climate change has been conceptualized as a form of existential anxiety due to its acute, chronic, and expected (yet uncertain) effects (Zotova & Karapetyan, 2018). Younger generations will be more directly impacted by the long-term effects of climate change and have been burdened with a greater responsibility to minimize its destruction (Hausfather, 2020). Furthermore, young people are at an increased risk of psychological impacts from climate change and have reported high levels of climate-related anxiety and distress …


Is Circle Time Enough Language Input To Learn Grammatical Gender?, Madeline Grace Strah Mar 2024

Is Circle Time Enough Language Input To Learn Grammatical Gender?, Madeline Grace Strah

UM Graduate Student Research Conference (GradCon)

In the United States, little is known about second language learning in the context of public preschools. However, we do know that dual immersion programs have for the most part been limited to private or charter schools, with fewer than 3600 programs available nationwide. This raises the question of whether it’s even possible for public educators to facilitate second language learning through small group activities. Additionally, is the language input received during this small group enough language input for children to acquire a feature absent from their first language, like grammatical and lexical gender? Research has shown that opportunities where …


The Role Of Advisors’ Sexual And Gender Minority Status In Gender And Sexuality Alliances, Bennett Ilac, Kelly M. Davis Mar 2024

The Role Of Advisors’ Sexual And Gender Minority Status In Gender And Sexuality Alliances, Bennett Ilac, Kelly M. Davis

UM Graduate Student Research Conference (GradCon)

Research has consistently shown that sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth experience higher rates of mental health issues. One protective factor against these issues is the presence of Gender and Sexuality Alliances (GSAs) in schools. The presence of a GSA at school has been associated with lower rates of depression and higher levels of academic achievement, self-esteem, and belonging for SGM youth. Though the benefits of GSAs are well-documented, less research exists about the practices of GSAs and the advisors leading them. This study is based on data from a survey of 170 GSA advisors, 86 of whom self-identified as …


Using Novelty Methods To Teach Counseling Students Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, And Multiculturalism, Keesha M. Kerns, David J. Ford Jr, Jill Ardely Mar 2024

Using Novelty Methods To Teach Counseling Students Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, And Multiculturalism, Keesha M. Kerns, David J. Ford Jr, Jill Ardely

National Cross-Cultural Counseling & Education Conference for Research, Action & Change (2016-2024)

The presentation will utilize knowledge of novelty methods to educate counseling students on how to cultivate a brave space and sense of belonging while allowing cultural exploration in counseling and education on a post secondary grant. Presenters will facilitate an understanding of participants' own cultural beliefs as related to diversity, multiculturalism, tolerance, and acceptance in counseling and education to promote professional growth as a counseling and education student.


Florida History In Publications, 2020, Florida Historical Society Mar 2024

Florida History In Publications, 2020, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

No abstract provided.


End Notes, Florida Historical Society Mar 2024

End Notes, Florida Historical Society

Florida Historical Quarterly

The Florida Historical Society Archaeological Institutes (FHSAI); Florida Frontiers: The Weekly Radio Magazine of the Florida Historical Society; Florida Frontiers Television; Florida Historical Society Awards, 2021; Florida Historical Quarterly News; Florida Historical Quarterly Podcasts; Florida Historical Quarterly Available on JSTOR; Guidelines for Sumissions to the Florida Historical Quarterly


Pathfinders, Progressives, And Boosters: The 1911 "Gulf-To-Great-Lakes-As-The-Crow-Flies" Automobile Adventure, Martin T. Olliff Mar 2024

Pathfinders, Progressives, And Boosters: The 1911 "Gulf-To-Great-Lakes-As-The-Crow-Flies" Automobile Adventure, Martin T. Olliff

Florida Historical Quarterly

At 10 a.m. on September 3, 1911, Dr. S. R. M. Kennedy, Frank L. Mayes, A. M. Avery, Jr., and F. C. Brent, Jr., left Pensacola for Chicago in Kennedy's Speedwell 50 touring car. Calling themselves the "Gulf-to-Great-Lakes-As-The-Crow-Flies" pathfinders, their ostensible mission was to represent Florida at the Fourth International Good Roads Congress. But their real goals were to add a Pensacola-to-Birmingham route description to the American Automobile Association's Blue Book (to complete the trail between the Great Lakes and the Gulf) and to promote Pensacola as a destination for midwestern tourists. At a time when road conditions rattled bones …


Captain Charles E. Hawkins, "The Key West Tragedy," And The "Unwritten Law," 1827-1830, James M. Denham Mar 2024

Captain Charles E. Hawkins, "The Key West Tragedy," And The "Unwritten Law," 1827-1830, James M. Denham

Florida Historical Quarterly

Once Spain transferred Florida to the United States in 1821, Americans moved to secure the sparsely settled island at the end of the Florida Keys. Key West's exposed position atop the Caribbean required enforcement of United States authority. Establishing a federal presence was essential to protecting its commercial interests in the Caribbean. In 1822 the island became home to the U. S. West India Squadron's four-year campaign against piracy. The scourge was all but wiped out but there were still challenges. Key West attracted mariners and interlopers from the West Indies. Florida's close proximity to Spain's Latin American colonies encouraged …


A New Territory: "By Attention And Kindness, All Repugnance May Be Overcome", Philip M. Smith Mar 2024

A New Territory: "By Attention And Kindness, All Repugnance May Be Overcome", Philip M. Smith

Florida Historical Quarterly

On July 10, 1821, Private Nathaniel Sherburne stood in formation for the change of flags ceremony in St. Augustine as Spanish la Florida officially became a United States territory. The sights of that day must have been exotic for the New Hampshire farm boy who ran away from home and joined the army. Private Sherburne was part of the 4th Regiment of Light Artillery of the United States Army, which had been under the command of recently retired Major General Andrew Jackson. Jackson himself was in Pensacola for a similar ceremony the following week. During the past decade, the United …


Diplomats, Spies, & Their Common Cause: American Initiative, Spanish Support, & The Revolutional War Along The Mississippi & Gulf Coast, Henry B. Motty Mar 2024

Diplomats, Spies, & Their Common Cause: American Initiative, Spanish Support, & The Revolutional War Along The Mississippi & Gulf Coast, Henry B. Motty

Florida Historical Quarterly

Within weeks of the Americans declaring independence in July of 1776, diplomatic exchanges between Philadelphia and Madrid yielded essential cooperation as Spain secretly rendered supplies to the revolutionaries via New Orleans. By 1778, France and the United States became allies with hopes of luring Spain to officially join the conflict. That same year, Spanish emissary Juan de Miralles arrived in Philadelphia where many Americans welcomed him, noting his "pleasant disposition, social grace, and ability to make friends." In a letter to George Washington, Miralles assured the general that Spanish officials in Havana received orders to "communicate them to the Honourable …