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From The Editors, Sam J. Tangredi, Editor-In-Chief

Naval War College Review

No abstract provided.

Autumn 2026 Full Issue, The U.S. Naval War College

Naval War College Review

No abstract provided.

Ai Beyond The Screen: Exploring Physical Ai, Tami Armstrong, Public Affairs, Dr. Ashwin Mohan, Ai Center

Professional Learning Day

What happens when AI moves beyond the screen and interacts with the physical world? Last year, Dr. Ashwin Mohan worked with a group of IMSA sophomores to explore Physical AI and develop hands-on activities using simple, low-cost tools. In this interactive session, participants will experience their work firsthand and learn how AI can learn from feedback and adapt. No coding or technical background is required: Just curiosity about AI, student innovation, and hands-on learning.

Building Culture: The Calaverita Engineering Challenge, David Hernandez

Professional Learning Day

In this session, we will explore the cultural significance of “Calaveritas” (sugar skull), an important artistic element of “Día de los Muertos” in Mexican culture. Visitors will investigate the engineering design and production process used to create decorative “Calaveritas”, exploring materials, structure, aesthetics, and manufacturing techniques. Through the design process, participants will create their own “Calaverita” while connecting culture, art, engineering, and technology to understand how traditional designs can inspire modern creative production.

Artifacts Inquiry For Social Studies And Science Classrooms, Tina Valenzuela, Jaime L. Coyne

Teaching Social Studies in the Peach State

Artifacts offer opportunities for students to move beyond reading about the past to investigating evidence from it. In this article, we describe a museum-based artifact inquiry activity developed with teacher candidates and offers practical ways to adapt the activity for K–12 interdisciplinary classrooms. Beginning with a single artifact, learners make careful observations, distinguish observation from inference, develop compelling and supporting questions, investigate additional sources, construct evidence-based claims, and consider perspectives and limitations of the available evidence. The activity aligns with the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework Inquiry Arc and connects with the Georgia Standards of Excellence in social …

No New Lessons: The Impact Of World War 2 On The American Fire Service, Brady L. Hutchison

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

Large loss of life fires occurred with terrifying regularity in 1940s America. While overseas, the nation’s military waged a war on tyranny and oppression abroad, at home, the country faced an enemy every bit as deadly. Tradition in the fire service has held the notion that the 1940s saw so many deadly fires due to the nation being at war. The war, it is believed, drained fire departments of manpower, dramatically increased the call volume for departments, and led departments to cut or suspend fire inspections owing to lack of manpower. With that, the consensus is that fire codes in …

Caldwell Hybrid Microbial-Galvanic Emergency Fuel Cell (Chfc-2/3): A Three-Tier, Central-Bio-Reactor System For Emergency Power Generation From Common And Debris Materials, Michael Victor Caldwell Mr.

Defensive Publications Series

The present disclosure describes a three-tier hybrid electrochemical power generation system (CHFC-2) and its scaled-up research extension (CHFC-3) that produces low-voltage DC electricity from materials available in domestic, shelter, and post-disaster debris environments. The system combines two power engines in a single cell: (1) a galvanic engine using an aluminum anode and copper cathode in an acidic saline electrolyte, producing 0.5–1.0 V within 1 hour of assembly; and (2) a microbial fuel cell (MFC) engine using soil-inoculated organic substrate, ramping up over 3–14 days and sustaining power for weeks to months with periodic refueling. The CHFC-3 extension introduces a central …

H-Nare 2.0: Hybrid Numeric-Alphabetic Research Indexing Engine For Multi-Domain Open-Hardware Invention Portfolios, Michael Victor Caldwell Mr.

Defensive Publications Series

H-NARE 2.0 is a hybrid numeric-alphabetic indexing and invention-development method for large, multi-domain open-hardware portfolios. It gives each disclosure a stable numeric identifier, assigns it to one or more engineering domains, records its development status, and links related inventions, upgraded versions, shared components, and research platforms.

The method addresses a practical problem: when an inventor or research group publishes hundreds of related disclosures, readers, collaborators, and AI-assisted research tools need a reliable way to locate relevant prior disclosures, distinguish new work from corrected or upgraded versions, and identify which existing inventions can be combined into a new system.

H-NARE 2.0 …

A Read-Only Listening Companion That Shows A Tabletop Role-Playing Group's Own Campaign Notes As Names Are Spoken, Wayne Bolt

Defensive Publications Series

Long tabletop role-playing campaigns build up hundreds of invented names. General speech recognition mishears exactly these names, so looking something up during play rarely happens. This disclosure describes a read-only companion that listens to a game and shows what the group's own notes say about each name as it is spoken. Speech is turned into text on the player's own device, from the computer's sound (a video call), a microphone (a physical table), or both. Recognition can be primed with the campaign's names. The text is matched against a casebook built from the group's notes database, with entries, aliases and …

Cbhep‑1: On-Site Retired Wind-Blade Crew Habitat, Solar Support, And Resilience Module, Michael Victor Caldwell Mr.

Defensive Publications Series

An Open-Hardware Method for Converting Retired Wind-Turbine Blades into On-Site Crew Habitats, Solar-Support Structures, and Future Resilience Modules

Retired utility-scale wind-turbine blades are increasingly difficult and expensive to transport, inspect, recycle, or dispose of after removal from service. This disclosure proposes an on-site reuse method in which selected retired blades are converted into modular crew habitats, equipment shelters, solar-canopy support structures, and potential future resilience modules at the wind farm where they were removed.

The primary configuration joins two retired blades at their root ends to form an enclosed, curved composite habitat shell. A third blade may be used as …

A System For Automated Life Cycle Inventory Generation, N/A

Defensive Publications Series

A system is described for the automated generation of life cycle inventories. The system can ingest varied manufacturing activity data, establish dynamic multi-dimensional system boundaries, and enforce physical conservation principles to produce audit-ready life cycle inventories. It determines system boundaries across temporal, geospatial, technological, and functional dimensions in real-time. By aligning telemetry across shift durations, batch sizes, and cycle times, it establishes a discrete time window for the residence time of a physical workpiece within a transformation node. The system may also resolve sub-facility hierarchies and select unit-operation technology profiles to capture the specific engineering physics and thermodynamic operating envelope …

Caldwell Tpms‑Fc Test Platform V1.0 An Open-Hardware, Single-Cell Pem Fuel-Cell Research Platform For Comparing Tpms Flow Fields, Graded Thermal Management, Water Management, And Net Electrical Performance, Michael Victor Caldwell Mr.

Defensive Publications Series

The Caldwell TPMS‑FC Test Platform v1.0 is an open-hardware, single-cell proton-exchange-membrane fuel-cell research platform designed to determine whether triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) flow fields, graded thermal-management structures, vortex-conditioned air inlets, and distributed sensing improve measurable fuel-cell performance.

The platform does not claim a new fuel-cell chemistry, a new membrane, or a guaranteed efficiency breakthrough. It provides a controlled method for comparing an experimental TPMS flow field against a conventional serpentine flow field under matched hydrogen flow, air flow, temperature, humidity, pressure, and electrical-load conditions.

The prototype uses commercially available membrane-electrode assemblies, gas-diffusion layers, hydrogen and air supplies, a coolant …

Gci Hypercell Ω-1 Adaptive Topology Fuel Cell Architecture Integrating Variable-Topology Thermal Management, Tpms Reactant Distribution, Vortex Conditioning, Embedded Structural Telemetry, And Lifetime Optimization, Michael Victor Caldwell Mr.

Defensive Publications Series

This disclosure presents GCI HYPERCELL Ω-1, an open-hardware research fuel-cell architecture developed by integrating multiple previously disclosed Caldwell engineering systems into a unified proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel-cell platform.

Unlike conventional PEM fuel cells that treat reactant flow, cooling, sensing, water management, and durability as largely independent subsystems, HYPERCELL Ω-1 combines:

• Variable-topology thermal management

• TPMS reactant transport structures

• Vortex flow conditioning

• Embedded structural-health sensing

• Adaptive water-management systems

• Real-time degradation monitoring

into a single integrated architecture.

The objective is not to introduce a new electrochemical reaction but to improve stack-level performance, thermal stability, reactant distribution, durability, maintainability, and lifetime efficiency.

All specifications …

Method And System For Dynamically Repositioning Virtual Content In Augmented Reality Systems During Conversations, Ashish Singh, Ahmet Cengiz Öztireli

Defensive Publications Series

Users interacting with head-wearable augmented reality (AR) devices frequently experience virtual content clutter, such as incoming notifications, application windows, or video feeds overlaying their primary field of view. When a user engages in a face-to-face social interaction while wearing head-wearable devices, this virtual content can inadvertently obstruct the user's direct line of sight to the conversation partner's face and upper body. This obstruction disrupts natural eye contact and non-verbal communication cues, creating social disconnect and distraction. Furthermore, relying on manual hand gestures to adjust or reposition virtual content is cumbersome and interrupts conversational flow.

The disclosed technology describes a conversation-aware …

Dynamic Context-Aware Safety-Optimized Routing And Emergency Infrastructure Mapping In Mobile Navigation Systems, Arti Prasad

Defensive Publications Series

This disclosure describes a system, method, and graphical user interface for context-aware safety navigation and emergency infrastructure mapping. Traditional routing engines optimize strictly for travel time or shortest spatial distance, which can route vehicles through narrow, dark, or hazardous shortcuts to save negligible amounts of time. The disclosed system addresses this by incorporating a dynamic composite safety cost function that adds safety-related penalties, such as road classification, street illumination, lane width, and pavement quality, to estimate a cost to the route. To ensure the route remains practical, a bounded maximum-estimated time of arrival (“ETA”) tradeoff engine restricts the safety-optimized path …

Atomic Settlement Of Declarative Intents Across Heterogeneous Financial Networks, Sree Sitamahalakshmi Moguluru

Defensive Publications Series

Value exchange across heterogeneous financial networks can be challenged by fragmentation, latency, and a lack of atomic settlement capabilities. A system and method are described for autonomous value settlement using a declarative, intent-based protocol that can function as an orchestration layer. A user’s desired financial outcome, for example, can be encapsulated in a cryptographically signed data object. This object may be processed by a decentralized network of competitive solver nodes that can determine a potential execution path across disparate financial networks, such as traditional banking systems and distributed ledgers. An atomic settlement engine could then coordinate the transaction using a …

Multi-Tiered System For Operational Telemetry Analysis And Governed Roadmap Reconciliation, Parnika Singhal

Defensive Publications Series

Enterprise operations can be impeded by procedural friction and unmeasured work resulting from fragmented software tools, as conventional feedback methods may lack sufficient granularity and a mechanism for accountability. A multi-tiered system is described that can identify, quantify, and analyze sources of this friction. The system could employ a context-aware telemetry engine to capture user feedback enriched with organizational data, and a semantic classification engine to categorize unstructured comments using natural language processing. The resulting structured data can be used in a closed-loop governance process to route categorized friction signals to designated owner teams. This can provide a mechanism to …

Agent-To-Map Protocol: High-Throughput Spatial Vector Streaming For Ai Agents With Double-Buffered Synchronization, Arjun Vijayvargiya

Defensive Publications Series

The agent-to-map (A2Map) Protocol streams high-frequency geospatial vector data from remote large language model (LLM) agents to interactive client viewports through a distributed architecture. A remote LLM agent generates spatial updates, which a coordinate compression engine converts into token-compact serialized representations using techniques such as variable-length ASCII polyline encoding before streaming. A client-side spatial runtime receives these incremental delta packets and applies them to an offline, double-buffered virtual map state tree. The runtime atomically commits snapshots of the state tree to a single, hardware-accelerated canvas overlay synchronized with the display’s refresh rate, achieving smooth rendering without engaging the document object …

Monocular Edge-Based Road Hazard Detection With Covariance-Weighted Spatiotemporal Clustering And Frustum Temporal Decay, Richa Gupta

Defensive Publications Series

An edge road hazard classifier processes monocular camera video to detect and localize physical road surface anomalies. The system calculates the relative distance offset of a detected hazard using inverse perspective mapping (IPM). To estimate hazard depth, the system combines structure from motion (SfM) and a monocular depth estimation network. The hazard classifier bundles these measurement values into a metadata packet for transmission to a dynamic map ingestion engine. The map ingestion engine normalizes differences in sensor noise with a spatial covariance error matrix and groups overlapping reports using spatiotemporal HDBSCAN (ST-HDBSCAN). An extended Kalman filter (EKF) synthesizes the grouped …

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

No abstract provided.

Facile One-Step Activated Glassy Carbon Electrode For Sensitive Tryptophan Sensing In Yogurt, Sevi̇lay Erdoğan Kablan, Ahmet Çeti̇nkaya, Si̇bel Özkan, Emi̇rhan Nemutlu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Activation of glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) in tailored solution environments introduces oxygenated surface functionalities such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and quinone groups. These modifications enhance electron‐transfer kinetics and strengthen interactions with target analytes, thereby improving electrochemical sensitivity. In this study, square-wave voltammetry was used, and the most suitable supporting electrolyte for tryptophan (TRP) analysis was a pH 3 Britton–Robinson buffer. The cyclic voltammetry potential range and number of cycles for the Act-GCE were obtained as 0–1.5 V and seven cycles, respectively. The activated electrode exhibited excellent analytical performance, with a linear response for TRP over 0.20–6.28 μM, a detection limit of …

Thiophene-Carbazole-Based Covalent Organic Polymer Electrodes For Electrochromic And Supercapacitor Applications, Si̇nem Altinişik

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

In this study, a thiophene-carbazole-based conjugated organic polymer was successfully synthesized on indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass and graphite sheet substrates using in situ oxidative polymerization. In terms of electrochromic properties, the electrodes exhibited significant color change from light yellow-green to dark gray in the potential range of 0 V to 1.2 V, with optical contrast ranging from 84.2% to 47.2% and coloring efficiency of 171.3 cm2/C. The prepared PCBP-Th_ITO/glass electrode also exhibited fast switching times (tb = 0.89 s and tc = 2.05 s) at 650 nm. Furthermore, 90% optical stability was maintained after 1000 cycles. In terms of energy …

Fabrication Of Cross-Linked Thiophene-Coumarin-Fluorene Donor–Acceptor Pentamer Thin Films For Electrochromic Devices Application, Ari̇fe Aktaş, Mert Akgün, Mücahi̇t Özdemi̇r, Sermet Koyuncu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Functionalized p-conjugated polymers have emerged as promising electrochromic materials due to their well-defined molecular structures, facile synthesis, and ability to form smooth and homogeneous thin films. Furthermore, surface cross-linking enhances the mechanical and environmental stability of these films while improving their durability during electrochemical operation. In this study, a unique band gap-tunable pentamer (FBP) was developed featuring a D-A-D-A-D configuration, which includes thiophene, coumarin, and fluorene. Cross-linked films (FBPX) were obtained using both spray and electrospray methods in the presence of tetrathiol-based crosslinkers and 366 nm light, thanks to the functionalizable allyl groups present in the FBP structure. UV–Vis analysis …

Samarium-Doped Ceria Catalysts For Boron-Aluminum Composite Propellants: Effect Of Synthesis Method, Di̇lara Güçtaş Gürel, Mehmet Ali̇ Faruk Öksüzömer

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Solid propellants based on ammonium perchlorate (AP) are widely used in rocket and missile propulsion systems due to their high energy density and reliable combustion characteristics. Although aluminum (Al) is the conventional metal fuel in AP-based formulations, boron (B) has gained increasing attention as a partial or full substitute owing to its significantly higher volumetric energy density. However, the low combustion efficiency of boron particles remains a critical challenge, making the use of catalysts essential to enhance the thermal decomposition of AP and overall propellant-burning performance. In this study, samarium-doped ceria (SDC20) catalysts were synthesized by three different methods including …

Rapid Synthesis Of Agcu Bimetallic Nanodendrites With Enhanced Catalytic Activity For 4-Nitrophenol Reduction, Jun Liu, Hongguang Liao, Xuanyan Liu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Herein, AgCu nanodendrites were fabricated via a facile one-step displacement reaction at ambient temperature with Zn powder as the reducing agent. The morphology, structure, and composition of the products were systematically characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the structure and morphology of the catalysts are strongly dependent on the Ag/Cu molar ratio. The catalytic performance was evaluated by the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) at room temperature, in comparison with monometallic Ag and Cu catalysts. The catalytic activity follows the order Ag1Cu1 > Ag1Cu3 > Ag3Cu1 > Ag > Cu. The optimized Ag1Cu1 catalyst achieves 98.6% …

Effects Of Washing, Oxidation, Carboxylation, And Hydrophobicity On The Antibacterial Activity Of Graphene Oxide And Reduced Graphene Oxide, Emi̇r Boztepe, Ceren Poyraz, Ruki̇ye Taşdemi̇r, Ebru Önem, Ümran Sofu, Keri̇m Yapici

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

In this study, the effects of number of washes, oxidation degree, carboxylation, and hydrothermal reduction temperature on the antibacterial activity of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanomaterials were investigated. GO derivatives with different numbers of washes (1–5W) and oxidation levels (3X, 6X, and 9X), carboxylated GO (GO-COOH), and rGO samples obtained at different hydrothermal reduction temperatures (100, 140, and 180 °C) were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, and were subsequently evaluated for antibacterial activity against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. …

Cobalt-Substituted Hydroxyapatite As A Potential Basis Of Biomaterials: Synthesis, Crystal-Chemistry Properties And Antibacterial Activity, Maria M. Vlasova, Ksenia S. Stasenko, Evgeny Bulanov

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

This paper presents the results of the synthesis of solid solutions of cobalt-substituted hydroxyapatite of the composition Ca10-xCox(PO4)6(OH)2 by the solid-phase and solution method. The formation of only the composition of Ca9.5Co0.5(PO4)6(OH)2 has been reliably established, whereas an increase in the cobalt content, as well as an increase in the temperature of synthesis and calcination of the samples prepared in solution, leads to the formation of stable mixtures of calcium and cobalt phosphates. The crystal structure has been refined for Ca9.5Co0.5(PO4)6(OH)2 (a = 9.4121(28) Å, c = 6.8762(20) Å, V = 527.54(35) Å3; R-Bragg = 2.455%) under the assumption of …

The Effect Of Seedling Age On Nickel (Ni) Accumulation In Maize (Zea Mays L.), Tuba Göçergi̇l, Hava Şeyma İnci̇

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

One of the most significant problems facing different ecosystems worldwide is the pollution of soil and water resources with heavy metals, which are harmful to biota. Metals are absorbed by plant roots through soil-plant interaction, leading to accumulation in plants. The plant's growth phase is one of the most important factors in heavy metal uptake and accumulation. Among heavy metal elements, nickel is one of the serious environmental pollutants and plant growth inhibitors due to its toxicity and persistent nature at high concentrations, as well as its bioaccumulation in ecosystems. This study aims to investigate how nickel accumulation in plant …

Species-Specific Metal Uptake Thresholds In Riparian Macrophytes: A Biological Framework For Ecological Risk Assessment, Reyhan Sağlam, Ferhat Gökbulak

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Anthropogenic pressures on freshwater ecosystems have increased metal contamination in riparian zones; however, biological thresholds that distinguish tolerable exposure from ecologically significant accumulation remain poorly defined. This study investigated species-specific thresholds for heavy metal uptake in riparian macrophytes to establish a biologically grounded framework for ecological risk assessment in impacted streams. A gradient encompassing five sites was used to sample four dominant macrophyte species: Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, Lythrum salicaria, and Persicaria lapathifolia. Concentrations of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in aboveground plant biomass were examined in relation to their …

A Lightweight Multitask Adaptive Fusion Network With Channel Attention For Uav-Based Crop Detection And Classification, Xuanyu Yue, Zhenyu Wan

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become essential tools in precision agriculture, facilitating large-scale monitoring of crop health, weed proliferation, and overall field conditions. However, conventional single-task recognition models encounter significant challenges when implemented on resource-constrained UAV platforms, particularly in detecting densely distributed small objects, managing scale variations, and addressing occlusions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a channel attention-based adaptive fusion network (CNAF-Net) specifically designed for agricultural scenarios. CNAF-Net utilizes MobileNetV3 for hierarchical feature extraction and integrates a channel attention-guided adaptive fusion mechanism that dynamically combines multiscale features across detection, classification, and segmentation tasks. Experiments conducted on the WeedMap …