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Research On Strong Real-Time Synchronisation Algorithm For Lvc Co-Simulation, Junhui Li, Songtao Sun, Fei Liu Sep 2025

Research On Strong Real-Time Synchronisation Algorithm For Lvc Co-Simulation, Junhui Li, Songtao Sun, Fei Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Live, virtual, and constructive(LVC) joint simulation has become a hot research topic of current military simulation; however, existing time management strategies usually fail to meet the needs of strict real-time performance of LVC. A LVC joint simulation synchronization algorithm is proposed that starts with a window sliding-based median smoothing strategy and real time drift rate-based clock compensation strategy for effective node synchronization. A novel hybrid timing strategy is introduced combining long and short cycles implemented in software, which balances precision and efficiency. A simulation catch-up strategy is proposed to address software delays, which combined with the highprecision timing strategy, …


Algorithm Simulation Of Multi-Targets Track Correlation Based On Spectral Feature, Zhenping Ding, Huidong Guo Sep 2025

Algorithm Simulation Of Multi-Targets Track Correlation Based On Spectral Feature, Zhenping Ding, Huidong Guo

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to solve the problems of multi-targets track correlation in dense scenes, a method of track sequential real-time processing for multi-source track correlation system modeling is proposed. By calculating the absolute and relative position of the spectral features, the unified correlation matrix can be defined based on fuzzy decision theory, and the multi-target track correlation can be realized. Numerical simulations have shown the effectiveness of the track correlation algorithm on the basis of spectral features. Especially, the accuracy of correlation is much larger than that of the nearest-neighbor distance algorithm under the condition of dense target environment …


A Growing Threat Of Multi-Hazard Cascades Highlighted By The Birch Glacier Collapse And Blatten Landslide In The Swiss Alps, Nazimul Islam, Jonathan L. Carrivick, Tom Coulthard, Matthew Westoby, Stuart Dunning, Saskia Gindraux Sep 2025

A Growing Threat Of Multi-Hazard Cascades Highlighted By The Birch Glacier Collapse And Blatten Landslide In The Swiss Alps, Nazimul Islam, Jonathan L. Carrivick, Tom Coulthard, Matthew Westoby, Stuart Dunning, Saskia Gindraux

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Rapid atmospheric warming, especially at high altitude, leads to alpine mountain landscapes becoming more vulnerable to mass movements and consequently unstable. For example, decay of mountain permafrost contributes to rockfalls, landslides and debris flows; glaciers are retreating and losing mass at alarming rates, exposing unstable slopes that are more likely to fail; and meltwater, which collects in a growing number of glacial lakes, can pose an outburst flood hazard, putting communities and infrastructure downstream at risk of damage. Occurring now with increasing frequency, these natural phenomena often combine to create complex multi-hazard cascades that are more powerful and have a …


Ai Test Modeling For Computer Vision System—A Case Study, Jerry Gao, Radhika Agarwal Sep 2025

Ai Test Modeling For Computer Vision System—A Case Study, Jerry Gao, Radhika Agarwal

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

This paper presents an intelligent AI test modeling framework for computer vision systems, focused on image-based systems. A three-dimensional (3D) model using decision tables enables model-based function testing, automated test data generation, and comprehensive coverage analysis. A case study using the Seek by iNaturalist application demonstrates the framework’s applicability to real-world CV tasks. It effectively identifies species and non-species under varying image conditions such as distance, blur, brightness, and grayscale. This study contributes a structured methodology that advances our academic understanding of model-based CV testing while offering practical tools for improving the robustness and reliability of AI-driven vision applications.


September 2025 Cafe Newsletter, Elizabeth Reardon Sep 2025

September 2025 Cafe Newsletter, Elizabeth Reardon

CAFE Faculty Newsletters

Center for Advancing Faculty Excellence (CAFE) newsletter Sept. 2025.


Socio-Economic Risk Of Rising Compound Precipitation-Wind Extremes In San Francisco Bay Area, Nikhil Kumar, Gregory Brian Pasternack, Yufang Jin, Serena Alexander, Zhihao Wang, Costanza Rampini, Rune Storesund, Chris Lim, Stephanie Moreno, Igor Lacan Sep 2025

Socio-Economic Risk Of Rising Compound Precipitation-Wind Extremes In San Francisco Bay Area, Nikhil Kumar, Gregory Brian Pasternack, Yufang Jin, Serena Alexander, Zhihao Wang, Costanza Rampini, Rune Storesund, Chris Lim, Stephanie Moreno, Igor Lacan

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

Compound precipitation-wind extremes (CPWEs) pose significant socio-economic challenges in urban areas, with the most severe impacts often felt by vulnerable populations. While CPWE studies have often focused on large-scale assessments, localised urban contexts, at a scale of a city and its suburban surroundings, remain understudied, particularly in terms of how CPWEs might differentially impact different socio-economic communities. This study aims to advance understanding of how CPWEs interact with social vulnerability at a localised scale, using the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA)—a global hotspot for CPWEs with diverse climates, physiography, and socio-economic factors—as a test case. Daily precipitation and wind speed …


September 2025 Academic Affairs Minutes, University Of Nebraska At Kearney Academic Affairs Committee Sep 2025

September 2025 Academic Affairs Minutes, University Of Nebraska At Kearney Academic Affairs Committee

Academic Affairs Committee Minutes

No abstract provided.


Connecting Innovation And Trust Through Translational Sciences – A Need For A Community Focus And Effective Education Strategiess, Filipa Godoy-Vitorino, Michelle Borrero, Josué Pérez-Santiago, Rubén García-García, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano Sep 2025

Connecting Innovation And Trust Through Translational Sciences – A Need For A Community Focus And Effective Education Strategiess, Filipa Godoy-Vitorino, Michelle Borrero, Josué Pérez-Santiago, Rubén García-García, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Report of a conference held in Puerto Rico, this article highlights how interdisciplinary translational science-anchored in education, public trust, and equity-can accelerate innovation in cancer therapy while empowering underserved communities through inclusive training, collaboration, and research participation.


Allosteric Control Overcomes Steric Limitations For Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting Conserved Binding Epitopes Of The Sars-Cov-2 Spike Protein: Exploring The Intersection Of Binding, Allostery, And Immune Escape With A Multimodal Computational Approach, Mohammed Alshahrani, Vedant Parikh, Brandon Foley, Gennady M. Verkhivker Sep 2025

Allosteric Control Overcomes Steric Limitations For Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting Conserved Binding Epitopes Of The Sars-Cov-2 Spike Protein: Exploring The Intersection Of Binding, Allostery, And Immune Escape With A Multimodal Computational Approach, Mohammed Alshahrani, Vedant Parikh, Brandon Foley, Gennady M. Verkhivker

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Understanding the atomistic basis of multi-layer mechanisms employed by broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein without directly blocking receptor engagement remains an important challenge in coronavirus immunology. Class 4 antibodies represent an intriguing case: they target a deeply conserved, cryptic epitope on the receptor-binding domain yet exhibit variable neutralization potency across subgroups F1 (CR3022, EY6A, COVA1-16), F2 (DH1047), and F3 (S2X259). The molecular basis for this variability is not fully understood. Here, we employed a multi-modal computational approach integrating atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, binding free energy calculations, mutational scanning, and dynamic network analysis to elucidate …


Semilunar Valve Replacement With A Telescoping Arterial Trunk Valve, Edo Bedzra, Herra Javed, James E. O'Brien, Taufiek Konrad Rajab Sep 2025

Semilunar Valve Replacement With A Telescoping Arterial Trunk Valve, Edo Bedzra, Herra Javed, James E. O'Brien, Taufiek Konrad Rajab

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

A bicuspid aortic valve, from autologous tissue, with growth potential can be constructed using the simple, and reproducible telescoping arterial trunk technique.


Gc-Ms-Based Metabolomics For Understanding The Metabolite Profile Of Mopane Worm (Gonimbrasia Belina) And Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L), Mpho Sebabiki Maleke, Tumisi Beiri Jeremiah Molelekoa, Jonathan Wilkin, Xi Feng, Moira Ledbetter, Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo Sep 2025

Gc-Ms-Based Metabolomics For Understanding The Metabolite Profile Of Mopane Worm (Gonimbrasia Belina) And Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L), Mpho Sebabiki Maleke, Tumisi Beiri Jeremiah Molelekoa, Jonathan Wilkin, Xi Feng, Moira Ledbetter, Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

Edible insects are nutritious, having high levels of protein, essential amino acids, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals. In areas where sorghum is a primary crop, mixing this gluten-free grain with protein-rich insect powder provides a novel approach to making nutrient-rich products. Understanding the sorghum and mopane worm flours' metabolomic changes during bioprocessing can however, enhance their nutritional value and food safety. The research investigated metabolite compounds that are found in raw and processed (fermented, malted (sorghum), and ultrasonicated) mopane worms and sorghum. In the study, sorghum grains were traditionally fermented and malted at 35°C for 48 h and ultrasonicated for …


Uav-Based Transport Management For Smart Cities Using Machine Learning, Sweekruthi Balivada, Jerry Gao, Yuting Sha, Manisha Lagisetty, Damini Vichare Sep 2025

Uav-Based Transport Management For Smart Cities Using Machine Learning, Sweekruthi Balivada, Jerry Gao, Yuting Sha, Manisha Lagisetty, Damini Vichare

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

Highlights: What are the main findings? A smart transport management system based on UAV data integrating advanced machine learning and deep learning techniques is proposed to enhance road anomaly detection and severity classification. The system employs a comprehensive multi-stage framework, integrating a high-precision obstacle detection model, six specialized severity classification models, and an aggregation model to deliver accurate anomaly assessment, enabling strategic, data-driven road maintenance and enhanced transportation safety. What is the implication of the main finding? A scalable and efficient solution is proposed to enhance road safety and optimize transportation management through intelligent anomaly detection and severity assessment. This …


September 18, 2025, The Daily Mississippian Sep 2025

September 18, 2025, The Daily Mississippian

Daily Mississippian (all digitized issues)

No abstract provided.


Artificial Intelligence And Collaborative Learning: Impacts On Creativity, Critical Thinking, And Problem-Solving, Abderrahim Agnaou, Hayat El Asri Sep 2025

Artificial Intelligence And Collaborative Learning: Impacts On Creativity, Critical Thinking, And Problem-Solving, Abderrahim Agnaou, Hayat El Asri

Journal of Educational Research and Practice

The rapid development of large anguage models (LLMs) has sparked growing interest in their potential to transform education. This study explores how LLMs influence collaborative learning, focusing on student creativity, critical thinking, problem-solving, and collective intelligence. Specifically, it investigates whether artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted group work enhances or hinders these aspects of the learning process. We used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data from surveys, structured interviews, and analysis of student project outputs. We collected data from 102 undergraduate students via questionnaires and 15 follow-up interviews, which offered deeper insight into their experiences using LLMs in team-based projects. The …


Seeing Google At 25, Paul A. Soukup S.J. Sep 2025

Seeing Google At 25, Paul A. Soukup S.J.

Communication Research Trends

Seeing Google at 25

1. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

A. Fits and starts to dominating the world . . . . . 5

2. Google in the Eyes of Scholars: Google Services 8

A. Digital library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

B. Google Earth and Google Maps . …


Evaluating User Engagement In A Research Information Management System At A Large Research-Intensive University, Rachel Miles, Emily Mazure, Mengyu Yin, Ben Greenwald Sep 2025

Evaluating User Engagement In A Research Information Management System At A Large Research-Intensive University, Rachel Miles, Emily Mazure, Mengyu Yin, Ben Greenwald

International Forum on Expert Finder Systems

At the heart of a valued research information management (RIM) service is a well-curated set of easily accessible and trustworthy data that describe an institution's research activity. The cultivation of those data into beneficial use cases requires ongoing collaboration among myriad stakeholders from within the research development community (librarians, faculty administrators, communications specialists, technology licensing agents, facility and equipment managers, IT personnel, etc.).

This presentation will explore the social interoperability involved in nurturing the library-managed RIM services at two major midwestern research universities—from the partnerships involved in unifying previously siloed sources of data to the use cases supported in each …


Managing Digital Visibility, Ben Medeiros Sep 2025

Managing Digital Visibility, Ben Medeiros

Communication Research Trends

No abstract provided.


Charting A Constellation Of Rims Social Interoperability: Stakeholder Engagement At Two Midwestern Universities, Mark Zulauf, Elizabeth Schwartz Sep 2025

Charting A Constellation Of Rims Social Interoperability: Stakeholder Engagement At Two Midwestern Universities, Mark Zulauf, Elizabeth Schwartz

International Forum on Expert Finder Systems

At the heart of a valued research information management (RIM) service is a well-curated set of easily accessible and trustworthy data that describe an institution's research activity. The cultivation of those data into beneficial use cases requires ongoing collaboration among myriad stakeholders from within the research development community (librarians, faculty administrators, communications specialists, technology licensing agents, facility and equipment managers, IT personnel, etc.).

This presentation will explore the social interoperability involved in nurturing the library-managed RIM services at two major midwestern research universities—from the partnerships involved in unifying previously siloed sources of data to the use cases supported in each …


Promoting The Value Of Research With An Efs: Nsf Tip Project, Randy Love Sep 2025

Promoting The Value Of Research With An Efs: Nsf Tip Project, Randy Love

International Forum on Expert Finder Systems

At a time of dramatic change, many universities, medical facilities, and government labs are searching for ways to meet the goals and objectives placed upon them. Being able to demonstrate to funders, politicians, and the public the direct impact research has on the world in which we live becomes a critical necessity. This session will provide a quick overview of how Expert Finders Systems can help meet the specific goals as provided to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and share an overview of how one funder, NSF TIP, has partnered with Elsevier to help meet …


Toward An Understanding Of Tax Complexity, Daniel Schaffa Sep 2025

Toward An Understanding Of Tax Complexity, Daniel Schaffa

Florida Tax Review

The study of tax complexity has reached consensus on two things. First, complexity pervades the U.S. tax system. And second, it is not always clear what tax complexity means. Indeed, it is common practice for tax complexity scholarship to note the absence of a universal tax complexity definition and then conduct its inquiry without one. A universal definition of tax complexity has proven elusive because tax complexity means many different (although often related) things. This has made the tax policy analysis of complexity challenging. As an alternative to a definition, this Article proposes a framework with four elements for considering …


Do Tax Judges Favor The Tax Authority?, Orli Oren-Kolbinger Sep 2025

Do Tax Judges Favor The Tax Authority?, Orli Oren-Kolbinger

Florida Tax Review

Judges and judicial systems have become more specialized in response to increasing legal complexity. While the theoretical literature has discussed judicial specialization extensively, deliberating its pros and cons and its implications—arguably an appealing background for empirical investigation—few empirical studies have attempted to quantify the relationship between judicial specialization and case outcomes. This Article fills that lacuna. It analyzes a hand-coded dataset of tax cases in which rulings were made by both specialized tax judges and generalist judges in Israeli District Courts. Its main finding is that specialized tax judges are more inclined than generalist judges toward the Tax Authority. It …


Stream Temperature Responses To Summer Urban Rain Events Along The Savannah River, Joseph E. Wermter, Vivian L. Turner, Max K. Appelbaum, James M. Shepherd, Jacob Z. Lott Sep 2025

Stream Temperature Responses To Summer Urban Rain Events Along The Savannah River, Joseph E. Wermter, Vivian L. Turner, Max K. Appelbaum, James M. Shepherd, Jacob Z. Lott

Journal of South Carolina Water Resources

The hydrological urban heat island (HUHI) is a recent facet of the urban heat island (UHI), describing thermal enhancement of bodies of water in response to urbanization. Although the forefront of this work has been studied for large Metropolitan areas, this effect on developing cities is currently unknown. To locally measure and quantify HUHI effects in a developing city, we utilized Multi-Radar Multi Sensor (MRMS) radar-derived rainfall data to estimate rainfall in the Augusta Metropolitan Area (AMA) and the Savannah Metropolitan Area (SMA), two developing communities adjacent to the Savannah River. We analyzed mean temperature trends of two stream gauges …


Contextual Analysis Of Physical-Tactical Match Performance Demands In Elite U21 Soccer Players, Craig Davies, Christian Vassallo, Ben Ryan, Piotr Zmijewski, Rafael Oliveria, José E. Teixeira, Alexandre Moreira, Ryland Morgans Sep 2025

Contextual Analysis Of Physical-Tactical Match Performance Demands In Elite U21 Soccer Players, Craig Davies, Christian Vassallo, Ben Ryan, Piotr Zmijewski, Rafael Oliveria, José E. Teixeira, Alexandre Moreira, Ryland Morgans

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Soccer matches include physical and tactical factors, yet limited research has integrated physical-tactical variables involving U21 soccer players. This study examined how different phases of play influence physical intensity in elite U21 soccer players. Materials and Methods: Twelve professional development league matches involving 29 male U21 soccer players (106 observations) were analysed. Players wore 10 Hz GPS units to derive relative (m/min) physical metrics during six phases of play. Phases and positions were compared using repeated‑measures ANOVA and one‑way ANOVA. Results: Players covered significantly greater high-speed running per minute (HSR/min) during the final third compared to build-up (p …


Beyond Description: Interrogating Narrative Elements In Archival Finding Aids, David J. Williams, Richard Kearney Sep 2025

Beyond Description: Interrogating Narrative Elements In Archival Finding Aids, David J. Williams, Richard Kearney

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

As the archival profession evolves, attention is increasingly paid to the usability of its resources and services. User Experience, or UX, is a contemporary design practice gaining prominence among archivists interested in addressing usability. Information design, the process of organizing and presenting information for efficient and effective use, is a component of UX incorporating both the presentation and content of communication instruments, with plain language writing guidelines applied toward achieving this goal. A prominent information artifact produced by archivists is the finding aid, describing and inventorying archival collections. Those components of finding aids providing “access points” into collections—communicating the …


Between Foreignization And Domestication: A Corpus-Based Study Of The Translation Of Food-Related Cultural References In The Arabic Subtitling Of 90 Hollywood Films, Eisa Ahmad Saeed Asiri Sep 2025

Between Foreignization And Domestication: A Corpus-Based Study Of The Translation Of Food-Related Cultural References In The Arabic Subtitling Of 90 Hollywood Films, Eisa Ahmad Saeed Asiri

UB Journal for Humanities

This paper explores the translation of food-related cultural references (FCRs) from spoken English into Arabic subtitles based on analysis of a corpus-driven mixed-method of 90 Hollywood films. Using the AVT-FoodCorpus90, a 1.4-million-word English-Arabic parallel corpus, the study examines how subtitlers work to balance foreignization and domestication in the process of translating culturally specific food items. The results reveal that the most popular strategy is that which relies on foreignization through transference (29.8%), followed by literal translation (25.1%) and intratextual glosses (15.4%), creating a new trend in Arabic subtitling that promotes cultural visibility and creates intercultural interaction. However, domestication remains necessary, …


Precision Nanomedicine For Anxiety: Challenges, Opportunities, And Future Directions In Targeted Drug Delivery, Sehrabpreet Singh, Amanpreet Singh, Shruti Chittu, Shailesh Sharma Sep 2025

Precision Nanomedicine For Anxiety: Challenges, Opportunities, And Future Directions In Targeted Drug Delivery, Sehrabpreet Singh, Amanpreet Singh, Shruti Chittu, Shailesh Sharma

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery system represents one of the challenging strategies suggested to improve anxietydisorder therapeutic approaches, clinic challenges of delayed action, side effect-free designing and poor patientcompliance. Traditional pharmacological agents can increase drug bioavailability and target specific brain regions,whereas nanoparticle-mediated controlled release offers enhanced precision and sustained action. The others in thisreview concentrate on several kinds of nanoparticle, including lipid-based, polymeric-metallic, and responsive nano-particles, their use in anxiety medication. In addition, emphasis is placed on precision medicine that pertain the delivery of treatment based on an individual's genetic, environmental and lifestyle aspects. Also, it is looked into how artificial intelligence …


Targeted Nanosponge-Based Treatment For Pulmonary Hypertension: A Novel Approach, Jashanpreet Kaur, Gursimran Kaur, Chamanpreet Kaur, Sandeep Kumar Sep 2025

Targeted Nanosponge-Based Treatment For Pulmonary Hypertension: A Novel Approach, Jashanpreet Kaur, Gursimran Kaur, Chamanpreet Kaur, Sandeep Kumar

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a progressive and potentially fatal condition marked by high pulmonary arterypressure, resulting in heart failure and reduced oxygenation. Despite advancements in treatments, therapeutic optionsfor PH remain limited, particularly in cases resistant to conventional therapies. In biomedical research, nanotechnologyhas become a potential area of study, presenting novel approaches to drug delivery and tissue targeting. Nanosponges, aclass of nanoparticles with porous structures, have gained attention for their ability to encapsulate therapeutic agents,enhance drug stability, and provide controlled release. Nanosponges can be engineered to deliver vasodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs, and gene therapies directly to the pulmonary vasculature, minimizing systemic side …


Global Research Trends On Avocado Oil And Its Fatty Acid Composition: A Bibliometric Review, Ahmad Kamrullah Aras, Abdul Rohman Sep 2025

Global Research Trends On Avocado Oil And Its Fatty Acid Composition: A Bibliometric Review, Ahmad Kamrullah Aras, Abdul Rohman

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The high content of unsaturated fatty acids in avocado oil (Persea americana) has prompted in-depth exploration across research subjects. This study uses bibliometric analysis to assess global research trends on avocado oil and its fatty acid composition from 2004 to 2024. The search string retrieved 255 articles from the Scopus database and then analyzed using R BibliometriX and VOSviewer software. These tools analyze descriptive structures and collaborative patterns and create network data maps. For comparison, we separated the data into two research periods, namely 2004-2013 and 2014-2024. There was a significant increase in the number of publications, with …


Factors Influencing The Use Of Gis-Enabled Public E-Participation For Municipal Solid Waste Management, Irene Arinaitwe, Agnes Nakakawa, Gilbert Maiga Sep 2025

Factors Influencing The Use Of Gis-Enabled Public E-Participation For Municipal Solid Waste Management, Irene Arinaitwe, Agnes Nakakawa, Gilbert Maiga

The African Journal of Information Systems

Due to rapid global population growth and urbanization, approximately two billion metric tons of waste are generated annually. Municipal solid waste management has become a critical function for urban authorities. However, many urban authorities in low- and middle-income economies cannot provide efficient municipal solid waste management services because of suboptimal stakeholder participation in governance processes and inadequate information exchange. Therefore, this study sought to determine factors that influence the implementation of GIS-enabled public e-participation using Enhanced Adaptive Structuration Theory. A descriptive field study was conducted among staff of municipal authorities and residents in Uganda’s Kampala Metropolitan Area. Data were analyzed …


Adaptive Computational Budgeting For Ai Agents In Collaborative Environments, Johannes Start, John Lunney Sep 2025

Adaptive Computational Budgeting For Ai Agents In Collaborative Environments, Johannes Start, John Lunney

Defensive Publications Series

This disclosure describes an adaptive computational budgeting framework for artificial intelligence (AI) agents that can help manage and control resource consumption. Unlike existing rudimentary controls, the described framework allows organizations and/or users to define multi-factor budgets for specific tasks, considering processing time, LLM tokens, API calls, etc. An adaptive budget engine is deployed to monitor real-time resource consumption and enforce budgets through actions such as graceful termination, quality throttling, or checkpointing, preventing runaway processes and unexpected high costs. The described framework offers hierarchical control via administrative consoles and user interfaces, provides cost attribution for billing, and includes observability and reporting …