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Conservative Discourse: How It Shapes And Is Shaped By Social Studies Education In West Virginia, Elizabeth Christine Rexroad Jan 2026

Conservative Discourse: How It Shapes And Is Shaped By Social Studies Education In West Virginia, Elizabeth Christine Rexroad

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This narrative inquiry dissertation investigates how conservative Discourse both shapes and is shaped by social studies teacher identity, agency, and the figured world of social studies education in West Virginia. Drawing on the storied lives of three early-career secondary social studies teachers, this study examines how conservative Discourse operates as a structuring force in the daily lives and practices of teachers working in an exceptionally conservative political and social landscape. Using Critical Narrative Analysis (Souto-Manning, 2014) and discourse analysis (Gee, 2014) as analytical frameworks, and figured worlds theory (Holland et al., 1998) as theoretical lens, this study reveals how conservative …


Ai-Based Smart Proxy Models For Flow Assurance, Integrating Oil Rate Prediction, Pipeline Monitoring, And Leak Detection, Ali Sajedian Jan 2026

Ai-Based Smart Proxy Models For Flow Assurance, Integrating Oil Rate Prediction, Pipeline Monitoring, And Leak Detection, Ali Sajedian

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Oil and gas pipeline networks operate under complex multiphase flow conditions and dynamic transient regimes that present significant challenges for traditional monitoring, anomaly detection, and operational decision-making methodologies. Many existing monitoring approaches rely on high-fidelity physics-based transient flow simulations to accurately represent system behavior. However, these models are computationally intensive and therefore difficult to implement in real-time operational environments.

This dissertation presents a physics-guided artificial intelligence framework for intelligent pipeline monitoring and integrity management based on the concept of Smart Proxy Modeling. By integrating first principles engineering knowledge with machine learning techniques, the proposed framework develops computationally efficient surrogate models …


Revival Through Resilience In The Post-Mined Landscape: Demonstrating The Socio-Economic Context Of Appalachia And Exploring How Community Infrastructure And Cultural Tourism Can Be Catalysts For Economic Regeneration In Appalachian Communities, Azita Tasnim Ritu Jan 2026

Revival Through Resilience In The Post-Mined Landscape: Demonstrating The Socio-Economic Context Of Appalachia And Exploring How Community Infrastructure And Cultural Tourism Can Be Catalysts For Economic Regeneration In Appalachian Communities, Azita Tasnim Ritu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Post-industrial communities across Appalachia continue to experience economic and environmental challenges following the decline of coal mining and related industries. Towns such as Smithers and Montgomery, West Virginia, reflect these conditions through economic stagnation, population loss, aging infrastructure, and degraded landscapes, creating an urgent need for sustainable redevelopment strategies.

The Appalachian Regional Commission emphasizes economic diversification, infrastructure investment, and community revitalization as critical components for improving regional quality of life. However, many former mining communities continue to struggle with underutilized heritage assets, degraded landscapes, and limited economic alternatives. Cultural landscapes and local identity remain significant but often overlooked resources that …


Studying The Mechanism For Ricin-Induced Growth Suppression, Daniel Judge Jan 2026

Studying The Mechanism For Ricin-Induced Growth Suppression, Daniel Judge

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study focuses on ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), a class of potent toxins that includes ricin, α-sarcin, and shiga toxin, which irreversibly damage large subunit rRNA. Although the catalytic activity of ricin toxin A chain (RTA) is well characterized, the precise mechanisms linking ribosome damage to altered cellular morphology remain poorly understood. In this study, we engineered a tetracycline-regulatable expression system to express RTA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We characterized the effects of RTA expression on yeast growth, viability, and reproductive potential. We demonstrated that our expression system produced rapid and robust RTA expression and ribosome depurination within less than one …


Evaluation Of Acid Mine Drainage Treatment In The Upper Deckers Creek Watershed, Sarah E. Nelson Jan 2026

Evaluation Of Acid Mine Drainage Treatment In The Upper Deckers Creek Watershed, Sarah E. Nelson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a legacy contaminant, impairing Appalachian watersheds despite decades of regulatory work and investment in remediation. This study analyzes and evaluates the performance of seven AMD treatment systems (5 passive and 2 active) as well as thirteen untreated sources in the headwaters of Deckers Creek. Monthly influent and effluent samples measuring pH, major metals, and acidity were collected from January 2024 through 2026 to assess variability in treatment performance, and engineering site visits were conducted for each treatment system. Based on these two components, recommendations customized for each individual treatment system were made, and the implementation …


Plant-Wide Process Modeling, Techno-Economic Optimization, And Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification For Manufacturing Value-Added Products From Lignocellulosic Biomass, Poulomi Das Jan 2026

Plant-Wide Process Modeling, Techno-Economic Optimization, And Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification For Manufacturing Value-Added Products From Lignocellulosic Biomass, Poulomi Das

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

For decades, many chemicals have been produced from fossil resources, contributing to resource depletion, pollution from extraction and refining, and hazardous byproducts. Growing environmental concerns and declining fossil reserves have intensified the search for sustainable sources of fuels, energy, and chemicals. Lignocellulosic biomass, the only abundant renewable carbon source, is therefore being explored as a feedstock for second-generation biofuels and high-value chemicals.

Currently, global wood-panel industry heavily depends on petroleum-derived commercial adhesives like phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, etc. These formaldehyde-based chemicals cause hazards to both human health and environment through emission of toxic volatile organic compounds. Typically, lignin is considered as one …


Landscape As Expo: Reimagining Desert Landscapes As Climate-Adaptive Cultural Infrastructure In Las Vegas, Parinaz Baradaran Anaraki Jan 2026

Landscape As Expo: Reimagining Desert Landscapes As Climate-Adaptive Cultural Infrastructure In Las Vegas, Parinaz Baradaran Anaraki

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Contemporary desert cities face increasing environmental and social challenges driven by climate change, including extreme heat, water scarcity, fragmented ecological systems, and limited access to high-quality public open space. In many rapidly urbanizing regions, conventional urban development has marginalized desert landscapes, treating them as vacant land rather than valuable ecological and cultural assets. This thesis proposes Landscape as Expo as a new framework for transforming desert landscapes into climate-adaptive cultural infrastructure, where ecological processes become both functional systems and public experiences.

The project focuses on a 140-acre site within the Tule Springs Planning District in North Las Vegas, Nevada, identified …


January 2026 Library & Learning Newsletter, Minnesota State University, Mankato. Library & Learning Dean’S Office Communications Team Jan 2026

January 2026 Library & Learning Newsletter, Minnesota State University, Mankato. Library & Learning Dean’S Office Communications Team

Library & Learning Newsletters

PDF version of the January (Volume 4, Issue 6) Library & Learning Newsletter.


Hyperglycemia Detection From Single-Lead Ecg Using A Hybrid Cnn & Transformer Model, Adam Ayomikun Ogunjembola Jan 2026

Hyperglycemia Detection From Single-Lead Ecg Using A Hybrid Cnn & Transformer Model, Adam Ayomikun Ogunjembola

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Diabetes Mellitus is known as high blood glucose. This high blood glucose level happens when the body has a problem with producing or using insulin. Insulin is a very important hormone that the pancreas makes to control how much glucose gets into the bloodstream and cells. Diabetes Mellitus has an effect on the body if it is not treated, such as damaging the blood vessels and nerves which can lead to stroke, kidney failure, heart attack and permanent loss of vision. Since people with diabetes need to measure their glucose levels in order to determine how much insulin or medicine …


Understanding And Preventing Air Problems In Irrigation Pipelines, Charles M. Burt Jan 2026

Understanding And Preventing Air Problems In Irrigation Pipelines, Charles M. Burt

BioResource and Agricultural Engineering

The water in irrigation pipelines always contains some air. Air-related problems are especially challenging in hilly terrain, and create challenges for designers and those who attempt to troubleshoot problems after installation.


Reproductive Rights On Campus, Janet Levit Jan 2026

Reproductive Rights On Campus, Janet Levit

Articles, Chapters in Books and Other Contributions to Scholarly Works

No abstract provided.


Cultural Logics In Agriculture: A Critical Christian Perspective, John Hill Price, Travis Ryan Pickell, Paul Capel, Kyungsoo Yoo, Dominic Christiensen, Marie Culhane, Tyler Dick, John Deen, Erik Watkins Jan 2026

Cultural Logics In Agriculture: A Critical Christian Perspective, John Hill Price, Travis Ryan Pickell, Paul Capel, Kyungsoo Yoo, Dominic Christiensen, Marie Culhane, Tyler Dick, John Deen, Erik Watkins

Faculty Publications - George Fox School of Theology

Imagine a precocious, driven, and empathetic undergraduate student. She has discovered a passion and a talent for biochemistry, and wants to apply to graduate school to pursue agronomy, with the goal of returning to her rural community home after graduation. She loves science and nature; she is also a committed Christian. She has a vague sense that these things are connected, but she isn’t sure how. And to be honest, the people around her in college do not always believe these two parts of her identity are compatible. Nevertheless, she plans to pursue graduate studies and hopes her faith will …


Development Of Human-Motion-Activated Microfluidic Pump For Next-Generation Wearable Biomedical Systems, Rana Altay Jan 2026

Development Of Human-Motion-Activated Microfluidic Pump For Next-Generation Wearable Biomedical Systems, Rana Altay

Engineering Ph.D. Theses

Soft, skin-conformal microfluidic systems that provide reliable, repeatable, and directional fluid transport under natural body motion are essential for next-generation wearable biomedical applications; however, their broader use remains limited by fluid actuation strategies that require bulky external pumps or rigid actuation hardware. This thesis develops a power-free, strain-driven microfluidic platform that converts human motion into controlled fluid transport using monolithic soft architectures whose fluidic response is programmed through geometry and corresponding morphing mechanics. The work introduces out-of-surface microchannels (OSMiCs) that reshape the strain–fluidic response of elastomeric microchannels: unlike planar channels that expand under tension, OSMiCs can undergo negative volumetric strain …


Improving Efficiency In Noma Schemes Having Inter-User Interference Using Mechanism Design, Zory Marantz Jan 2026

Improving Efficiency In Noma Schemes Having Inter-User Interference Using Mechanism Design, Zory Marantz

Publications and Research

Modern wireless systems utilize non-orthogonal multiple access to increase their rate capacities; however, the efficiency of the individual utility defined in bits per Joule has yet to be considered. Multiple variations of non-orthogonal multiple access have the interference of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio as a function of the received power from multiple other users due to code implementations that are non-orthogonal or non-ideal cancellation in successive-interference-cancellation methods. Game theoretic concepts are used to improve user bits-per-Joule performance. Previous solutions increment transmit power and are not based on closed form systematic methods. The mechanism design presented here led to a non-cooperative Nash …


Healthy Places Healthy People Toolkit: A Resource For The Navajo Nation, Sally Davis, Elijah Maas, Marla Pardilla, Sheldon Benally, Latasha James, Carmella Kahn, Cindy Blair, Julia Hess, Tyrell Pablo Jan 2026

Healthy Places Healthy People Toolkit: A Resource For The Navajo Nation, Sally Davis, Elijah Maas, Marla Pardilla, Sheldon Benally, Latasha James, Carmella Kahn, Cindy Blair, Julia Hess, Tyrell Pablo

Healthy Places, Healthy People Toolkit

The University of New Mexico’s Prevention Research Center (UNM PRC) developed an evidence-based model to increase physical activity in rural communities in NM. Starting in the small, rural town of Cuba, NM, the model was expanded to other rural communities. Given the success of the model, the PRC was invited to partner with 10 Navajo Chapters (communities) in the Eastern Agency of the Navajo Nation, with funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Together, they engaged in a project called Healthy Places— Healthy People.


Conspiracy And Social Movements, Steffen Seitz Jan 2026

Conspiracy And Social Movements, Steffen Seitz

Michigan Law Review

Conspiracy prosecutions of social movements are on the rise. From anti-“Cop City” protesters in Atlanta to pro-Palestinian protesters in California, prosecutors are increasingly wielding conspiracy law to suppress social movements. This development is troubling. Social movements have long served as vital engines of democratic self-governance; they crystallize issues, foster public discourse, and mobilize citizens. Yet conspiracy law endangers these movements— and thus democracy—by targeting what makes them work: public expression and social ties between activists.

This Article makes three significant contributions to our understanding of this threat. First, it demonstrates that a charge of conspiracy requires remarkably little—just the appearance …


The Law Of The Mid-Transition, Alison Gocke Jan 2026

The Law Of The Mid-Transition, Alison Gocke

Michigan Law Review

To address climate change, our energy systems need to transition from fossil fuels to clean energy resources. There is a tendency to think this transition will occur in a linear, seamless progression: We will move from the (old) fossil fuel system at Time A to a (new) clean energy system at Time B. But this belies the reality that an energy transition involves not just building a new energy system, but also unwinding an old one. Crucially, both processes will take time. That means there will be a significant period in which both energy systems coexist.

In the engineering literature, …


Safe And Effective Injection Practices For Insulin And Glp-1 Users, Lydia A. Anderson Jan 2026

Safe And Effective Injection Practices For Insulin And Glp-1 Users, Lydia A. Anderson

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Improper insulin and GLP-1 injection techniques can reduce treatment effectiveness in patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. This quality improvement project aimed to improve patients' knowledge and safety regarding insulin and GLP-1 medications by conducting an educational session and demonstration of proper injection techniques. The project took place at a community senior center where individuals reported not receiving instruction or education on correct injection practices when prescribed these medications. Pre- and post-intervention surveys assessed changes in patient knowledge, confidence, and understanding of proper injection methods. Results demonstrated clear improvements in patient knowledge, confidence, and technique. This project highlights the significance of …


Cultus: Eco-Phenomenology In The Work Of John Steinbeck, Robinson Jeffers, And Jack London, Carter D. Johnson Jan 2026

Cultus: Eco-Phenomenology In The Work Of John Steinbeck, Robinson Jeffers, And Jack London, Carter D. Johnson

Theses and Dissertations--English

In the face of increasingly dire environmental crises, proposed solutions have gravitated toward imperatives for faster, cleaner, and more efficient technologies and resources. While practical solutions are necessary, they are entirely insufficient to deal with an underlying issue driving environmental degradation: unbridled instrumental reason. In this dissertation, I suggest a theoretical posture, cultus, which attempts to balance the necessity of instrumental action with the guiding counterweight of receptivity. Furthermore, I argue that such personal receptivity is uniquely fostered in aesthetic experiences, attuning the individual to the non-identical and renewing a relationship of care.

I examine the life and work of …


Computer Vision Methods For Rfi Segmentation In Radio Astronomy, Yechan Kweon Jan 2026

Computer Vision Methods For Rfi Segmentation In Radio Astronomy, Yechan Kweon

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) increasingly contaminates the radio astronomy spectrum, often exceeding astronomical signal amplitudes by 50–70 dB. Reliable detection and mitigation are therefore essential for studies of faint transient phenomena such as pulsars and fast radio bursts (FRBs). Existing practical methods including Spectral Kurtosis (SK), Median Absolute Deviation (MAD), and SumThreshold perform well in many settings but depend on assumptions about the RFI environment and data statistics, limiting their effectiveness for weak, broadband, or nonstationary interference.

We develop a transform based RFI detection method that requires no prior knowledge of the RFI origin or type. The method operates on …


Architecture And Mechanistic Engineering Of Nanocomposite Steam Electrodes For High-Performance Metal-Supported Protonic Ceramic Cells, Xuemei Li Jan 2026

Architecture And Mechanistic Engineering Of Nanocomposite Steam Electrodes For High-Performance Metal-Supported Protonic Ceramic Cells, Xuemei Li

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The advancement of proton-conducting ceramic cells (PCCs) is crucial for efficient energy conversion in hydrogen- and/or ammonia-based energy carrier systems. However, a bigger success requires significant progress in cell fabrication, interfacial stability, fast electrode kinetics, and high Faradaic efficiency. This study investigates the rational design, fabrication, and performance breakthroughs of PCCs, with a focus on electrode architecture engineering, material interfacial coupling, and mechanistic understanding of electrochemical processes.

The metal-supported fuel electrode structure of PCFCs was systematically optimized, revealing the significant influence of Ni diffusion on cell performance and durability. High power density and stable ammonia-fueled operation were achieved. A heterointerface-rich …


Dataless Neural Networks For Boolean Satisfiability And Network Optimization, Andrew Evan Gautier Jan 2026

Dataless Neural Networks For Boolean Satisfiability And Network Optimization, Andrew Evan Gautier

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) require searching over a finite solution space subject to constraints, with the goal of satisfying an objective function. They arise in operations research, scheduling, resource allocation, circuit design, and many other fields. Many problems in combinatorial optimization (including satisfiability and network design) are NP-hard. Traditionally, researchers have built approximate solvers that return near- optimal solutions efficiently by developing increasingly sophisticated heuristics and meta- heuristics. Deep learning has provided new opportunities for improving combinatorial solvers by leveraging neural guidance to prune the search space. Traditional neural networks have distinct drawbacks in this context: separate training and …


Comparing Unet And Hrnet For Geomorphic Feature Extraction From Digital Terrain Model-Derived Land Surface Parameters, Behnam Solouki Jan 2026

Comparing Unet And Hrnet For Geomorphic Feature Extraction From Digital Terrain Model-Derived Land Surface Parameters, Behnam Solouki

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Automated extraction of geomorphic features from high spatial resolution terrain data is important for environmental monitoring, geohazard assessment, and landscape change analysis. This study compares two convolutional neural network architectures, UNet and High-Resolution Network (HRNet), for semantic segmentation of mine benches and sinkholes from lidar-derived digital terrain models and land surface parameters. Mine benches represent anthropogenic, elongated, stepped landforms associated with historic surface mining, whereas sinkholes are natural, compact depressions common in karst terrain. Three terrain-derived input layers were used: square-root-transformed slope, broad-scale topographic position index, and fine-scale annulus topographic position index. Models were trained using five training sample sizes, …


Physics-Informed Machine Learning Methods To Predict Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Performance And Emissions, Sandeep Guguloth Jan 2026

Physics-Informed Machine Learning Methods To Predict Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Performance And Emissions, Sandeep Guguloth

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The development of internal combustion engines for increased efficiency and reduced emissions demands improved design tools that are cost-effective, fast, and easy to integrate into existing engineering workflows. Low-dimensional physically based engine models serve this role by reducing the need for iterative experimental prototyping but historically rely on empirical correlations that sacrifice fidelity compared to CFD. Machine learning (ML) approaches, conversely, achieve high predictive accuracy but lack interpretability and generalize poorly beyond their training data. Physics-informed machine learning (PIML) bridges this gap by constraining the solution space to physically feasible predictions, offering a more reliable way to model in-cylinder phenomena. …


Smartbot V3: A Scalable Educational And Research Robotics Platform And Decentralized Construction Framework, Robert Tyler Cook Jan 2026

Smartbot V3: A Scalable Educational And Research Robotics Platform And Decentralized Construction Framework, Robert Tyler Cook

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Autonomous robotic systems are increasingly used in both engineering education and robotics research, creating a need for systems capable of supporting both within a common platform. This thesis presents SMARTbot V3, a scalable robotics platform developed to support undergraduate robotics education and multi-robot research.

SMARTbot V3 is a differential-drive mobile manipulator incorporating a 3-degree-of-freedom manipulator, LiDAR, RGB cameras, onboard computation, and Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2) software. The platform was designed to support scalable deployment through standardized hardware, modular construction, and common software. A fleet of twenty robots was manufactured and deployed for both educational and research activities. Educational validation …


Data Augmentation And The Reliability Of Conformal Prediction For Uncertainty Quantification In Medical Imaging, Rizwan Ahamed Jan 2026

Data Augmentation And The Reliability Of Conformal Prediction For Uncertainty Quantification In Medical Imaging, Rizwan Ahamed

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The safe clinical deployment of deep learning models for high-stakes medical imaging tasks requires more than high average accuracy; it requires demonstrable, per-case reliability. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) provides the missing signal that tells a clinician when a model prediction can be trusted and when a case should be escalated for expert review. Among UQ approaches, conformal prediction (CP) is especially attractive because it produces prediction sets that are guaranteed, under the assumption of exchangeability, to contain the true label with a user chosen probability, and it does so without assumptions about the model or the data distribution. This report first …


Assessing Mobility And Upper Extremity Function Beyond Laboratory Settings In Manual Wheelchair Users With Spinal Cord Injury Using Inertial Measurement Units, Kathylee Pinnock Branford Jan 2026

Assessing Mobility And Upper Extremity Function Beyond Laboratory Settings In Manual Wheelchair Users With Spinal Cord Injury Using Inertial Measurement Units, Kathylee Pinnock Branford

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury (SCI) face chronic, repetitive shoulder demands that far exceed those of able-bodied daily life, placing them at high risk for rotator cuff pathology and long-term upper extremity dysfunction. Despite this burden, existing research has relied predominantly on brief laboratory assessments that capture only a narrow part of real-world mechanical demands, leaving critical gaps in the identification of true injury risk factors. This dissertation developed and applied inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based methods and novel algorithms to characterize arm use, mobility, and environmental context during a full week of free living behavior in 25 manual …


Exploring Pedagogical Content Knowledge Of Experienced Teachers In Agricultural Animal Reproduction: A Grounded Theory, Amanda Wooditch Jan 2026

Exploring Pedagogical Content Knowledge Of Experienced Teachers In Agricultural Animal Reproduction: A Grounded Theory, Amanda Wooditch

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

Teaching agricultural animal reproduction requires a specialized integration of scientific content knowledge and instructional strategies, conceptualized as Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK). While PCK has been widely studied in other disciplines, research on its development and application in agricultural education has been limited. This qualitative study utilized grounded theory methodology to explore the PCK of experienced high school agriculture teachers in Georgia as they taught animal reproduction.

Twenty educators, each with a minimum of eight years of classroom experience, participated in the study through semi-structured interviews, lesson artifacts, and memos. Analysis, guided by Gess-Newsome’s (2015) Model of Teacher Professional Knowledge and …


Classifying Surfaces With Handle Decomposition, Elizabeth Sipes Jan 2026

Classifying Surfaces With Handle Decomposition, Elizabeth Sipes

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

Among topological spaces, manifolds draw a lot of interest. An
n-manifold is a space that is locally like R^n. Manifolds of dimension 2
are called surfaces. Using handle decomposition, we decompose surfaces
into k-handles, where 0< =k< =2. Techniques such as handle sliding and
handle cancellation allow us to get a more favorable representation of
our surface. We use these tools and calculation of the fundamental group
to classify all compact surfaces.


Comparison Of Push-Pull Air Curtain To Overhead Downdraft Systems On Aerosol Containment And Distribution In Controlled Environments, Manal Mutairi Jan 2026

Comparison Of Push-Pull Air Curtain To Overhead Downdraft Systems On Aerosol Containment And Distribution In Controlled Environments, Manal Mutairi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Abstract

Comparison of Push-Pull Air Curtain to Overhead Downdraft Systems on Aerosol Containment and Distribution in Controlled Environments.

This dissertation looks at the ongoing issue of tiny airborne particles created during medical and dental procedures and evaluates ways to reduce the risk of exposure for healthcare workers and patients to these particles. The first study focuses on the size, how long particles stay in the air, and how far they travel from common medical procedures that create aerosols, showing that tiny particles (less than 5 µm) can stay in the air long enough to escape basic droplet controls. As a …