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An Approach To Predicting Performance Of Sparse Computations On Nvidia Gpus, Rogelio Long Aug 2021

An Approach To Predicting Performance Of Sparse Computations On Nvidia Gpus, Rogelio Long

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Sparse problems arise from a variety of applications, from scientific simulations to graph analytics. Traditional HPC systems have failed to effectively provide high bandwidth for sparse problems. This limitation is primarily because of the nature of sparse computations and their irregular memory access patterns.We predict the performance of sparse computations given an input matrix and GPU hardware characteristics. This prediction is done by identifying hardware bottlenecks in modern NVIDIA GPUs using roofline trajectory models. Roofline trajectory models give us insight into the performance by simultaneously showing us the effects of strong and weak scaling. We then create regression models for …

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Studies Of The Planetary Boundary Layer And Their Impact On Air Pollution In A Semi-Arid Region With Complex Terrain, Nakul Nitin Karle Aug 2021

Studies Of The Planetary Boundary Layer And Their Impact On Air Pollution In A Semi-Arid Region With Complex Terrain, Nakul Nitin Karle

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The adjacent cities of El Paso-Juárez, located in the Rio Grande Rift Valley and surrounded by complex mountainous terrain, have undergone rapid urbanization and industrial growth in the last few decades, accompanied by increasing substandard air quality episodes. Although numerous air quality studies were conducted in this semi-arid region in the past, none focused extensively on the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) contribution and impact on air pollutant concentrations. In this work, both the high and low ozone episodes from 2015 to 2020 were examined. Both modeling and experimental data of the PBL height (PBLH) were obtained and related to atmospheric …

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Evaluation Of Patient Experience Using Natural Language Processing Algorithms, Sofia Veronica Ortega Aug 2021

Evaluation Of Patient Experience Using Natural Language Processing Algorithms, Sofia Veronica Ortega

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare organizations are making extensive efforts to improve the patient experience. Enhancing patient/client experience and outcomes is crucial for patient-centered care and can reveal improvement opportunities. Healthcare settings currently rely on surveys (e.g., HCAHPS) and patient feedback to measure patient experience. Studies have identified that utilizing patient journey mapping can better capture patient experience throughout all stages of the patient's journey and provide quality and process improvement recommendations at specific hotspots. However, these measurement techniques are time-consuming and resource intensive. AIM: This research aims to measure patient experience of breast cancer patients from social media data using natural language …

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Structure-Property Relationship In High Strength- High Ductility Combination Austenitic Stainless Steels, Chengyang Hu Aug 2021

Structure-Property Relationship In High Strength- High Ductility Combination Austenitic Stainless Steels, Chengyang Hu

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in our daily life, but their mechanical strength is low. In order to improve their yield strength via grain refinement, an investigation was carried out involving phase reversion annealing concept comprising of severe cold roll reduction followed by annealing at different temperatures for short durations. During annealing reversion of deformation-induced martensite to austenite occurred by shear mechanism, leading to fine-grained structure and high strength-high ductility combination.Nanoscale deformation studies suggested that the deformation mechanism of nanograined structure was different from the coarse-grained counterpart. Post-mortem electron microscopy of plastic zone surrounding the indent indicated that the …

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Systematic Review Of Alternative Interventions For Construction Workers To Manage Work-Related Musculoskeletal Pain And Discomfort, Isaac Abraham Rodriguez Aug 2021

Systematic Review Of Alternative Interventions For Construction Workers To Manage Work-Related Musculoskeletal Pain And Discomfort, Isaac Abraham Rodriguez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Background: The prevalence of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Pain and Discomfort (WRMSPD) among construction workers in 2017 was almost 20,000 injuries. Close to 60% were overexertion, others included lifting and lowering. The most common form of WRMSPD could originate from the upper back to lower back and neck pain. It was reported that the highest prevalence of WRMSPD were in the upper extremities (nearing 60%) because of the physically demanding factor of the job (heavy lifting and repetitive movement). Over 250,000 cases were reported to be WRMSPD in the private sector of the U.S. Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review was …

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Harmonizing Asphalt Mix Selection With Pavement Structural Design, Mahdi Saghafi Aug 2021

Harmonizing Asphalt Mix Selection With Pavement Structural Design, Mahdi Saghafi

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The state-of-the-practice in asphalt concrete (AC) mix design and pavement structural design are based on two divergent concepts. The laboratory tests that are used for mix design, especially under the balanced mix design concept, are pragmatically accelerated surrogate tests developed to ensure the stability or ranking of mixes. Pavement structural design methods, being empirical or mechanistic, ignore these laboratory test results, in favor of other mechanical parameters. As such, the selection of the type of mix to be placed on a project is based on the local experience, and a set of consensus limits, rather than the demand of the …

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Identification Of Leishmania Spp. And T. Cruzi Parasites In Bats Captured In El Paso, Texas Region: Bats As A New Reserviour, Edith Sandoval Aug 2021

Identification Of Leishmania Spp. And T. Cruzi Parasites In Bats Captured In El Paso, Texas Region: Bats As A New Reserviour, Edith Sandoval

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Background: Recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as two of the world’s thirteen most neglected tropical diseases (NTD), both T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. parasites are accountable for Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis, respectively and they continue to rank among the most important public health problems in South America. Together, Leishmaniasis and Chagas affect 300 million people. Wildlife reservoirs play an important role in the maintenance and transmission of parasites in sylvatic transmission cycles. In the last decade studies have been conducted in this region of El Paso, Texas, and other parts of the world to detect both parasites in …

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Voting Trusts And Antitrust: Rethinking The Role Of Shareholder Litigation In Public Regulation, From The 1880s To The 1930s, Laura Phillips Sawyer, Naomi R. Lamoreaux Aug 2021

Voting Trusts And Antitrust: Rethinking The Role Of Shareholder Litigation In Public Regulation, From The 1880s To The 1930s, Laura Phillips Sawyer, Naomi R. Lamoreaux

Scholarly Works

In 1903 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) bought a majority interest in the Kellogg Switchboard and Supply Company, allegedly with the aim of eliminating competition in the telephone business. Perhaps it is not remarkable that the Illinois Supreme Court ruled this acquisition of an Illinois corporation to be illegal. What is noteworthy, however, is that the court took this step at the behest of a group of Kellogg’s minority shareholders who had filed suit to block the deal. Judges had long responded skeptically to such actions, worried that shareholders would clog the courts with challenges to managers’ decisions …

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The Role Of Fatty Acids In Ruminant Diets And Novel Feed Ingredients High In Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fed In Feedlot Diets, Mitchell M. Norman Aug 2021

The Role Of Fatty Acids In Ruminant Diets And Novel Feed Ingredients High In Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fed In Feedlot Diets, Mitchell M. Norman

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

A finishing study evaluated the performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid profiles of steers fed four inclusions of a novel feedstuff Green Grass. Green Grass is a product comprised of sesame meal, giant kelp, cassava, and sorghum containing high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids. No differences were observed in initial BW, final BW, BW gain, HCW, LM area, 12th rib fat depth, calculated YG, or liver abscess %. Dry matter intake linearly increased as Green Grass inclusion increased in the diet. Steers fed Green Grass had lower G:F than control cattle, and steers fed 30% Green Grass had a …

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A Mouse Model Displays Host And Bacterial Strain Differences In Aerococcus Urinae Urinary Tract Infection, Nicole M. Gilbert, Brian Choi, Jingjie Du, Christina Collins, Amanda L. Lewis, Catherine Putonti, Alan J. Wolfe Aug 2021

A Mouse Model Displays Host And Bacterial Strain Differences In Aerococcus Urinae Urinary Tract Infection, Nicole M. Gilbert, Brian Choi, Jingjie Du, Christina Collins, Amanda L. Lewis, Catherine Putonti, Alan J. Wolfe

Biology: Faculty Publications and Other Works

In recent years, the clinical significance of Aerococcus urinae has been increasingly recognized. A. urinae has been implicated in cases of urinary tract infection (UTI; acute cystitis and pyelonephritis) in both male and female patients, ranging from children to older adults. Aerococcus urinae can also be invasive, causing urosepsis, endocarditis, and musculoskeletal infections. Mechanisms of pathogenesis in A. urinae infections are poorly understood, largely due to the lack of an animal model system. In response to this gap, we developed a model of A. urinae urinary tract infection in mice. We compared A. urinae UTI in female C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 …

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Acrolein-Induced Epigenetic Modification Of Dna Methylation In Rat Kidney Disease Tissue, Uchechi Grace Nwaiwu Aug 2021

Acrolein-Induced Epigenetic Modification Of Dna Methylation In Rat Kidney Disease Tissue, Uchechi Grace Nwaiwu

Dissertations (2016-Present)

Acrolein, an alpha-beta unsaturated aldehyde, and a very reactive and toxic compound is released into the environment from different sources. As a pervasive environmental pollutant, acrolein poses a serious environmental health threat acknowledged by investigators, health, and environmental government agencies. Acrolein is released into the environment through the burning of organic compounds. The main sources of acrolein pertinent to human health and toxicity include cooked foods, combustion of fossil fuels, cigarette smoke, overheating of frying oil, endogenously produced via lipid peroxidation, metabolism of polyamine, and anticancer drug cyclophosphamide. Exposure of humans to acrolein is mainly through inhalation of contaminated air, …

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Green Criminology And Environmental Justice: An Exploratory Analysis Of Oil Spills In North America., Edidiong Mendie Aug 2021

Green Criminology And Environmental Justice: An Exploratory Analysis Of Oil Spills In North America., Edidiong Mendie

Dissertations (2016-Present)

The underlying principle of green criminology is understanding environmental harms from a criminological lens, a variation from mainstream criminology's focus on street crimes. Environmental harms and contamination, such as oil spills, remain a growing concern for nations especially disadvantaged communities (low-income and communities of color). This dissertation analyzed the environmental pollution of 3 oil spills in North America to ascertain their impact on disadvantaged communities. This was achieved through secondary research inquiry using a case study analysis. This dissertation also highlighted the impact of forensic science and environmental forensics in oil spill cases. Using an independent sample t-test, this dissertation …

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An Analysis Of Public Boys’ High School Location Using Gis: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Case Study, Tharaa Gazzaz Aug 2021

An Analysis Of Public Boys’ High School Location Using Gis: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Case Study, Tharaa Gazzaz

Dissertations (2016-Present)

The research study area is the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Jeddah high schools are separated by gender due to cultural background. In 2018, a research was conducted related to public girls’ high schools (Belarem et al., 2018) and the research neglected boys’ public high schools which is considered a gap in the study. In addition, the emphasis of this research is on the male population because it is more than the female population in the city which will require more schools for boys in the future. Moreover, and from an urban planner point of view, public schools are part …

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Microbial Assessment Of Water Samples In Houston, Texas, Hanan Hasan Ali Aug 2021

Microbial Assessment Of Water Samples In Houston, Texas, Hanan Hasan Ali

Dissertations (2016-Present)

Houston watersheds and air ecosystems are susceptible to microbial contamination and chemical contaminations from bordering industrial facilities. We sought to evaluate bacterial loads in various Houston bayous, and settled indoor household dust, and isolate pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria for characterization. Isolates included Klebsiella aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The specific objectives of the study are (1) Determine bacterial loads and Pb toxicant levels in Houston area watersheds and indoor dust samples; (2) Identify down selected bacterial isolates from environmental samples using ribotyping 16S ribosome RNA and BIOLOG MicroStation identification; (3) Compare environmentally and reference Klebsiella spp. for growth rate, kinetic activity, biofilm …

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Characterization Of Indoor Dust-Derived Trace Elements And Organic Contaminants Impact On Human Lung Cells, Ayat Muneam Ali Aug 2021

Characterization Of Indoor Dust-Derived Trace Elements And Organic Contaminants Impact On Human Lung Cells, Ayat Muneam Ali

Dissertations (2016-Present)

These days, people spend most of their time indoors. Therefore, indoor dust can be one of the main pathways of exposure to toxic contaminants. Indoor dust is a complex mixture of particles with organic and inorganic pollutants, such as heavy metals, smoke residues, flame retardants, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and plasticizers. Depending on the size and the composition, indoor dust has been associated with different toxicological effects because of its ability to modify several biological activities, activate different cellular pathways, and induce DNA adducts. These alterations can lead to respiratory diseases like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung fibrosis and …

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Bacteria Assessment Of Soil Samples In Houston Watersheilds; Impact Of Heavy Metal, And Stress Responses In An Eukaryotic Co-Culture System., Folasade Adedoyin Aug 2021

Bacteria Assessment Of Soil Samples In Houston Watersheilds; Impact Of Heavy Metal, And Stress Responses In An Eukaryotic Co-Culture System., Folasade Adedoyin

Dissertations (2016-Present)

Houston has a complex watershed in which bayous intersect one another making the city prone to flooding, as evidenced by the 2017 Hurricane Harvey flood. We sought to evaluate bacterial population dynamics in Houston watershed soils pre- and post-Hurricane Harvey; additionally, we evaluated population dynamics in neighboring, downstream bayous ~ 1 year later in the summer and winter of 2018. This study quantified bacterial loads for pre-Hurricane Harvey (June 2017) and post-hurricane Harvey (November 2017) soil samples, as well as competitive samples from one year later [summer (June 2018) and winter (November) 2018]. Unexpectedly, bayous closer to Houston’s densely populated …

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Metasynthesis Of Research In Mathematics Education: Foci And Theoretical-Methodological Foundations, Saddo Ag Almouloud Aug 2021

Metasynthesis Of Research In Mathematics Education: Foci And Theoretical-Methodological Foundations, Saddo Ag Almouloud

The Mathematics Enthusiast

In this article, I carry out a qualitative metasynthesis of six doctoral theses that were directed by me, identifying the theoretical and methodological frameworks that support these researches, and how the articulations were made between different theories chosen. I also revisit the results achieved by the studies to highlight their relevance to the Mathematics Education area. This study, although not exhaustive, provides a vision of possible dialogs of Mathematics Education (or education) theories related to teaching and learning of mathematics and the Didactics of Mathematics. The diversity of theories and the specificities of each of them confirm the idea that …

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Rotten With Prediction, Serena Raquel Hicks Aug 2021

Rotten With Prediction, Serena Raquel Hicks

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

This project focuses on the relationship between religion and technology as it is portrayed in Science Fiction (SF). This thesis explores the SF genre rhetorically by examining the 2002 movie Minority Report (MR), which signaled the importance of surveillance and the need to predict future crimes following 9/11. The events of 9/11 played a significant role in post 9/11 SF films, which reflect and critique our communal and cultural values. 9/11 created a new relationship between the U.S justice system, predictive technologies (PTs), and data gathering. Through the Bush Doctrine of “preemptive action,” the U.S government attempted to use Dataism, …

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Rsif Uganda Country Report 2021, Regional Scholarship And Innovation Fund (Rsif) Aug 2021

Rsif Uganda Country Report 2021, Regional Scholarship And Innovation Fund (Rsif)

Rsif Country Progress Reports

Uganda’s collaboration with RSIF: Uganda has been officially invited to join PASET, the African government-led initiative to accelerate the building of skills in applied sciences, engineering and technology from upper secondary/technical/vocational training to higher education, scientific research and innovation. The potential of Uganda’s innovative expansion due to investment in RSIF is multiplied when leveraged by the funds through matching support from various donors, including the Government of Korea, international partner institutions and others. By contributing to RSIF, Uganda will benefit from joint resource mobilization with other countries and capacity building for PhDs and research and innovation far into the future. …

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Euadb: A Resource For Covid-19 Test Development And Comparison, Alyssa Woronik, Henry W. Shaffer, Karin Kiontke, Jon M. Laurent, Ronald Zambrano, Mariah Daley, Jef D. Boeke, David H. Fitch Aug 2021

Euadb: A Resource For Covid-19 Test Development And Comparison, Alyssa Woronik, Henry W. Shaffer, Karin Kiontke, Jon M. Laurent, Ronald Zambrano, Mariah Daley, Jef D. Boeke, David H. Fitch

Biology Faculty Publications

Due to the sheer number of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) cases there is a need for increased world-wide SARS-CoV-2 testing capability that is both efficient and effective. Having open and easy access to detailed information about these tests, their sensitivity, the types of samples they use, etc. would be highly useful to ensure their reproducibility, to help clients compare and decide which tests would be best suited for their applications, and to avoid costs of reinventing similar or identical tests. Additionally, this resource would provide a means of comparing the many innovative diagnostic tools that are currently being developed in …

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Investigating Visuo-Haptic Interaction Fidelity And Display Metaphors On Near-Field Fine Motor Selection And Manipulation Tasks In Virtual Reality, David Brickler Aug 2021

Investigating Visuo-Haptic Interaction Fidelity And Display Metaphors On Near-Field Fine Motor Selection And Manipulation Tasks In Virtual Reality, David Brickler

All Dissertations

Precision tasks are a very important part of virtual reality (VR). There are a wide variety of scenarios in virtual environments that employ these kinds of tasks, such as industrial machinery, electrical engineering, and robotic surgery. These precision tasks are much more effective when the apparatus is situated in a near-field space (at a range of about arm’s reach), so in order to optimize the experience in these tasks, it is important to maximize the realism of sensory fidelity. To this end, increasing sensory fidelity by adding cues such as haptic feedback and depth perception are key to regulating the …

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0878: The Herald-Dispatch Archives, Marshall University Special Collections Aug 2021

0878: The Herald-Dispatch Archives, Marshall University Special Collections

Guides to Manuscript Collections

The collection consists of 4 “groupings” of materials that were donated by the Huntington Herald Dispatch when it moved from former offices in Huntington to its newer one in 2021. These groupings include the Herald Dispatch Subject Files, the Name Files, the Photograph Index Files, and the Office Materials (materials boxed up from individual offices in the Herald Dispatch). The first grouping of Subject Files came to the archive in 23 cabinets with 4 drawers each and contains approximately 16,000 folders of subject headings spanning the 1950s to the 2000s. The second grouping of Name Files is in 7 large …

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Development Of 3d-Bioprinted Scaffolds For Oral Probiotic Application., Jhanvi Patel Aug 2021

Development Of 3d-Bioprinted Scaffolds For Oral Probiotic Application., Jhanvi Patel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis adheres to and invades gingival epithelial cells, resulting in decreased cell viability. Previous studies have indicated that probiotics are effective against dental pathogens; however, few approaches provide sustained-delivery of active agents in the oral cavity. Hypothesis: Probiotics will limit P. gingivalis effects on Telomerase Immortalized Gingival Keratinocyte (TIGK) cells and 3D-printed scaffolds will prolong probiotic release. Methods: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Bifidobacterium bifidum were assessed with adhesion and antibiotic protection assays to limit P. gingivalis effects on TIGKs. Scaffolds were printed with a select probiotic and evaluated for release kinetics. Results: Free L.a., …

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Biometric Features Modeling To Measure Students Engagement., Islam Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Mahmoud Alkabbany Aug 2021

Biometric Features Modeling To Measure Students Engagement., Islam Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Mahmoud Alkabbany

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The ability to measure students’ engagement in an educational setting may improve student retention and academic success, revealing which students are disinterested, or which segments of a lesson are causing difficulties. This ability will facilitate timely intervention in both the learning and the teaching process in a variety of classroom settings. In this dissertation, an automatic students engagement measure is proposed through investigating three main engagement components of the engagement: the behavioural engagement, the emotional engagement and the cognitive engagement. The main goal of the proposed technology is to provide the instructors with a tool that could help them estimating …

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Cosine-Based Explainable Matrix Factorization For Collaborative Filtering Recommendation., Pegah Sagheb Haghighi Aug 2021

Cosine-Based Explainable Matrix Factorization For Collaborative Filtering Recommendation., Pegah Sagheb Haghighi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Recent years saw an explosive growth in the amount of digital information and the number of users who interact with this information through various platforms, ranging from web services to mobile applications and smart devices. This increase in information and users has naturally led to information overload which inherently limits the capacity of users to discover and find their needs among the staggering array of options available at any given time, the majority of which they may never become aware of. Online services have handled this information overload by using algorithmic filtering tools that can suggest relevant and personalized information …

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Flight Trajectory Prediction For Aeronautical Communications., Nathan T Schimpf Aug 2021

Flight Trajectory Prediction For Aeronautical Communications., Nathan T Schimpf

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The development of future technologies for the National Airspace System (NAS) will be reliant on a new communications infrastructure capable of managing a limited spectrum among aircraft and ground systems. Emerging approaches to this spectrum allocation task mostly consider machine learning techniques reliant on aircraft and Air Traffic Control (ATC) sector data. Much of this data, however, is not directly available. This thesis considers the development of two such data products: the 4D trajectory (latitude, longitude, altitude, and time) of aircraft, and the anticipated airspace utilization and communication demand within an ATC sector. Data predictions are treated as a time …

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Development And Evaluation Of A Body Weight Support Treadmill For Use With Locomotor Training On Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury Patients., Winston T Rauch Aug 2021

Development And Evaluation Of A Body Weight Support Treadmill For Use With Locomotor Training On Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury Patients., Winston T Rauch

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI) are devastating regardless of the age of a patient. When the injury occurs in children five years old or younger, however, the impact is magnified due to the inevitable development of scoliosis (96%) and hip dysplasia (57%) (Schottler et al., 2012). To reduce occurrence of these complications and improve the quality of life for these patients, specialized activity-based therapies such as locomotor training (LT) are being increasingly used to improve overall trunk control and muscle activity in the lower extremities (Harkema et al., 2012; Howland et al., 2014). The aim of this therapy …

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Standardizing New Diagnostic Tests To Facilitate Rapid Responses To The Covid-19 Pandemic, Xiao Dong Aug 2021

Standardizing New Diagnostic Tests To Facilitate Rapid Responses To The Covid-19 Pandemic, Xiao Dong

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

In order to enhance the data interoperability, an expeditious and accurate standardization solution is highly desirable for naming rapidly emerging novel lab tests, and thus diminishes confusion in early responses to pandemic outbreaks. This is a preliminary study to explore the roles and implementation of medical informatics technology, especially natural language processing and ontology methods, in standardizing information about emerging lab tests during a pandemic, thereby facilitating rapid responses to the pandemic. The ultimate goal of this study is to develop an informatics framework for rapid standardization of lab testing names during a pandemic to better prepare for future public …

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Methane Emission Treatment And Potential Upcycling Using Methylomicrobium Alcaliphilum, Jace Parkinson Aug 2021

Methane Emission Treatment And Potential Upcycling Using Methylomicrobium Alcaliphilum, Jace Parkinson

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

Anthropogenic methane emissions are harmful to the environment and can be difficult to treat. Use of M. alcaliphilum for bioremediation of methane looks to be one of the most promising methods of reducing the negative environmental impacts of methane emissions while simultaneously providing an economic incentive. Successful bioreactor design for M. alcaliphilum based methane treatment requires biokinetic constants and microbial growth information. Methods were established for determining biokinetic constants, including growth rate, biomass yield, specific methane consumption rate, and a correlation between methane oxidation and carbon dioxide production for M. alcaliphilum. Values determined for these constants were used to …

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Cmce 2351 Fluid Mechanics Lab, Course Outline, Rosemary Brybag Aug 2021

Cmce 2351 Fluid Mechanics Lab, Course Outline, Rosemary Brybag

Open Educational Resources

This course studies the fundamentals of fluid mechanics including: properties of fluids, fluid statics, manometers, center of pressure, buoyancy, stability, principles of fluid flow, flow measurements, frictional head losses, conservation of momentum and energy, pump power and efficient, and open channel flow.

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