Digital Commons Network^™

Engineering Challenges Of A Cubesat Mission Around The Moon: First Steps On The Path To Selenita, Tiago Matos, Luís Loures, Lidia Sato, Victoria Rodrigues, Thadeu Carvalho, Renan Menezes, Bruno Schuster, Denis Vieira, Paull Acosta, Douglas Arena, Ana Carolina Jeronymo, Heidi Haviland, Linda Krause

Small Satellite Conference

Flying beyond Earth's sphere of influence has been part of the main goals in space exploration. Efforts of the Artemis program now encompass different classes of missions, including CubeSats. With the challenges of deep space as mission drivers, planning, designing, launching, and operating a CubeSat for a Moon mission is proving to be a step up in difficulty. In this context, SelenITA Mission is conceived as a science mission supporting the Artemis efforts, planned to operate at Low-Lunar Orbit (LLO), flying below 200 km gathering space weather and geophysics observations, marking the first Brazilian mission to the Moon. This paper …

The Nasa Cygnss Smallsat Constellation, Christopher Ruf, Darren Mckague, Clara Chew, April Warnock, William Wells

Small Satellite Conference

The NASA Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) is a constellation of eight microsatellites in low earth orbit at ~525 km altitude and 35 deg inclination. CYGNSS was launched in December 2016 for a planned 2 year mission and 7 of the 8 spacecraft continue to operatue nominally as of May 2023. Each microsatellites carries a bistatic radar receiver to measure reflected GPS signals from the Earth surface. The measurements can be converted to surface wind speed and latent and sensible heat flux over the ocean, and to surface soil moisture and wetland extent over land. Measurements penetrate through all …

New Statistical Methodology For Capacitor Data Analysis Via Lcr Meter, Usama Afzal, Muhammad Aslam

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

This research work introduces a novel methodology to establish the relationship between capacitance and resistance when dealing with imprecise data obtained from LCR meters. The proposed relationship is based on the principles of neutrosophic statistics, enabling the utilization of interval data of resistance or capacitance without losing the indeterminacy of the intervals. By employing this relationship, we can accurately determine capacitance values from interval data of resistance, thereby generating more flexible and informative graphs. Additionally, we have applied the neutrosophic analysis method to the interval data of resistance to further enhance our findings. The comparative analysis demonstrates the superiority of …

New Types Of Soft Sets” Hypersoft Set, Indetermsoft Set, Indetermhypersoft Set, And Treesoft Set”: An Improved Version, Florentin Smarandache

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

This is an improved paper of [10], where we recall the definitions together with practical applications of the Soft Set and its extensions to HyperSoft Set, IndetermSoft Set, IndetermHyperSoft Set, and TreeSoft Set.

Early Mobilization For Adult Mechanically Ventilated Patients, Stephanie Miller

MSN Capstone Projects

Approximately 13 million people worldwide receive treatment in intensive care units (ICUs) annually. Many patients admitted to the intensive care unit require mechanical ventilation for their survival and attempts to mobilize these critically ill patients is frequently restricted for their own safety. It has been suggested that this lack of mobility may have a significant negative impact on the recovery process and lengthen the time of the patient’s overall hospital stay and recovery. Additionally, survivors report significant physical impairments and deconditioning that present obstacles towards their recovery and well-being after prolonged ventilation.

New Statistical Methodology For Capacitor Data Analysis Via Lcr Meter, Usama Afzal, Muhammad Aslam

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

This research work introduces a novel methodology to establish the relationship between capacitance and resistance when dealing with imprecise data obtained from LCR meters. The proposed relationship is based on the principles of neutrosophic statistics, enabling the utilization of interval data of resistance or capacitance without losing the indeterminacy of the intervals. By employing this relationship, we can accurately determine capacitance values from interval data of resistance, thereby generating more flexible and informative graphs. Additionally, we have applied the neutrosophic analysis method to the interval data of resistance to further enhance our findings. The comparative analysis demonstrates the superiority of …

New Types Of Soft Sets” Hypersoft Set, Indetermsoft Set, Indetermhypersoft Set, And Treesoft Set”: An Improved Version, Florentin Smarandache

Neutrosophic Systems with Applications

This is an improved paper of [10], where we recall the definitions together with practical applications of the Soft Set and its extensions to HyperSoft Set, IndetermSoft Set, IndetermHyperSoft Set, and TreeSoft Set.

Stem Implementation Issues In Indonesia: Identifying The Problems Source And Its Implications, Janu Arlinwibowo Dr., Heri Retnawati Prof. Dr, Rian Galih Pradani, Gupita Nadindra Fatima

The Qualitative Report

The last few years, STEM education received more attention in the world, including Indonesia. There are many teachers who have participated in socialization and applied STEM in their schools. Therefore, this study aims to describe the various obstacles faced by teachers implementing STEM learning. This qualitative study uses a phenomenological methodology. Data is collected from in-depth interviews with nine teachers who have information and knowledge related to STEM as an integrative learning framework and have participated in socialization, workshops, or seminars. The stages of data analysis are doing data reduction, determining themes, making links between themes, and concluding findings. The …

The Investor – State Contract Making Case For Renegotiation Of The Original Contract, Animesh Anand Bordoloi

Indonesian Journal of International Law

Most Investor-State projects involve significant capital investment, while recognizing the existence of acute risk factors. After making such investments, investors expect fiscal, regulatory, and political conditions to remain stable or favorable throughout the project's duration. However, due to the long-term nature of agreements, there have historically been significant disputes over differences in expectations versus reality. States may rapidly evolve their economies and interests, sometimes pushing for new deals seen as fairer to investors with changing circumstances. Stabilization clauses have traditionally been used by investors to protect their interests, but over time, such measures have weakened as they are perceived as …

A Nostalgic Understanding Of Bureaucracy As Hell, Mayank Kejriwal

Online Midwinter Seminar (OMS)

There is a wide body of visual and literary cultural media on interpreting the over-bureaucratization in modern society as modern hell. I argue that more recent post-modern depictions of bureaucracy, especially in visual media, have been less disquieting. Apple’s Severance tapped into deep uncertainties that modern workers face on issues like work-life balance and self-actualization, but if bureaucracy is present, it is well concealed under the gloss and efficiency of modern office buildings and technology. Hell is not the first word that comes to mind even when faced with such disquiet. Gone is the visceral fear associated with hell, or …

The Esa Φsat-2 Mission: An A.I Enhanced Multispectral Cubesat For Earth Observation, Nicola Melega, Valentina Marchese, Agnė Paškevičiūtė-Kidron, Bernardo Carnicero Dominguez, Nicolas Longepe, Oriol Aragon Casaled, Irina Babkina, Alessandro Marin, Hano Steyn, Léonie Buckley, Jakub Nalepa, Sofia Oliveira, Giorgia Guerrisi

Small Satellite Conference

As part of an initiative to promote the development and implementation of innovative technologies on-board Earth Observation (EO) missions, the European Space Agency (ESA) kicked off the first Φsat related activities in 2018 with the aim of enhancing the already ongoing FSSCAT project with Artificial Intelligence (AI).

The selected Φsat-2 concept will provide a combination of on-board processing capabilities (including AI) and a medium to high resolution multispectral instrument from Visible to Near Infra-Red (VIS/NIR) able to acquire 8 bands (7 + Panchromatic) provided by SIMERA SENSE Europe (BE). These resources will be made available to a series of dedicated …

The Orbital Calibration 2 (Orca2) Cubesat Mission, Brian C. Gunter, Alaric Gregoire, Greg Badura, Christopher Valenta

Small Satellite Conference

The Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech), in collaboration with the Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI), has developed the Orbital Calibration 2 (OrCa2) mission in an effort to improve space domain awareness. OrCa2’s external panels have precise and well-characterized reflective properties that will permit various calibration activities from ground-based optical sensors, with the goal of improving the tracking and detection of resident space objects (RSOs). OrCa2 is a 12U CubeSat designed, fabricated, assembled, and tested almost entirely in-house using GT/GTRI facilities. It will be regularly observed using Georgia Tech’s Space Object Research Telescope (GT-SORT). A number of experiments can be …

Petrel For Astrophysics And Carbon Business, Hiroyuki Kobayashi, Kei Watanabe, Toshiki Ozawa, Kiyona Miyamoto, Yuki Amaki, Moe Yasuda, Keito Otsubo, Haruta Miki, Akihiro Tokuyasu, Daiki Kobayashi, Riku Nishio, Yusaku Ozeki, Katsuki Tashiro, Yusuke Arai, Ryo Saito, Asuka Ohira, Ryotaro Noto, Minori Fukuda, Yoichi Yatsu, Saburo Matunaga, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Toru Nakano, Masashi Uo, Takashi Yoshikawa, Eriko Kusunoki, Yu Murata, Norihide Takeyama, Akito Enokuchi

Small Satellite Conference

A multi-purpose 50kg class microsatellite hosting astrophysical mission and earth remote sensing, "PETREL", will be launched in 2023. In the night side, PETREL observe the ultra-violet sky with a wide-field telescope covering 50 deg^2 for surveying transient objects related to supernovae, tidal disruption events, and gravitational wave events. Our UV telescope can detect the early phase UV emission from a neutron star merger occurred within 150 Mpc. In addition to the satellite observation, PETREL sends a detection alert including the coordinate and brightness of the UV transient to the ground via the real time communication network within several minutes after …

Ninjasat: 6u Cubesat Observatory For Bright X-Ray Sources, Toru Tamagawa, Takao Kitaguchi, Yo Kato, Tatehiro Mihara, Kentaro Taniguchi, Teruaki Enoto, Tomoshi Takeda, Yuto Yoshida, Naoyuki Ota, Syoki Hayashi, Sota Watanabe, Arata Jujo, Amira Aoyama, Yuanhui Zhou, Keisuke Uchiyama, Wataru Iwakiri, Masaki Numazawa, Hiroki Sato, Chin-Ping Hu, Hiromitsu Takahashi, Hirokazu Odaka, Tsubasa Tamba

Small Satellite Conference

NinjaSat is a 6U CubeSat observatory designed for long-term monitoring of bright X-ray sources, such as binary systems between normal stars and black holes or neutron stars. NinjaSat is the first Japanese CubeSat dedicated to astronomical observation, and it is also a mission to demonstrate that even a small satellite, which can be developed quickly and inexpensively, unlike large satellites, can perform excellent scientific observations. NinjaSat realizes the world’s highest X-ray sensitivity in CubeSat missions by using gas X-ray detectors filling the entire space allocated for science payloads. The fabrication of the flight model payloads began in 2021, and testing …

The Cuava-2 Cubesat: A Second Attempt To Fly The Remote Sensing, Space Weather Study And Earth Observation Instruments, Xueliang Bai, Patrick Oppel, Iver H. Cairns, Youngho Eun, Anthony Monger, Christopher Betters, Quinn Musulin, Richard Bowden-Reid, Anita Ho-Baillie, Tiaan Stals, Xiaofeng Wu, Yijun Huang, Joshua Critchley Marrows, Julian Guinane, Zihao Wang, Anne Bettens, Andrew G. Dempster, Ignatius Bramananditya Rivaldi, Brett Carter, Jason Held, Andreas Antoniades

Small Satellite Conference

This paper presents the 6U CubeSat mission conducted by the ARC Training Centre for CubeSats, UAVs, and their Applications (CUAVA) at the University of Sydney. CUAVA-2, the second CubeSat project following the CUAVA-1 mission, builds upon lessons learned from its predecessor. CUAVA-1, the first satellite launched by CUAVA, carried first-generation payloads for earth observation goals and technology demonstrations but experienced communication difficulties. A fault root analysis was performed on CUAVA-1 to inform the design of CUAVA-2. The CUAVA-2 satellite incorporates a hyperspectral imager for applications in agriculture, forestry, coastal and marine environments, urban areas, water hazard assessment, and mineral exploration. …

On-Orbit Results From The Nasa Time-Resolved Observations Of Precipitation Structure And Storm Intensity With A Constellation Of Smallsats (Tropics) Mission, William J. Blackwell, David Crompton, Andrew Cunningham, Shawn Donnelly, James Eshbaugh, Vincent Leslie, Brian Powers, Joelle Prince, Nicholas Zorn, Kerri Cahoy, Julian Chew, Amelia Gagnon, Samantha Hasler, Daniel Adams, Benjamin Kim, William Mccarty, Genevieve Taylor, Stuart Cooke, Michael Grant, Scott Braun

Small Satellite Conference

The NASA TROPICS Earth Venture (EVI-3) CubeSat constellation mission will provide nearly all-weather observations of 3-D temperature and humidity, as well as cloud ice and precipitation horizontal structure, at high temporal resolution to conduct high-value science investigations of tropical cyclones. TROPICS will provide rapid-refresh microwave measurements (median refresh rate better than 60 minutes for the baseline mission) over the tropics that can be used to observe the thermodynamics of the troposphere and precipitation structure for storm systems at the mesoscale and synoptic scale over the entire storm lifecycle. The TROPICS constellation mission comprises four 3UCubeSats (5.4 kg each) in two …

Innocube - Preparing The Fully Wireless Satellite Data Bus For Launch, Tom Baumann, Erik Dilger, Sergio Montenegro, Felix Sittner, Michael Strohmeier, Thomas Walter

Small Satellite Conference

The Innovative CubeSat for Education (InnoCube) mission is a technology demonstrator cubesat mission relying on a fully wireless data-bus, set to launch in November 2024. This paper will discuss the mission objectives, design and implementation of the InnoCube mission with an emphasis on the wireless data bus. The mission is a collaborative project between the University of Wuerzburg and the Technische Universität Berlin in Germany. The mission objectives are to showcase the viability of a fully wireless data-bus for intra-satellite communication onboard cubesats and satellites in general, to provide a platform for testing and validating these new technologies, and to …

Arksat. The First Operational Demonstrator Of Novel Ground Tracking And Deorbiting Technology Towards Active Spectroscopic For Small Satellite System, Samuel Ramon Cano, Cassandra Sands, Charles Smith, Adam Huang

Small Satellite Conference

The ARKSAT Cube-Satellite Missions will be the first student-led satellites in the State of Arkansas and have been developed primarily at the University of Arkansas (UA)-Fayetteville. The primary goal is the technology development and flight demonstration in pursuit of the Active SpecTROmeter for Small Satellites System (ASTROSS), utilizing formation flights of cooperating light emitters (ARKSAT-3E) and receivers/spectrometers. ARKSAT-1, to be presented at this meeting, is a 1U CubeSat that aims to test critical UA-developed subsystems, including a high-power LED (∼ 12,000 lumens) and novel deorbiting balloon. The follow-on ARKSAT-2, to be launched in 2024, will test flight control subsystems intended …

The Aepex Mission: Imaging Energetic Particle Precipitation Into Earth’S Upper Atmosphere, Robert A. Marshall, Grant D. Berland, Joseph Buescher, Siwani Regmi, Richard A. Kohnert, Amal Chandran, Spencer Boyajian, Tom Woods, Harlan E. Spence, Sonya Smith, Michael P. Mccarthy, Christopher M. Cully

Small Satellite Conference

Radiation belt electron fluxes can be enhanced during geomagnetic storms by two orders of magnitude; subsequently, these fluxes decay back to nominal levels in a few days. Precipitation into the upper atmosphere is a primary loss mechanism for these electrons, particularly during the decay phase. Upon impacting the upper atmosphere, these electrons create new ionization, leading to a chemical response that increases NOx and HOx and destroys ozone. Quantifying both radiation belt loss and the impact on the atmosphere requires an accurate estimate of the flux, energy spectrum, and spatial and temporal scales of precipitation.

The NASA-funded Atmospheric Effects of …

Thinking Makes It So? Hell As A (Fixable) State Of Mind In The Good Place And Lucifer, Erin Giannini

Online Midwinter Seminar (OMS)

While different in genre, sitcom The Good Place and drama Lucifer share a certain irreverent tone and a somewhat unique approach to the afterlife. In The Good Place, there is no mention of gods or devils, only demons, a Good Place committee, and a judge. Lucifer, loosely based on Neil Gaiman’s graphic novels, however, features angels, demons, God, and the Devil, providing its own spin on established cosmology with embodied versions of prominent figures such as the archangel Michael and biblical brothers Cain and Abel. Yet what ties The Good Place and Lucifer together is a focus on …

Overview And Status Of Agu Remote Innovative Cubesat Alert System-2 On 2023, Takanori Sakamoto, Motoko Serino, Azumi Izawa, Kazuma Kamoshida, Yuki Tsuji, Tomoya Ushimaru, Nao Urakabe, Hiroki Kato, Keiju Asano, Chisaki Iwanaga, Marika Kobori, Yoshihiro Takagi, Kazumasa Hiroshi, Teruaki Enoto

Small Satellite Conference

We present the overview of the 2U CubeSat, AGU Remote Innovative Cubesat Alert system - 2 (ARICA-2). ARICA-2 was selected as a feasibility study phase of the JAXA-Small Satellite Rush Program (JAXA-SMASH) and the JAXA Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration-4 project in 2022. The main goal of ARICA-2 is to demonstrate the real-time alert system of transient astronomical sources, such as gamma-ray bursts, using commercial satellite network services. The first 1U CubeSat ARICA, which had the same mission goal as ARICA-2, was successfully launched in 2021 by the JAXA’s Epsilon rocket No.5. However, communication with ARICA has yet to be established …

“Hell Is Only A Word. The Reality Is Much, Much Worse”: Black Holes As Fantasy Gateways To Hell, Kristine Larsen

Online Midwinter Seminar (OMS)

Black holes are frequently described as the scariest objects in the universe, even by the normally staid scientists who study them. Like the warning on the gate of Hell in Dante’s Inferno, any (hu)man or matter that dares to cross the event horizon abandons all hope before literally being ripped to shreds by the object’s extreme tidal forces. As the heart of the beast is approached, the laws of physics break down, time loses its simple everyday meaning, and mathematical madness reigns supreme. It is no wonder that Hollywood has repeatedly adopted the black hole as more than merely …

Performance Analysis And Electromagnetic Compatibility Of A Novel Wideband Radio Frequency Remote Sensing Payload, Jacob Von Chorus, Erica Peterson, Nicolaas Handojo, Nathan Cole, Robert E. Zee

Small Satellite Conference

The increase in scale, complexity, and sensitivity of small satellite radio frequency payloads presents challenges in spacecraft level environmental performance testing. The Space Flight Laboratory is developing a novel wideband radio frequency payload for use on multiple satellites as part of a distributed remote sensing system. Qualification of this payload at the spacecraft level is complicated by the range of frequencies requiring analysis, the variety of received signal types, and having to qualify the payload on multiple satellites with differing configurations. This paper presents the system level radio frequency performance testing framework developed to efficiently qualify this new payload consistently …

Design Of A Scientific-Grade Multispectral Imager For Nanosatellites, Joosep Kivastik, Silvar Muru, Meelis Pihlap, Hans Hubert Sams, Madis Kaspar Nigol, Hendrik Ehrpais, Mihkel Pajusalu

Small Satellite Conference

Applications in agriculture, land-cover change, and vegetation phenology, to name a few, would benefit from more frequent high-quality remote sensing data. However, ”Landsat-class” satellites are too expensive for such applications. Therefore, there is a need to augment larger Earth observation satellites with nanosatellites that use scientific-grade imaging instruments. This paper presents the design for the scientific-grade multispectral imager Theia. It is designed for a 5% radiometric accuracy at a ground sampling distance of 33 m at a 650 km orbit while keeping the modulation transfer function above 0.13 at the Nyquist frequency. The camera has reflective optics with an aluminium …

Preliminary Design Of The Darkness Observatory For Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Christopher Young, Phoenix Alpine, Michael Lembeck, Juan Estrada

Small Satellite Conference

The "Dark matter as a sterile NEutrino Search Satellite" (DarkNESS) is a collaboration between Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), University of Illinois Department of Aerospace Engineering's Laboratory for Advanced Space Systems at Illinois (LASSI), and CU Aerospace. Fermilab's project seeks to clarify the X-ray emission spotted by the European Space Agency in galaxy clusters, hypothesized to result from the decay of sterile neutrinos that may be associated with dark matter. Limited by atmospheric interference, ground telescopes cannot discern the weak X-ray signal. A small satellite deployed in low Earth orbit (LEO) outfitted with an advanced Skipper X-ray detector has been …

The Green Future And The Golden Past: Issues And Approaches Regarding The Sustainability Of Historical Structures And Sites, Steven Moctezuma

Pace Environmental Law Review

This Article illustrates the harmonies and conflict between historic preservation and environmental law in the context of urgently meeting climate change challenges. The Article presents an overarching analysis of the relationship between historic preservation and environmentalism, discerning unifying aspects and modern conflicts through statutory laws and case studies. It begins with detailing the parallel goals between the two causes, drawing on key similarities between the National Historic Preservation Act and the National Environmental Policy Act, the main tools for ensuring federal review for each field, and highlighting sustainable refurbishment as a prime example on achieving both ends with the same …

The Need To Reconceptualize Wild Animals Post-Covid 19: Miscoordination Of Wildlife Regulations In China’S Food Legal Order, Yi Seul Kim

Pace Environmental Law Review

Today, China is one of the largest markets for wild animal trading. Yet, wild animals are in a regulatory grey area. There is an increasing need to revisit how wild animals are simultaneously but differently regulated in the food and wildlife protection regimes. Rarely do attempts to understand these two regimes occur, making this article's analysis of miscoordination in these bodies of law crucial in addressing the hindrance of nationwide food safety improvement efforts.

Development Of Gas Multiplier Counters (Gmcs) Onboard The 6u Cubesat X-Ray Observatory Ninjasat, Tomoshi Takeda, Naoyuki Ota, Syoki Hayashi, Sota Watanabe, Arata Jujo, Amira Aoyama, Yuanhui Zhou, Keisuke Uchiyama, Yuto Yoshida, Toru Tamagawa, Takao Kitaguchi, Yo Kato, Tatehiro Mihara, Kentaro Taniguchi, Teruaki Enoto, Wataru Iwakiri, Masaki Numazawa, Hiroki Sato, Chin-Ping Hu, Hiromitsu Takahashi, Hirokazu Odaka, Tsubasa Tamba

Small Satellite Conference

We report the development of Gas Multiplier Counters (GMCs) onboard the 6U CubeSat X-ray observatory NinjaSat, scheduled to be launched in October 2023. GMC is a 1U-size non-imaging gas X-ray detector sensitive to 2–50 keV X-rays, and two identical GMCs are mounted on NinjaSat. GMC consists of a gas cell filled with a xenon/argon/dimethyl ether (75%/24%/1%) gas mixture with a pressure of 1.2 atm at 0^◦C, a high voltage supply and analog signal processing board, a digital signal processing board, an X-ray collimator of a 2.1◦ field of view, and an iron-55 calibration source. The most significant feature …

Development And Implementation Of Automated Planning In Cubesats, Liam Riley, Vedika Ghildyal, Cameron Bonesteel, Deepak Mishra

Small Satellite Conference

The University of Georgia’s (UGA) Small Satellite Research Laboratory (SSRL) is developing two CubeSat missions, each with ambitious operational goals that require accounting for a large number of variables. Given the inherent difficulty of fulfilling these requirements without complex onboard autonomous decision-making software, an automated ground-based solution is desirable. To meet this demand, SSRL is implementing an operational pipeline to effectively integrate the newly authored Multi-aspect Automated Satellite Scheduler (MASS) into both missions. MASS is administered and tested by SSRL’s Mission Operations and Flight Software teams. MASS implements a complex decisional tree informed by CubeSat operational requirements, and determines operational …

Communication, Localization And Synchronization Of Spacecraft For Swarm Missions, Yoan Grégoire, Hervé Guillon, Clément Dudal, David Valat, Bernard Pontet

Small Satellite Conference

Swarm missions are based on the use of several spacecraft working together to pursue a specific task for a specific mission. To allow these elements to work together, it is necessary for them to be able to communicate with each other and to synchronize themselves within the swarm. Moreover, the mission may likely require knowing the relative or absolute positions of the spacecraft in the swarm.

In order to collect simultaneous measurements allowing computing localization and synchronization in the swarm, a full duplex CDMA communication method is studied by CNES. An Inter Satellite Link (ISL) transmitter prototype is currently under …