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Assessment Of The Desalinationeffect On Shatal-Arab, Mohammed Al-Hashimi, Falah Alnedawy

Engineering and Technology Journal

The resource of the dulcet water decreasing on our plant. Obstacles and problems that face water resources are the pollution and increasing of industrial wastes because of the human activities, lack of water resources in a place is considered dryness on well as unacceptable quality and quantity. The effect of outstretch and tide in estuaries of rivers increase the concentration of the salt in surface water. The city of Basra suffers from the lack of water discharge and high concentration of salt , wastewater, and the salt wedge ascending from downstream of Shat al – Arab river. The water decrease …

Isolation And Identification Of Ureolytic Bacteria Isolated From Livestock Soil To Improve The Strength Of Cement Mortar, Hussein Khadhim, Saad Ammar, Shahlaa Ebrahim

Engineering and Technology Journal

The aim of the present study is to isolate and recognize calciumcarbonate-producing bacteria and to check these bacterial strains for use incement mortar to improve its properties such as strength and water absorption.Bacteria were isolated from livestock soils were examined for urease producingactivity, the possibility to precipitate calcite and its activity to improve thecompressive strength. Based on the results, four isolates were selected andidentified. They were characterized as B. atrophaeus, B. subtilis, B. aryabhattaiand B. amyloliquefaciens. Experimental work was performed to evaluate theeffect of bacterial concentration in term of optical density (OD) on thecompressive strength. Bacterial cement mortar samples revealed …

Application Of Wheat Husk In Color Removal Of Textile Wastewater, Mohamed Mohammed, Anaam Sabri, Eman Taha

Engineering and Technology Journal

Adsorption is the most efficient technique used to remove organic pollutants from wastewater. Dyes represent one of the pollutants that may remove by adsorption. The textile industry used dyes for colorization of fibers and always generates a considerable amount of colored wastewater. In present work, the removal of Malachite green (MG) dye pollutant from synthetic wastewater onto mesoporous Wheat husk (WH) was studied in batch adsorption systems. The characterization for the prepared wheat husk was studied by, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The batch experiments were carried out to measure the removal efficiency of MG as …

Experimental Study Of 2-Amino-5-(4- Nitrophenyl)-1, 3, 4-Thiadiazole For Ms In Hcl Solution, Talib Abed, Khalida Al-Azawi, Shaimaa Jaber, Ahmed Al-Amiery Al-Amiery, Shaimaa Al-Baghdadi

Engineering and Technology Journal

The present work aims to study the inhibition performance of new organic inhibitor namely ANTD “2-amino-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4- thiadiazole” on corrosion of mild steel (MS) in HCl environment at the concentration of 1.0 M through using weight loss techniques. Weight lost measurements demonstrates the presence of a film on MS surface in existence of organic substance. The inhibition performance of ANTD at various concentrations for mild steel increases with increasing concentration and with an increased in the immersion time and decreased with raising temperatures degrees. The optimal inhibition efficiency of (ANTD), 82%, was achieved for mild steel when immersed with the highest …

Treatment Of Crude Oil Spills In Water Resources By Using Biological Method, Ibtihaj Abdulrazzak, Mohammed Hafiz, Ali Ibrahim

Engineering and Technology Journal

Biological treatment has definite to be an effective and excellent method for the removal of aquatic oil spills. It is competent of being used as the best treatment method for cleanup of oil spills. Being a potential technology, significant work needs to be done to improve the capabilities of bioremediation for oil contaminated-aquatic environment. Novel application of combined solvent extraction and two-phase biodegradation processes using Two-Liquid Phase Partitioning Bioreactor (TLPPB) technique was proposed and developed to enhance the cleanup of high concentration of crude oil from aqueous phase using acclimated mixed consortiums in an anaerobic environment. Silicone oil was used …

Restoring The Local Heritage And Its Role In Sustainable Spatial Development The Great Market In Al-Najaf – A Case Study, Wahda Al-Hinkawi, Baneen Al-Saadawi

Engineering and Technology Journal

Regional and local changes in Iraq have led to an accelerated dynamic of comprehensive development without the preservation of local heritage, which caused the loss of many traditional buildings, changing their urban fabric, the emergence of contradictory architectural styles, and others without a clear and specific identity, causing visual deformation. The research problem was identified from the goals and principles of urban design that concerned with the conservation, restoration, and continuity of heritage context, activates their role in sustainable development programs and as a response to changes and radical shifts in spatial structures of city centers, and the social and …

Formation Control Of Mobile Robots Using Sliding Mode Control Based On Conditional Servocompensator, Laith Majeed

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this paper, the problem of controlling a group of mobile robots is considered; each one operates with the nonlinear nonholonomic under actuated dynamics. A coordinated control scheme is designed based on leader-follower(s) method to achieve prescribed formation maneuvers. This objective is fulfilled using the approach of sliding mode controller based on conditional servocompensator, which will bring the system error trajectories into a positively invariant set (boundary layer) close to the origin. Then, a special form of servocompensator conditional integrator, which will be active only inside the boundary layer, will regulate the trajectories to the origin in finite time. Compared …

Experimental And Numerical Study Of The Earing Defect During Square Deep Drawing Process, Kariem Younis, Adil. Jaber

Engineering and Technology Journal

Deep drawing process is a very complex process which controls a lot of parameters and the associated defects. The aims of this research are to discuss the effect of parameters of the process utilized in square deep drawing process such ; material properties, blank size, blank shape on the height and shape of earing defect appear of the drawn cup. Three dimensions model from low carbon steel (AISI 1008) with thickness 0.7mm of square cup (41.4mm by 41.4mm). The finite element software (ANSYS 11) was utilized to carry out the numerical simulation of the deep drawing process, and the experimental …

Investigation Of The Effect Of Loading Paths In The Tube Hydroforming Process, Adil. Jaber

Engineering and Technology Journal

The control accurately of internal pressure, axial feeding and paths of loading which have important influences on the final tube quality. In this research an impact of loading path of the tube hydroforming process and final part requirements ( i.e. thickness specification and shape conformation) were studied numerically. Small bulge shape tube hydroforming parts were utilized in the finite element analyses to get several guidelines on the effect of the relation between the internal pressure and axial compressive feeding programs. Two dimension model of bulge shape tube (50 mm) bulge width has been developed from cylindrical tube with thickness (2mm) …

Size Miniaturized Fractal Nested Circular Rings-Shaped Microstrip Antenna For Various Wireless Applications, Shereen Shandal, Mahmood Mosleh, Mohamed Kadim

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this paper; a wideband fractal circular rings shaped microstrip antenna over partial rectangular ground plane is presented. Fractal geometry technique is used in order to take advantage of its self-similar property which lead to attain not only size miniaturization but also wider bandwidth and iteration method is utilized that reach up to third iteration. The proposed model is simulated by High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) package. Such model is designed on FR4 substrate with a compact size of (20×18×1.5) mm3, 4.3 permittivity and 0.02 loss tangent. The microstrip line feed is used to feed this antenna with a length …

Difference And Contradiction Of Critique Methods To Produce Styles Of Modulation In Architecture: (Architect Peter Eisenman As Example), Basim Al-Majidi, Baneen Al-Saadawi

Engineering and Technology Journal

Rapid changes and developments have brought contemporary intellectual theories and different and diverse ties to highlight the different and multiple concepts contribute to the definition of any philosophy and intellect, which are frequent and mutant methods and demonstrations of the same values and origins which in turn describe the state of existence, continuity, permanence and human communication, the most important concepts are Difference and contradiction as the basis of everything, and without them there is no existence or knowledge. most contemporary studies focused on the different critical methods linked to the semantics and meanings that express architecture on the one …

The Influence Of Punch Profile Radius On Deep Drawing Process In Case Of A Low Carbon Steel Cylindrical Cup, Waleed Jawad, Abdullah Jaafar

Engineering and Technology Journal

This research aims to investigate the effect of punch profile radius on the drawing force, cup wall thickness, amount of spring back induced in the drawn cup, contact regions between blank and punch, strain distributions over the cup wall and height of drawn cup, in deep drawing operation. In this study, a commercial FEA software package (ANSYS11.0) was employed to model a deep drawing operation. A 3-D model of cylindrical cup of (53.4 mm) outer diameter and (33mm) height from a low carbon steel (1008–AISI) of (0.7mm) sheet thickness has been developed and then the FE simulations results are compared …

Effect Of High Temperature On Mechanical Properties Of Rubberized Concrete Using Recycled Tire Rubber As Fine Aggregate Replacement, Wrya Abdullah, Mohamed Abdulkadir, Muhammad Muhammad

Engineering and Technology Journal

Effects of various elevated heating temperatures on mechanical properties of normal concrete containing recycled tire rubber as a fine aggregate (RTRFA) has been investigated in this paper. Five different concrete mixes were prepared in the laboratory. In each mix Ordinary Portland Cement, natural coarse and fine aggregate, water and RTRFA are used with fine aggregate replacement ratios (0%, 6%, 12%, 18% and 24%) by weight. In the laboratory, 60 cylindrical specimens (100mm diameter × 200mm high) and 60 cubic specimens (150×150×150mm3) were prepared. The concrete specimens were exposed to four different heating temperatures: Control (Not heated), 200, 400, and 600°C, …

Intelligent Modeling Of Metal Oxide Gas Sensor, Omar Lutfy, Alaa Abdul-Hamead

Engineering and Technology Journal

Due to the complexity of the gas detection process, traditional modeling techniques cannot provide accurate modeling performance to reproduce the behavior of this difficult process. In this paper, an intelligent modeling technique is utilized to develop an accurate model to represent the complex and nonlinear gas detection process. In particular, in this study nickel Oxide NiO gas sensor, which was specifically fabricated by a simple chemical spray pyrolysis technique. In the process, the nickel chloride hexahydrate salt was used at a concentration of (0.05 M) and a temperature of 350 ºC. Because of this process, the thickness of NiO was …

Proposed Design Against High-Cycle Fatigue Failure Of Metallic Beams Using Lamination, Riyah Kiter

Engineering and Technology Journal

Fatigue analysis helps in predicting life of the component and seeks improvements of the whole process in design phase. Efforts are continually made to combat the fatigue phenomenon, yet certain mechanical components are still failing due to fatigue. The present work proposes a laminated design of beams, which undergo fatigue. The well-known Paris-Erdogan formula was used to theoretically predict fatigue life of the proposed design. The design was shown to enhance fatigue properties through laminating the cross section of the component; Barriers in front of a propagating crack is deliberately included by lamination. Spectacular levels of improvement in the fatigue …

Beneficiation Of Low Grade Calcium Bentonite Claystone, Hijran Toama, Abdul-Wahab Al-Ajeel, Ekhlas Abdullah

Engineering and Technology Journal

The beneficiation of Ca-bentonite claystone has been studied with dispersion sedimentation technique using polyionic salts as dispersant.The claystone is located in the Western Desert of Iraq. It is of a low grade, associated with different amount of clay and non-clay mineral impurities. Calcite (CaCO3) constitutes the major proportion of these impurities. Various parameters; solid concentration, dispersant amount (e.g. sodium tripolyphosphate, and tetrasodium pyrophosphate), conditioning time, and centrifugal sedimentation speed and time on the efficiency of the beneficiation process were investigated and followed through the measurement of CaO% and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values of the upgraded claystone concentrate. Centrifugal sedimentation …

The Role And Important Of Internet Of Things In Building Sustainable City, Nahla Alwan, Muna Al-Nuaimi

Engineering and Technology Journal

Every year many people migrate from country to city to live there. This will load a big pressure on the whole living in the city, Baghdad city also suffer from this problem in addition to other found problems like energy consumption , waste accumulate , Traffic congestion, noise, environmental pollution. To offer a good sustainable future living to population without any damage to environment and to solve many problems , one can use internet of things which is the connection network of the things especially with high spread of networks now which Internet of things based on it .the purpose …

Density And Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Investigation Of Self-Compacting Carbon Fiber- Reinforced Concrete, G.A. Salman

Engineering and Technology Journal

comprehensive research has been carried out to understand the effect of adding carbon fibers to density and ultrasonic pulse velocity of self-compacting concrete. Fifteen SCC mixes were prepared with two types of mineral admixtures and carbon fibers. Metakaoline and silica fume were used as mineral admixtures while carbon fibers were used as fiber inclusions. Two different fiber length (6mm and12mm) and fiber fraction (0.1 % and 0.5 %) was used. Different parameters such as slump flow diameter, T500 time, V-funnel time, blocking ratio and filling height difference were used to evaluate fresh state properties. Air-dry density and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity …

Aluminum Concentration Drives The Structural Evolution Of Magnetron Sputtering (Ti, Al) C Thin Film, A. Al-Ghaban

Engineering and Technology Journal

The effect of deposited Al on the structural evolution of TiC films with a chemical composition variation has investigated during combinatorial magnetron sputtering of binary ceramic (Ti, Al) C. The here produced thin films have been investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction technique XRD. The structural evolution of combinatorial magnetron sputtered Ti-Al-C system deposited at room temperature fined to be located in the extent of: Ti at.%= 36.74-60.55, Al at.%= 12.05-30.61 and C at.%= 22.53-47.69. XRD results show that films are constituted of mostly cubic (Ti, Al) C phase as well as an X-ray amorphous region …

A Multiband Printed Slot Antenna Loaded With Trapezoidal Slots For Wlan And Wimax Applications, H.T. Ziboon

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this paper, a multiband printed antenna has been proposed. The antenna structure is inspired from that of the classical multi-cavity magnetron resonator. The antenna structure is composed of a slot annular ring structure etched on the ground plane of a substrate. The outer circle of the annular ring is loaded with radially arranged small trapezoidal slots. While on the other side of the substrate, the antenna is fed with a 50-Ohm microstrip line. A parametric study has been conducted to explore the effect of the different antenna dimensions on its performance. The results show that the proposed antenna offers …

New Judicial Federalism At The Crossroads: Observations Of State Constitutionalism In Rhode Island, Melissa A. Long, Geoffrey H. Cole

Northwestern University Law Review

Jurists nationwide are engaged in robust conversations about state constitutionalism and the degree to which their state constitutions are more protective of individual rights than is the United States Constitution. The Rhode Island Supreme Court, like several state supreme courts, largely adheres to the minimum standards of protection that the United States Supreme Court establishes under the federal constitution when interpreting analogous provisions under the state constitution; that is, it follows a lockstep approach with the United States Supreme Court’s interpretation of individual rights guaranteed by the federal constitution that are also protected under the Rhode Island Constitution.

Proponents of …

Geduldig's Footnote: Five-Plus Decades Of State Courts Reckoning With Federal Pregnancy Discrimination Doctrine, Martha F. Davis

Northwestern University Law Review

In Geduldig v. Aiello (1974), the U.S. Supreme Court held that pregnancy discrimination does not constitute sex discrimination. The decision’s constitutional logic has recently been applied in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization and United States v. Skrmetti. Yet over five decades, state courts have overwhelmingly rejected Geduldig’s rationale—both in construing state employment discrimination statutes and in interpreting state constitutional equality provisions. Courts in at least sixteen states have rejected Geduldig’s rationale in construing state employment discrimination laws, while only four states have followed it. Of the ten states with Equal Rights Amendments that have addressed whether …

State Greenhouse Gas Emissions Disclosure Laws And The Dormant Commerce Clause: Leveraging The State Interest In Protecting Residents From Deception To Pass The Pike Balancing Test, Matthew Macphail

Northwestern University Law Review

Misleading corporate claims about greenhouse gas emissions pose a high risk of consumer deception, as there is currently no uniform federal standard governing how companies must measure or disclose those emissions. Without a national regulatory scheme, firms can selectively report, use inconsistent methodologies, or market vague “carbon neutral” claims, making it difficult for consumers to assess accuracy or compare companies’ representations.

In 2023, California introduced legislation requiring companies doing business in the state to disclose their greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to bring transparency to this area. But such state-level mandates face a constitutional obstacle: the Dormant Commerce Clause, …

Textual (In)Difference In State Search-And-Seizure Provisions, Quinn Yeargain

Northwestern University Law Review

Over the past 250 years, state constitutional drafters have refined the scope of rights and liberties protected by their constitutions’ texts. Today, all state constitutions include a search-and-seizure provision—and though only a minority follow the layout, text, and context of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, most of them bear a striking resemblance to it. However, textual variations abound. Some of them may seem minor, like using the word “possessions” instead of “effects,” or mandating that warrants describe their intended targets “as nearly as may be” instead of requiring that they “particularly describ[e]” them. But others, like the addition …

The New Economic Liberties, Daniel B. Rodriguez

Northwestern University Law Review

Despite the lack of serious interrogation at the federal constitutional level of economic regulations, there continues to be a fairly robust, energetic attention at the level of state constitutional law to so-called economic liberties. In a number of key cases, including, for example, matters involving occupational licensing, state courts have looked to unique features of their respective state constitutions to assess whether and to what extent regulations undertaken under the police power go too far. The rationales for evaluating and, in some cases, invalidating regulations under economic liberties principles are creative, and also controversial. The development of new interpretive approaches …

Child Labor And State Constitutionalism, Andrew Hammond, Helen Hershkoff

Northwestern University Law Review

Almost ninety years after Congress banned “oppressive” child labor as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act, employers are pushing state legislatures to let them put children to work in dangerous poultry plants, at hazardous construction sites, and during late shifts on school nights. Perversely, calls to rollback federal protections are camouflaged in the rhetoric of parents’ rights, casting child labor regulation as intrusive, paternalistic, and even socialist—echoing the same corporate arguments used a century ago when the Child Labor Amendment to the U.S. Constitution went down in defeat. These arguments mask the desperate economic circumstances of a parent claiming …

Court Reform And State Constitutions, Bryna Godar, Miriam Seifter

Northwestern University Law Review

State legislatures regularly propose and enact laws that seek to shape the substantive outcomes of state courts. These maneuvers, including court-packing, jurisdiction-stripping, and more creative changes to judicial selection or authority, would amount to legal earthquakes at the federal level. At the state level, these efforts often receive virtually no attention.

This Essay brings the potent category of outcome-shaping state court reform measures into focus and evaluates it as a question of state constitutional law. We argue that state constitutions, organized around principles of popular sovereignty, do not bar measures that align state courts with popular preferences or the public’s …

From Visual Forms To Character Values: A Conceptual Model Of Visual Meaning-Making For Character Education, Muhammad Gufran, Irsan Kadir, Lukman Ismail, Meisar Ashari

Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya

Illustrated children's storybooks play a significant role in character education by communicating moral messages through visual narratives. Although previous studies have examined visual literacy, multimodal storytelling, and character education, limited attention has been devoted to explaining how visual forms construct visual meanings that support moral interpretation and represent character values within an integrated framework. Addressing this gap, this study investigates how visual forms in the Indonesian children's storybook Aku Bisa Lebih Baik construct visual meanings, inform moral interpretation, and represent character values. A qualitative visual content analysis was conducted on seven purposively selected illustrations using Wong's (1993) Visual Form Theory …

State Constitutionalism's Fragile Wall, Adam B. Sopko

Northwestern University Law Review

The adequate and independent state grounds (AISG) doctrine has long demarcated the perimeter of the U.S. Supreme Court’s authority to review state court decisions, limiting review to questions of federal law. AISG maintains the Court’s primacy over federal law and state courts’ supremacy over state law. A comprehensive review of all filings on the Court’s docket from state courts over the last twenty years reveals that recent applications of AISG consist of subtle but significant departures from existing norms that, together, suggest a reformulation of the Court’s power over state courts that threatens their sovereign law development role. This Essay …

Visual Aesthetic Structure In East Java Temple Reliefs: A Study Of Line, Plane, Proportion, And Rhythm, Marina Wardaya

Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya

The temple reliefs of East Java constitute one of the main categories of the material tradition that reflects not only the aesthetic taste of Javanese culture, but also its spiritual viewpoint and the socio-cultural milieu that characterized early Javanese society. In addition to being abstract visual texts, these reliefs also embody and represent cultural identity and values. The proposed research will analyze the visual structure of temple reliefs using a visual language (Bahasa Rupa) approach and visual design theory by examining the four principal visual components (line, plane, proportion, and visual rhythm) that together form the formal structure of these …