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Characterization Of Mechanical Properties Of Aligned Date Palm Frond Fiber-Reinforced Low Density Polyethylene, Khaled Alzebdeh, M. M. Nassar, M.A. Al-Hadhrami, O. Al-Aamri, S. Al-Defaai, S. Al-Shuaily Apr 2025

Characterization Of Mechanical Properties Of Aligned Date Palm Frond Fiber-Reinforced Low Density Polyethylene, Khaled Alzebdeh, M. M. Nassar, M.A. Al-Hadhrami, O. Al-Aamri, S. Al-Defaai, S. Al-Shuaily

The Journal of Engineering Research

In recent decades, natural fibers have received attention of scientists and researchers due to their ecofriendly characteristics that qualify them as potential reinforcement in polymer composites in place of synthetic fibers. In this study, an experimental investigation has been conducted to evaluate the effect of orientation of fibers on mechanical properties of a newly developed bio-composite in which date palm fronds (DPF) are embedded as fibers in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix. Three bio-composite sheets with orientations of 0°, 45° and 90°, respectively have been fabricated after the date palm fronds were chemically treated. The fabricated composite specimens are tested under …


Investigation Of Effective Parameters Of Drop-On-Demand Droplet Generator, Mojtaba Ghodsi, M. Ghodsi, Y. Hojjat, H. Sadeghian, H. Ziaiefar, M. Mohammadzaheri, A. Al-Yahmedi Apr 2025

Investigation Of Effective Parameters Of Drop-On-Demand Droplet Generator, Mojtaba Ghodsi, M. Ghodsi, Y. Hojjat, H. Sadeghian, H. Ziaiefar, M. Mohammadzaheri, A. Al-Yahmedi

The Journal of Engineering Research

This article presents a design and development of a drop-on-demand (DOD) droplets generator. This generator uses molten metal as a liquid and can be used in fabrication, prototyping and any kind of printing with solder droplets. This setup consists of a vibrator solenoid with tunable frequency to produce a semi-spherical shape of molten metal, close to the surface of fabrication. This design also has a nozzle with micro-size orifice, a rod for transmitting force and a heater to melt the metal and keep it in superheat temperature. This DOD can produce droplets in different sizes (less than 550 µm) by …


Strengthening Of Historical Stone Masonry Buildings In Oman Using Textile Reinforced Mortars, A.H. Al-Saidy, A.W. Hago, S. El-Gamal, M. Dawood Apr 2025

Strengthening Of Historical Stone Masonry Buildings In Oman Using Textile Reinforced Mortars, A.H. Al-Saidy, A.W. Hago, S. El-Gamal, M. Dawood

The Journal of Engineering Research

Most historical buildings and structures in Oman were built using unreinforced stone masonry. Such structures are prone to damage from seismic activity as these structures have negligible resistance to tensile stresses. This paper presents an exploration of the physical and chemical properties of local building materials and the results of experiments with a new strengthening technique using textile reinforced mortar. Limestone and Sarooj were the main building materials used historically in these buildings. Sarooj is a local Omani term for artificial pozzolana produced by calcining clays. Two mortar mixes were developed, one as the jointing mortar and the second as …


A Comparative Study On Energy Derived From Biomass, A.M. Algarny, I.M. Al-Naimi, M.A.M Alhefnawy Apr 2025

A Comparative Study On Energy Derived From Biomass, A.M. Algarny, I.M. Al-Naimi, M.A.M Alhefnawy

The Journal of Engineering Research

The paper promotes sustainable community through empowering the production and utilization of biomass renewable energy. The aim of this paper is to urge societies to adopt sustainable energy practices and resources; the objective is to appraise the possibilities of biomass energy produced through a neighborhood in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The system incorporates an evaluation of the measure of biomass created, then utilizes two ascertaining techniques to gauge whether the measure of energy can be delivered. The computation strategies are hypothetical, with one drawn from past works and the other from a Biomass Calculation Template performed as part of the …


An Investigation Of Excessive Seepage From The Al-Fulaij Recharge Dam, Oman, Y.E.A. Mohamedzein, S.M. Al-Hashmi, A.A. Al-Rawas Apr 2025

An Investigation Of Excessive Seepage From The Al-Fulaij Recharge Dam, Oman, Y.E.A. Mohamedzein, S.M. Al-Hashmi, A.A. Al-Rawas

The Journal of Engineering Research

The Al-Fulaij recharge dam is located on the Al Batinah coast in Oman and was constructed in 1992. The dam is about 3.3 km long and 7.7 m high with a storage capacity of 3.7 million cubic meters of water. It is an earthfill dam with silty, sandy gravel fill in the embankment. Excessive seepage of between 5,000–12,500 m3/day was observed during floods in 1993, and several sinkholes were noticed close to the upstream toe. Remedial work consisting of an upstream blanket and a cutoff trench wall was performed in 2000. However, these remedial measures failed and almost the same …


Prediction Of Permanent Deformation Of Foamed And Emulsified Sulfur Asphalt Soils Mixes, H.I. Al-Abdul Wahhab, G.M.S. Abdullah Apr 2025

Prediction Of Permanent Deformation Of Foamed And Emulsified Sulfur Asphalt Soils Mixes, H.I. Al-Abdul Wahhab, G.M.S. Abdullah

The Journal of Engineering Research

This paper presents a study carried out to evaluate and compare the permanent deformation of marginal soils. Under consideration were marl, sabkha and dune sand stabilized with foamed and emulsified sulfur asphalt (FSA, ESA) with mixes of the same soils stabilized with conventional foamed and emulsified asphalt (FA, EA) for road base construction. Designed mixes at their optimum asphalt content were evaluated for the dynamic resilient modulus (MR) at 22 °C and 40 °C and dynamic triaxial at three levels of deviatoric stress and at 22 °C and 40 °C. The wheel tracking (WT) test was carried out at 22 …


Arginine-Amino Acid Interactions And Implications To Protein Solubility And Aggregation, A. R. Shaikh, D. Shah Apr 2025

Arginine-Amino Acid Interactions And Implications To Protein Solubility And Aggregation, A. R. Shaikh, D. Shah

The Journal of Engineering Research

Arginine, useful in protein refolding, solubilization of proteins, and suppression of protein aggregation and non-specific adsorption during formulation and purification, is a ubiquitous additive in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. In order to provide a framework for analyzing the molecular level mechanisms behind arginine/protein interactions in the above context, density functional theory was used to systematically examine how arginine interacts with naturally occurring amino acids. The results show that the most favorable interaction of arginine is with acidic amino acids and arises from charge interactions and hydrogen-bond interactions. Arginine is also shown to form stacking and T-shaped structures with aromatic …


Efficient Desalination Of Brackish Ground Water Via A Novel Capacitive Deionization Cell Using Nanoporous Activated Carbon Cloth Electrodes, K. Laxman, M.T.Z Myint, M. Al Abri, L. Al-Gharibi, B. Al Namani, H. Bourdoucen, J. Dutta Apr 2025

Efficient Desalination Of Brackish Ground Water Via A Novel Capacitive Deionization Cell Using Nanoporous Activated Carbon Cloth Electrodes, K. Laxman, M.T.Z Myint, M. Al Abri, L. Al-Gharibi, B. Al Namani, H. Bourdoucen, J. Dutta

The Journal of Engineering Research

Sea water intrusion in ground water sources has made brackish water desalination a necessity in Oman. The application of capacitive deionization (CDI) for the deionization of ground water samples from wells in Al-Musanaah Wilayat is proposed and demonstrated. A CDI cell is fabricated using nanoporous activated carbon cloth (ACC) as the electrodes and is shown to be power efficient for desalting ground water samples with total dissolved solids (TDS) of up to 4,000 mg/l. The CDI cell was able to remove up to 73% of the ionic scaling and fouling contaminants from brackish water samples. The power consumption for deionization …


Electromagnetic Field Detector Circuit For Low- Frequency Energy Applications, M.M. Bait-Suwailam Apr 2025

Electromagnetic Field Detector Circuit For Low- Frequency Energy Applications, M.M. Bait-Suwailam

The Journal of Engineering Research

This study details an electromagnetic (EM) field radiation detector system that was developed for near-field low-frequency energy applications. The prototype constitutes the use of a dual-band monopole antenna system as a probe along with a detecting circuit. Furthermore, the prototype was equipped with a qualitative EM radiation strength display unit at its output stage. For proof of concept, the detecting probe was implemented on a printed-circuit board. Both numerical simulations were based on PSpice software (Cadence Design Systems, Inc., San Jose, California, USA) and measurements are presented and discussed. The EM field detector aimed to sense any potential sources of …


Utilizing A Simple Numerical Model In Discrete Element Analysis To Simulate Flow Time And Number Tests Of Asphalt Mixes, A.M.A. Abdo Apr 2025

Utilizing A Simple Numerical Model In Discrete Element Analysis To Simulate Flow Time And Number Tests Of Asphalt Mixes, A.M.A. Abdo

The Journal of Engineering Research

During the past decades, many numerical models have been used to predict responses of asphalt mixes under different types of loading. Some of these models were simple due to practicality but overestimated the response of asphalt mixes. On the other hand, sophisticated but effective numerical models have been developed to address the shortcomings of the simpler models, and were used mostly in finite element analysis (FEA). However, these models were complicated and not user friendly. Recently, the approach of the discrete element method (DEM) was adopted. Unlike traditional FEA, DEM can simulate crack propagation by allowing the separation of elements …


Modeling Of Construction Cost Of Villas In Oman, Ma Al-Mohsin, As Al-Nuaimi Apr 2025

Modeling Of Construction Cost Of Villas In Oman, Ma Al-Mohsin, As Al-Nuaimi

The Journal of Engineering Research

In this research, a model for estimating construction cost of villas is presented. The model takes into account four major factors affecting villa's cost, namely: built up area, number of toilets, number of bedrooms and the number of stories. A field survey was conducted to collect information required for such model using data collection form designed by the researchers. Information about 150 villas was collected from six well experienced consultants in the field of villa design and supervision in Oman. Collected data was analyzed to develop suggested model which consists of two main levels of estimate. The first level is …


Identification Of Pavement Distress Types And Pavement Condition Evaluation Based On Network Level Inspection For Jazan City Road Network, M Mubaraki Apr 2025

Identification Of Pavement Distress Types And Pavement Condition Evaluation Based On Network Level Inspection For Jazan City Road Network, M Mubaraki

The Journal of Engineering Research

The first step in establishing a pavement management system (PMS) is road network identification. An important feature of a PMS is the ability to determine the current condition of a road network and predict its future condition. Pavement condition evaluation may involve structure, roughness, surface distress, and safety evaluation. In this study, a pavement distress condition rating procedure was used to achieve the objectives of this study. The main objectives of this study were to identify the common types of distress that exist on the Jazan road network (JRN), either on main roads or secondary roads, and to evaluate the …


Complementing Digital Logic Design With Logisim, Sa Al-Busaidi Apr 2025

Complementing Digital Logic Design With Logisim, Sa Al-Busaidi

The Journal of Engineering Research

Classified as free and open source software (FOSS), Logisim is a delightful tool that can easily be used to reinforce a solid understanding of the theoretical concepts related to a digital logic design course. Unlike LogicWorks, one of the most attractive features of Logisim is its ability to include user built libraries. This can result in the development of a library that models the complete set of integrated circuits (ICs) required for a digital logic design course. As a consequence, numerous merits can be observed regarding a student's learning level within such a course.


Mobility Assisted Sensor Node Self-Deployment For Maximizing The Coverage Of Wireless Sensor Networks Using A Genetic Algorithm, Vv Juli, J Raja Apr 2025

Mobility Assisted Sensor Node Self-Deployment For Maximizing The Coverage Of Wireless Sensor Networks Using A Genetic Algorithm, Vv Juli, J Raja

The Journal of Engineering Research

Wireless sensor networks extend the capability to monitor and control far-flung environments. However, sensor nodes must be deployed appropriately to reach an adequate coverage level for the successful acquisition of data. Modern sensing devices are able to move from one place to another for different purposes and constitute the mobile sensor network. This mobile sensor capability could be used to enhance the coverage of the sensor network. Since mobile sensor nodes have limited capabilities and power constraints, the algorithms which drive the sensors to optimal locations should extend the coverage. It should also reduce the power needed to move the …


Coupling And Damping Effects On The Dynamics Of Submerged Expanded Tubes In Borehole Wells, A Karrech, Ac Seibi Apr 2025

Coupling And Damping Effects On The Dynamics Of Submerged Expanded Tubes In Borehole Wells, A Karrech, Ac Seibi

The Journal of Engineering Research

Hydraulic expansion of submerged tubes is accomplished by propelling a mandrel through it using differential pressure. This process deforms the tube beyond its elastic limit. Toward the end of the expansion process, the mandrel pops out of the tube resulting in displacement, stress, and pressure waves propagating through the system. A mathematical model has been developed to describe the dynamics of the tube-fluid system due to the pop-out phenomenon. The model takes into consideration the coupling effect between fluids and the structure, as well as the inherent system damping of its response. An analytical solution describing the wave propagation in …


Optimizing Maintenance Planning In The Production Industry Using The Markovian Approach, B Kareem, Ha Owolabi Apr 2025

Optimizing Maintenance Planning In The Production Industry Using The Markovian Approach, B Kareem, Ha Owolabi

The Journal of Engineering Research

Maintenance is an essential activity in every manufacturing establishment, as manufacturing effectiveness counts on the functionality of production equipment and machinery in terms of their productivity and operational life. Maintenance cost minimization can be achieved by adopting an appropriate maintenance planning policy. This paper applies the Markovian approach to maintenance planning decision, thereby generating optimal maintenance policy from the identified alternatives over a specified period of time. Markov chains, transition matrices, decision processes, and dynamic programming models were formulated for the decision problem related to maintenance operations of a cable production company. Preventive and corrective maintenance data based on workloads …


Classification Of Static Security Status Using Multi-Class Support Vector Machines, S Kalyani, Ks Swarup Apr 2025

Classification Of Static Security Status Using Multi-Class Support Vector Machines, S Kalyani, Ks Swarup

The Journal of Engineering Research

This paper presents a Multi-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) based Pattern Recognition (PR) approach for static security assessment in power systems. The multi-class SVM classifier design is based on the calculation of a numeric index called the static security index. The proposed multi-class SVM based pattern recognition approach is tested on IEEE 57 Bus, 118 Bus and 300 Bus benchmark systems. The simulation results of the SVM classifier are compared to a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) network and the Method of Least Squares (MLS). The SVM classifier was found to give high classification accuracy and a smaller misclassification rate compared to …


Physics Of Breakup In Liquid Column And Sheet, M. Ali, M. Q. Islam, M. Khadem Apr 2025

Physics Of Breakup In Liquid Column And Sheet, M. Ali, M. Q. Islam, M. Khadem

The Journal of Engineering Research

The details on breakup processes of liquid column and sheet are numerically investigated to provide the physics of the capillary instabilities and formation of liquid drops. Two cases are used: A numerical analysis on the capillary instabilities and breakup processes of a cylindrical liquid column and a moving liquid sheet in a moving gaseous medium to analyze the dynamics and breakup of the liquid sheet. The problem, composed of the Navier-Stokes systems associated with surface tension forces, is solved by the Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique with a Continuum Surface Force (CSF) to artificially smooth the discontinuity present at the …


Effective Flange Width For Composite Steel Beams, T. Salama, H.H. Nassif Apr 2025

Effective Flange Width For Composite Steel Beams, T. Salama, H.H. Nassif

The Journal of Engineering Research

The effective flange width is a concept proposed by various codes to simplify the computation of stress distribution across the width of composite beams. Questions have been raised as to the validity of the effective slab width provisions, since they have a direct effect on the computed ultimate moment as well as serviceability limit states such as deflection, fatigue, and overloading. The objective of this paper is to present results from an experimental and analytical investigation to determine the effective slab width in steel composite beams. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was employed for the analysis of composite steel-concrete beams …


Mutual Coupling Reduction Between Axial-Mode Helical Antennas Using Single-Negative (Sng) Magnetic Metamaterials, M. M. Bait-Suwailam, O.M. Ramahi Apr 2025

Mutual Coupling Reduction Between Axial-Mode Helical Antennas Using Single-Negative (Sng) Magnetic Metamaterials, M. M. Bait-Suwailam, O.M. Ramahi

The Journal of Engineering Research

This paper investigates the mutual coupling effects between axial-mode helical antenna arrays. Single-negative (SNG) magnetic metamaterials are developed and used in this work in order to reduce mutual coupling between axial-mode helical antennas used in multiple-input multiple-output systems. The inclusions considered here are composed of broadside coupled split-ring resonators. The magnetic permeability of those SNG inclusions have complex effective magnetic permeability response over a frequency band with high negative real part above the resonance and positive real part below the resonance. The SNG resonators are inserted between closely-spaced axial-mode helical antenna elements. Effective responses of the constitutive parameters of the …


A Multi-Resolution Texture Image Retrieval Using Fast Fourier Transform, A. Abdesselam Apr 2025

A Multi-Resolution Texture Image Retrieval Using Fast Fourier Transform, A. Abdesselam

The Journal of Engineering Research

Texture is an important visual property that characterizes a wide range of natural and artificial images which makes it a useful feature for retrieving images. Several approaches have been proposed to describe the texture contents of an image. In early research works, such as edge histograms-based techniques and co-occurrence-based approaches, texture descriptors were mainly extracted from the spatial domain. Later on, dual spaces (transform of spatial domain) such as frequency space or spaces resulting from Gabor or wavelet transforms were explored for texture characterization. Recent physiological studies showed that human visual system can be modeled as a set of independent …


Effect Of Material Parameters On Steady State Creep In A Thick Composite Cylinder Subjected To Internal Pressure, Tejeet Singh, V.K. Gupta Apr 2025

Effect Of Material Parameters On Steady State Creep In A Thick Composite Cylinder Subjected To Internal Pressure, Tejeet Singh, V.K. Gupta

The Journal of Engineering Research

The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep behavior of the material were described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5. The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP ), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a …


Recycling Of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement In Portland Cement Concrete, Salim Al-Oraimi, Hossam F. Hassan, Abdulwahid Hago Apr 2025

Recycling Of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement In Portland Cement Concrete, Salim Al-Oraimi, Hossam F. Hassan, Abdulwahid Hago

The Journal of Engineering Research

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is the result of removing old asphalt pavement material. RAP consists of high quality well-graded aggregate coated with asphalt cement. The removal of asphalt concrete is done for reconstruction purposes, resurfacing, or to obtain access to buried utilities. The disposal of RAP represents a large loss of valuable source of high quality aggregate. This research investigates the properties of concrete utilizing recycled reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Two control mixes with normal aggregate were designed with water cement ratios of 0.45 and 0.5. The control mixes resulted in compressive strengths of 50 and 33 MPa after 28 …


Biosorption Of Zinc On Immobilized Green Algae: Equilibrium And Dynamics Studies, D. Sheikha, I. Ashour, F.A. Abu Al-Rub Apr 2025

Biosorption Of Zinc On Immobilized Green Algae: Equilibrium And Dynamics Studies, D. Sheikha, I. Ashour, F.A. Abu Al-Rub

The Journal of Engineering Research

The efficacy of using blank alginate beads and immobilized dead algal cells for the removal of zinc ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. It was found that the sorption capacities were significantly affected by solution pH; with higher pH favoring higher zinc ion uptake. Dynamics and isotherm experiments were carried out at the optimal pH 5.0. Zinc uptake on either sorbent was found to be rapid where approximately 90% of the maximum zinc uptake occurred within the first 30 min in both cases of blank alginate and immobilized algal cells. The equilibrium data for the biosorption of zinc ions onto …


Broadband Vibration Attenuation Using Hybrid Periodic Rods, S. Asiri Apr 2025

Broadband Vibration Attenuation Using Hybrid Periodic Rods, S. Asiri

The Journal of Engineering Research

This paper presents both theoretically and experimentally a new kind of a broadband vibration isolator. It is a table-like system formed by four parallel hybrid periodic rods connected between two plates. The rods consist of an assembly of periodic cells, each cell being composed of a short rod and piezoelectric inserts. By actively controlling the piezoelectric elements, it is shown that the periodic rods can efficiently attenuate the propagation of vibration from the upper plate to the lower one within critical frequency bands and consequently minimize the effects of transmission of undesirable vibration and sound radiation. In such a system, …


Comparison Between Experimental And 3d Finite Element Analysis Of Reinforced And Partially Pre-Stressed Concrete Solid Beams Subjected To Combined Load Of Bending, Torsion And Shear, A. S. Alnuaimi Apr 2025

Comparison Between Experimental And 3d Finite Element Analysis Of Reinforced And Partially Pre-Stressed Concrete Solid Beams Subjected To Combined Load Of Bending, Torsion And Shear, A. S. Alnuaimi

The Journal of Engineering Research

This paper presents a non-linear analysis of three reinforced and two partially prestressed concrete solid beams based on a 20 node isoparametric element using an in-house 3D finite element program. Anon linear elastic isotropic model, proposed by Kotsovos, was used to model concrete behaviour, while steel was modelled as an embedded element exhibiting elastic-perfectly plastic response. Allowance was made for shear retention and for tension stiffening in concrete after cracking. Only in a fixed direction, smeared cracking modelling was adopted. The beams dimensions were 300x300 mm cross section, 3800 mm length and were subjected to combined bending, torsion and shear. …


Software And Hardware Developments For A Mobile Manipulator Control, F. Abdessemed, E. Monacelli Apr 2025

Software And Hardware Developments For A Mobile Manipulator Control, F. Abdessemed, E. Monacelli

The Journal of Engineering Research

In this paper, we present the hardware and software architectures of an experimental real time control system of a mobile manipulator that performs tasks of manipulating objects in an environment of a large space. The mechanical architecture is a manipulator arm mounted on a mobile platform. In this work we show how one can implement an imbedded system, which includes the hardware and the software. The system makes use of a PC as the host and constitutes the high level layer. It is configured in such a way that it performs all the input-output interface operations; and is composed of …


Identification Of Friction/Vibration Interaction Between Solids, J. A. Abdo, N. Al-Rawahi Apr 2025

Identification Of Friction/Vibration Interaction Between Solids, J. A. Abdo, N. Al-Rawahi

The Journal of Engineering Research

Dry-friction forces have been shown to depend not only on the characteristics of the surface in contact but also on the dynamic interaction of the contacting bodies. A viscoelastic mathematical model that accounts for the interaction at micro-scale of rough surfaces is developed. The mathematical formulation relates the tribological events at microscopic and macroscopic scales vibration response of a "mass on moving belt". The viscoelastic properties are presented by combining loss modulus with Young's modulus to obtain a differential operator on the interference, reminiscent of the Kelvin-Voigt model. The analysis of the system establishes the relation between friction force and …


Inexpensive And Accurate Measuring Device Forwater Constitute In Oil, M. Habli, M. Meribout, A. Al-Naamany, K. Al Busaidi Apr 2025

Inexpensive And Accurate Measuring Device Forwater Constitute In Oil, M. Habli, M. Meribout, A. Al-Naamany, K. Al Busaidi

The Journal of Engineering Research

This paper presents an inexpensive and accurate measuring device for water constitute in oil. The new device is based on the relationship between the water constitute in oil and the pressure of a sample from the oil. Experimental results show that the device can attain a very high resolution that can reach up +/- 0.4% and it can be used to measure a full range of water percentage levels (0-100%). Experimental results showed good agreement with theory.


Vector Directional Distance Rational Hybrid Filters For Color Image Restoration, L. Khriji Apr 2025

Vector Directional Distance Rational Hybrid Filters For Color Image Restoration, L. Khriji

The Journal of Engineering Research

A new class of nonlinear filters, called vector-directional distance rational hybrid filters (VDDRHF) for multispectral image processing, is introduced and applied to color image-filtering problems. These filters are based on rational functions (RF). The VDDRHF filter is a two-stage filter, which exploits the features of the vector directional distance filter (VDDF), the center weighted vector directional distance filter (CWVDDF) and those of the rational operator. The filter output is a result of vector rational function (VRF) operating on the output of three sub-functions. Two vector directional distance (VDDF) filters and one center weighted vector directional distance filter (CWVDDF) are proposed …