Digital Commons Network^™

Latine Students In Early College Programs In Massachusetts: A Policy Brief, Terri Morgan, Melissa Colón

Gastón Institute Publications

In this policy brief, we discuss the emergence of early college programs in Massachusetts and the possibilities they present, with a focus on Latine students. We begin by providing a brief overview and history of early college as a national intervention, then turn to measures of the initiative's success for Latine students and their families in the Commonwealth. Our purpose is to take stock of Massachusetts’ early college initiative; examine the participation rates and outcomes of Latine students; and provide evidence-based recommendations to policymakers and practitioners for creating more equitable, culturally sustaining, and ultimately more effective programs for participating students.

Wmu Board Of Trustee Board Meeting, Thursday, October 29, 2026, Wmu Board Of Trustees

WMU Board of Trustees Meetings

• Acceptance of the Agenda
• Approval of the Minutes (September 10, 2026)
• Remarks by the Chair of the Board
• Remarks by the President
• Updates by the Faculty Senate President
• Updates by the Western Student Association President
• Updates by the Graduate Student Association President
• Air Race Classic Team (College of Aviation)
• Public Comments Regarding Action Items

Action Items

• Five-Year Capital Outlay Master Plan and Project Request
• International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees Labor Agreement (IATSE)
• Asylum Lake Interlocal Agreement and Declaration of Conservation Restrictions

Consent Items

1. WMU Foundation Bylaws Revision
2. Authorization to Submit a Tax Registration to the People’s Republic of China …

Ungrammaticalities And Film Music, Jonathan Rhodes Lee

Music Faculty Research

This essay advocates Michael Riffaterre’s concept of “ungrammaticality”—a moment within a text that appears illogical or confusing according to its own internal grammar— as a useful heuristic for analyzing film music. While intertextuality has long underpinned film music studies, scholars have yet to fully engage with Riffaterre’s model, which emphasizes how such disruptions compel interpretive work by sending audiences outside the text to make meaning.

In cinema, music often functions precisely this way: moments like the entrance of nondiegetic underscoring or abrupt changes in sonic logic interrupt the coherence of the diegetic world and thereby activate the viewer’s intertextual competence. …

The Survival Of Sugar In Post-Emancipation British Guiana: East Indian Indentured Immigration And The Cheapening Of Labor, Wazir Mohamed

Midwest Social Sciences Journal

This Paper revisits the post-emancipation changes in the labor market of British Guiana. British Guiana, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Fiji, and several other locations were spaces where East Indian Indentured Immigrants from Idia became pivotal in the economy.[1] In the decade after emancipation (1838-1848), the rise of global free trade in sugar spurred by the equalization of duties in sugar factored in the search for a cheaper and the importation of a more pliable labor force to keep the wheels of sugar turning in British Guiana. With this background in mind this paper focuses on indentured immigration of East …

Beyond Satisfaction: Predictors And Correlates Of Marital Health, Erin C. Smalley

Doctor of Education (Ed.D)

This quantitative, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study evaluated factors associated with and predictive of marital health. Marital health was identified as a more holistic evaluator of marital connection and commitment, moving beyond individual satisfaction. The original sample was taken from the archived Marriage Health in America survey data. The sample included 3,808 United States adults. Participants completed a marital satisfaction index and a marital health measure, while simultaneously ranking 32 identified factors of marital health. The results found that love for each other was the strongest predictor of marital health, followed by communication through listening, respect, trust, and sexual intimacy. These findings …

Faculty Senate Chronicle Of October 1, 2026, Lisa Appeldorn

The University of Akron Faculty Senate Chronicle

Minutes for the regular meeting of The University of Akron Faculty Senate on October 1, 2026

Against Laying Marx’S Capital Gently On Its Deathbed: Review Of The Princeton Translation Of Marx’S Capital, Sungar Savran, E. Ahmet Tonak

Environmental Science and Policy: Faculty Publications

This review article is an assessment of the most recent translation of Marx’s Capital, Volume I into English, edited by Paul Reitter and Paul North and published by Princeton University Press. Since the authors of the article do not speak German, the main focus is not on the quality of the translation, but on the theoretical and ideological tendencies revealed by this edition, although there is a more technical section at the end that deals with the preferred terminology, the choice of edition, and the Index. The glaring problem with this edition is the fact that the younger generation is …

Streamlining Diagnosis Of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: New Diagnostic Algorithm With Updated Criteria., Jeremy J. Pomeroy, Jesse Richards, Brooke Sweeney, Seema Kumar, Katie E. Queen, Joshua Zaritsky, Carl H. Cramer, Elias I. Traboulsi, Brittni A. Scruggs, Erica E. Davis, Ekaterina Keifer, Emma Mcgibbon, Timothy Ogden, Bendert De Graaf, Tonia Hymers, Elizabeth Forsythe, Philip Beales

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Considerable advances have been made in our understanding of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), particularly in its core clinical features and molecular genetics, warranting an update to the existing diagnostic criteria framework. Using a rigorous, evidence-based, and consensus-driven process, a multidisciplinary group of international experts and patient-led organizations developed an updated diagnostic algorithm. This algorithm provides practical, updated guidance for clinicians, including a pathway for accurately incorporating genetic findings into the diagnostic process. We recommend that a clinical diagnosis requires either 4 major criteria or 3 major and 2 minor criteria. Revised major criteria are retinal dystrophy, obesity (or overweight in individuals <  2 years old), congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract or chronic kidney disease, hypogonadism/genital anomalies, neurodevelopmental/neurocognitive manifestations, and postaxial polydactyly. The diagnosis can also be established with a positive genetic testing result in patients exhibiting ≥ 1 major criterion, provided that genetic findings should be interpreted in the context of the patient's clinical presentation, age, family history, and overlap with related ciliopathies. These consensus criteria offer a simple algorithm incorporating updated definitions for major and minor criteria and genetic testing to support a timely and accurate diagnosis of patients with BBS, inform genetic counseling, and potentially facilitate earlier access to treatment. Trial Registration: CRIBBS Registry; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02329210.

Empire By Gaslight, Christina D. Ponsa-Kraus

Faculty Scholarship

This Article argues that the constitutional law of U.S. colonialism as it applies to Puerto Rico should be understood as a form of collective gaslighting. The United States has been gaslighting Puerto Ricans for a century-and-a-quarter. By defining their constitutional status as a series of contradictions — starting with defining Puerto Rico as “foreign,” but only in a “domestic sense” — the federal government has caused Puerto Ricans to question their capacity to judge their own reality, thereby solidifying U.S. power over the island and undermining Puerto Rican resistance.

Not only has the United States been gaslighting Puerto Ricans since …

Affirming The Constitutionality Of Title Vii Disparate Impact Doctrine: A Response To Olc, Pauline T. Kim, Olatunde C.A. Johnson

Faculty Scholarship

This essay responds to the Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) June 2026 legal opinion arguing that disparate impact doctrine, a well-established part of Title VII jurisprudence for decades, is unconstitutional as currently interpreted. Disparate impact has been an important doctrine in ensuring that employers do not engage in employment practices that arbitrarily and unjustifiably exclude members of certain groups, and this essay makes clear its continuing validity. As we explain, OLC’s Opinion is based on an incorrect characterization of how the disparate impact standard of proof functions, misconstrues the text and purpose of the statute, and manufactures …

Legalist Verses Realist Accounts Of United States V. Skrmetti, Neil S. Siegel

Faculty Scholarship

Although the Supreme Court is increasingly adopting an understanding of sex discrimination that is biologically focused and/or formalistic, this Article argues that the Court does not consistently apply that conception when doing so benefits transgender Americans. The Court’s conclusion in United States v. Skrmetti that no facial sex classification exists in Tennessee’s law banning gender-affirming care for transgender—but not cisgender—minors is irreconcilable with its conclusion five years earlier in Bostock v. Clayton County that Title VII’s prohibition on sex discrimination prohibits employers from firing employees just because they are transgender. Perhaps tellingly, only Justice Gorsuch, Bostock’s author, and Chief Justice …

Can Cirilo Change The World? Cirilo F. Bautista's Lyric Poems In Times Of Crisis, Kristal Joyce Ibarra

Akda: The Asian Journal of Literature, Culture, Performance

Contemporary crises continue to confront Filipinos. These include the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, systemic corruption within the Philippine government, the red-tagging of activists, the deterioration of institutional integrity and public confidence in the Philippine government, and the US war against Iran, together with its global repercussions such as rising oil prices and displacement. This paper proposes that individuals turn to literature, beyond the fields of science or policymaking, during times of crisis and distress. Specifically, the lyric poems of National Artist for Literature Cirilo F. Bautista, distinguished by their evident relevance, form, and capacity to influence readers both …

Proportionality In Administrative Law, Christopher J. Walker

Articles

In this era of rapid change in administrative law—both at the Supreme Court and from the White House—the foreword to The Law Review’s annual administrative law issue presents a timely opportunity to take stock of the future of regulatory governance. This Foreword argues that, especially in this time of !ux, we should seek to embrace proportionality as an organizing principle in administrative law. The more important or impactful a regulatory action, the more involved Congress should be in making the major value judgments, the more procedure we should require from agencies, and the more searching review we should expect from …

Recanalisation Quality, Not First-Pass Effect, Drives Outcomes In Paediatric Mechanical Thrombectomy: A Multicentre Prospective Study, Adam A. Dmytriw, Iman Kiani, Kartik Bhatia, Todd Abruzzo, Lisa Pabst, Stuart Fraser, Melissa Chung, Warren Lo, Ahmed Othmann, Ameer E. Hassan

School of Medicine Publications

Introduction: In adult endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), first-pass success is associated with better outcomes, but whether this "first-pass effect" also holds true in childhood stroke remains unknown. We investigated the association of thrombectomy pass counts with 90-day outcomes after paediatric EVT.

Patients and methods: We analysed prospectively collected data from the international Save ChildS Pro registry (ages 0-17 years). All EVT-treated patients were included irrespective of the reperfusion grade achieved. Successful reperfusion was defined as expanded thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (eTICI) ≥ 2b and complete/near-complete reperfusion as eTICI 2c-3. The primary outcome was ordinal 90-day mRS in a proportional odds model. …

Aleurone Layer Multi-Omics Reveals Constitutive Enzyme-Inhibitor Imbalance In Lma-Contrasting Wheat Cultivars, Utpal Bose, Angéla Juhász, Nicolas Daneri-Castro, Shoko Okada, James A. Broadbent, Keren Byrne, Sally Stockwell, Ronald Yu, Jean-Philippe Ral, Michelle L. Colgrave

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Late maturity amylase (LMA) is a genetic defect in wheat causing premature accumulation of high-pI alpha-amylase isoforms in the aleurone during grain development, which reduces falling number, resulting in flour downgrading and price penalties. Yet, the aleurone layer proteome and metabolome remain poorly characterised across LMA-contrasting cultivars. We measured the proteome and central carbon metabolome of aleurone from three wheat cultivars differing in LMA-phenotype: Seri (susceptible), Kennedy (intermediate), and Hartog (resistant) – under abscisic acid (ABA), abscisic acid plus gibberellic acid (GA), or untreated conditions. Cultivar identity explained 65.7% of proteome variance, exceeding hormone treatment effects (13.1%), with no significant …

An Examination Of Gender Pay Gap (Gpg) Reports For Ireland’S Higher Education Sector 2022-2024, Melinda Heinz, Frank Houghton, Jennifer Moran Stritch, Jeremy Auerbach

Irish Journal of Academic Practice

This examination primarily explores Gender Pay Gap Reports for the Irish higher education sector, which reveal significant gender pay inequality in favour of men over the first 3-year period of mandatory reporting (2022 through 2024). Given the only marginal annual improvements in pay parity by gender observed, it is projected that at current levels it may take between 9 and 25 years to achieve mean and median pay parity. This is the first time that standardised information on this issue has been available for most employers in Ireland. The process of deriving these figures is then critiqued as they may …

A Deep-Learning Based Biomarker Of Systemic Cellular Senescence Burden To Predict Mortality And Health Outcomes, Shangshu Zhao, Chia-Ling Kuo, Eric J Lenze, Julie L Wetherell, Laura Haynes, Perla El-Ahmad, Richard Fortinsky, George Kuchel, Trevor Harris, Breno S Diniz

2020-Current year OA Pubs

The accumulation of senescent cells is a recognized hallmark of biological aging and is associated with the onset of multiple chronic medical conditions. Senescent cells exhibit a distinct secretory profile, known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which can propagate cellular senescence to neighboring and distant tissues. Measuring SASP factors in blood serves as a practical proxy for cellular senescence burden and may help track disease states and intervention outcomes. We developed and validated a composite SASP Score by integrating large-scale population proteomics data with a semi-supervised deep learning framework. The analytical workflow included: (1) selection of biologically curated SASP …

Domain Knowledge-Informed Machine Learning Model To Study Weather-Induced Flight Delays, Gurvir Bawa

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

Weather-induced Traffic Management Initiatives (TMIs) occur rarely relative to normal air traffic operations. This scarcity produces severe class imbalance that limits predictive models of flight delay. To address it, this dissertation leverages a physics- and domain- knowledge informed Variational Autoencoder (VAE), conditioned on airport identity, that generates physically plausible synthetic weather events for underrepresented TMI categories. The fidelity of the model is assessed with a calibrated discrepancy measure disclosed along- side the results rather than described in free-form terms. A multitask Graph Neural Network (GNN) is then trained on the augmented dataset to jointly classify airport-level TMI status and predict …

Characterization Of The Genotypic And Phenotypic Spectrum Of Tcf7l2-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (Trnd)., Sally Nijim, Mimi Kim, Melissa Denish, Michael V Gonzalez, Joseph Zinski, Claudine Rieubland, Dominique Braun, Elsebet Ostergaard, Amelle Shillington, Laurence Faivre, Julien Maraval, Aurore Garde, Christophe Philippe, Fréderic Tran-Mau-Them, Amy Crunk, Uci Gregor Site, Megan Hawley, Bert Callewaert, Maria Iascone, Anna Cereda, Cecilia Daolio, Tova Hershkovitz, Jean-Marc Good, Katharina Steindl, Tanja Frey, Anita Rauch, Alexandra Afenjar, Cyril Mignot, Jean-Madeleine De Sainte Agathe, Nicolette Den Hollander, Yvonne Hilhorst-Hofstee, Saskia Koene, Gijs Santen, Emilia K. Bijlsma, Sara Berger, Lakshmi Mehta, Radka Stoeva, Clara Houdayer, Paul Gueguen, Helene Faust, Sabine Specht, Annick Klabunde-Cherwon, Melik Malek Khelifa, Anke Bergmann, Carol J. Saunders, Magdalena Krygier, Diana Carrasco, Kay Metcalfe, Stephan J. Sanders, David Y. Zhang, Renae Judy, Wes Nijim, David Exposito-Alonso, Christine X. Deng, Jusung Kim, Jozef Gecz, Corrado Romano, Cindy Skinner, Angie Lichty, Ellen Linebaugh, Steven A. Skinner, Maria Chahrour, Tianyun Wang, Kun Xia, Hui Guo, Sien Van Daele, Gert Van Goethem, Christina Fagerberg, Jesper Graakjaer, Susanne Anders, Heike Fink, D Isum Ward, Dorothy K. Grange, Alanna Strong, Petra Zwijnenburg, Meghan Towne, René G. Feichtinger, Jennifer Morrison, Aditi Dagli, Jonathan Levy, Yline Capri, Rebecca C. Spillman, Sarah Hart, Vandana Shashi, Boris Keren, Tjitske Kleefstra, Rolph Pfundt, Christian Gilissen, Evan E. Eichler, Melanie Brugger, Michael Zech, Wendy K. Chung, Maria Fasolino, Holly C. Dow, Daniel J. Rader, Edward S. Brodkin, Maja Bucan, Eric D. Marsh, Caroline Dias, David C. Fajgenbaum

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

PURPOSE: TCF7L2 (OMIM 602228; HGNC:11641) is a transcription factor and a critical effector of the Wnt/ β-Catenin pathway. In 2021, 11 pediatric patients with monoallelic predicted loss-of-function (pLOF) TCF7L2 variants and syndromic features were observed. Characterization of patients with pLOF TCF7L2 variants and neurodevelopmental features-herein referred to as TCF7L2-related neurodevelopmental disorder-is urgently needed.

METHODS: We leveraged multiple methods (eg, GeneMatcher, DECIPHER, literature review, and public/private repositories) to identify an international cohort of 76 patients with pLOF TCF7L2 variants and neurodevelopmental features and phenotypically characterized them. We also retrospectively searched for an independent cohort of adults with pLOF TCF7L2 variants (n …

The Jeanne Clery Disclosure Report, Sacred Heart University

News, Magazines and Reports

"2026 Sacred Heart University Department of Public Safety Annual Campus Crime & Fire Report."

Professional Trespass: Has The Us Army Command And General Staff College Extended Their Curriculum Into Areas Of Civilian Competence?, Michael B. Cohen

School of Public Service Theses & Dissertations

Civilian control over the military, according to Samuel Huntington’s theory of objective control, is maintained through a clear delineation between the professional spheres of military operators and civilian policymakers. This study investigates whether the curriculum of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College (CGSC) has expanded the boundaries of military competence into the domain of civilian policy formulation between 1975 and 2025. Employing a constructivist instrumental case study design grounded in historical institutionalism, this research analyzes archival data, including accreditation self studies, course catalogs, and instructional memoranda from the Ike Skelton Combined Arms Research Library. The study utilizes theory …

Sanctified Rhythms Of Rest: Reclaiming Sabbath And Spiritual Retreat For Pastoral Renewal And Burnout Mitigation In The Georgia Assemblies Of God, Philip Sosebee

Doctor of Ministry (DMin)

“Sanctified Rhythms of Rest: Reclaiming Sabbath and Spiritual Retreat for Pastoral Renewal and Burnout Mitigation in the Georgia Assemblies of God” explored how intentional rhythms of Sabbath observance, solitude and silence, and spiritual retreat shaped the lived experiences of credentialed ministers within the Georgia District of the Assemblies of God. Pastoral burnout, emotional exhaustion, and unsustainable ministry expectations continue to affect ministers across denominational contexts, raising questions regarding the role of biblically grounded rhythms of rest in fostering pastoral renewal and sustainability. Using a six-month longitudinal hermeneutic phenomenological design, twenty-nine credentialed ministers participated in the intentional practice of weekly Sabbath …

Toward A Pedagogy Of Descent: A Framework For Contemplative Pastoring In The First Half Of Life, Matthew Roberti

Doctor of Ministry (DMin)

Western Evangelical pastoral culture often prizes vitality, growth, and platform, but pays little theological attention to the pastor's inner life, especially in the first half of ministerial life, when identity and calling are still taking shape. Many young pastors find themselves functioning less as shepherds of souls than as managers of metrics and institutional momentum, roles shaped more by American business logic than by the church's historic practices of pastoral care. In this quiet shift, something sacred has thinned, leaving pastors prone to anxious utility and vocational idolatry. This dissertation explores what has been diminished within the inner life of …

Clinical Decision Support For Fall Prevention In Primary Care: The Esteps Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial, Nancy K Latham, Erin Hommel, Mackenzie Kiesman, Stuart R Lipsitz, David W Bates, Diane L Carroll, Alexandra C Frost, Pamela M Garabedian, Julia V Loewenthal, Michael Sainlaire, Lipika Samal, Wenyu Song, Matthew Wien, Patricia C Dykes

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Importance: Falls are a leading cause of injury among older adults. Although exercise reduces fall risk, implementation in primary care remains limited.

Objective: To assess whether an electronic health record-integrated clinical decision support intervention, Electronic Strategies for Tailored Exercise to Prevent Falls (eSTEPS), reduces falls among older primary care patients at increased risk.

Design, setting, and participants: This matched-pair cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted from June 9, 2023, to May 8, 2025, with 12 to 23 months of follow-up at primary care practices within an integrated health system in the US. Adults aged 65 years or older with a …

2026 Quality Of Life Survey - Orleans And Jefferson Parishes, Edward Chervenak, Anthony Licciardi

Survey Research Center Publications

The LSU New Orleans Survey Research Center (SRC) conducted a live-interviewer telephone survey of active registered voters in Orleans Parish and Jefferson Parish. Four hundred randomly selected respondents from each parish were interviewed from September 12th through September 30th. Each parish survey yields a margin of error of +/- 4.9% at a 95% confidence level.

These surveys are designed to provide an ongoing picture of how voters view local government services and the general quality of life. They highlight the problems that are of greatest concern to the voters, as well as areas of satisfaction in their parish. The forty-year …

When Going Alone Feels Right: The Effect Of Solo Cues On Interest In Attending Cultural Events, Inyoung Lee, Sang-Hoon Kim

Asia Marketing Journal

With the rise of solo consumers, cultural event marketers face a challenge: how can events appeal to solo consumers without marginalizing group consumers? To address this question, the impact of solo cues in marketing communication is examined through the lens of role and script theory. Two experiments demonstrate that solo cues, which signal the inclusion of solo consumers among attendees, increase solo consumers' attendance interest but do not affect group consumers. For solo consumers, the impact of solo cues is driven by anticipated enjoyment and is particularly pronounced for events entailing a high (vs. low) level of social interaction, where …

Smart Tourism Technology And Sustainable Tourism: Creating Vivid Memories To Drive Tourists' Behavioural Intention, Hatane Semuel, Regina Jokom, Trixie Nova Bella Tandijaya, Sienny Thio

Asia Marketing Journal

This study examines the impact of smart tourism technology and sustainable tourism on tourists' behavioural intention, with vivid memory as a mediating variable. Earlier studies have investigated smart tourism technology and sustainability separately, but there is a lack of understanding of how these two perspectives interact with memory theory to influence tourist behaviour. To address this gap, a survey was conducted involving 742 tourists across four major Indonesian cities, and the data were analysed using path analysis with SmartPLS. The findings show that sustainable tourism directly and indirectly shapes behavioural intention, while smart tourism technology influences it only indirectly through …

The Afterlife Of Luxury: Triggers, Intentions, And Channel Preference In China's Resale Boom, Junfeng Shi, Dehua Xia

Asia Marketing Journal

This study examines the factors shaping Chinese consumers' intention to resell used luxury products and their preferences for resale channels, drawing on the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Data were collected from 381 consumers via an online survey and analyzed using structural equation modelling with confirmatory factor analysis and regression. Results indicate that the primary motivation for reselling is the lack of need when items are no longer useful or suitable. Consumers' resale intentions are driven mainly by internal factors: attitudes, sense of duty, perceived benefits, and behavioral control, while external factors, such as subjective norms, have minimal impact. …

Implementation Of The Problem-Based Learning Model On The Topic Of The Immune System To Enhance The Critical Thinking Skills Of Grade Xi B Students At Sman 1 Tojo, Nani Sofyanti, Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati, Vita Indri Febriani, Mohammad Jamhari, Bustamin Bustamin, Raya Agni

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

Critical-thinking skills are essential competencies for students in 21st-century learning. Preliminary classroom observations in Class XI B at SMAN 1 Tojo indicated that instruction remained predominantly teacher-centered and provided limited opportunities for students to engage in activities involving interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference. This study aimed to improve students’ critical-thinking skills through the implementation of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) on the immune system topic. The study employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) design conducted over two cycles, involving 28 students in Class XI B. Data were collected using a teacher activity observation sheet and critical-thinking skills tests assessing four indicators: interpretation, …

The Ability Of Biology Teachers Of State Madrasah Aliyah In Palu City In Developing Teaching Modules In Merdeka Curriculum, Ulya Afifa, Gamar B. N Shamdas, Syech Zainal, Bustamin Bustamin, Raya Agni, Rafiqa Rafiqa

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

Teachers’ ability to develop teaching modules is essential for implementing the Merdeka Curriculum because it enables curriculum expectations to be translated into flexible and context-responsive learning. This study aimed to describe Biology teachers’ ability to develop teaching modules at State Islamic Senior High Schools (Madrasah Aliyah Negeri [MAN]) in Palu City and to identify the factors supporting or constraining this ability. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted with seven Biology teachers from MAN 1 Palu, MAN 2 Palu, and MAN Insan Cendekia Palu during February–March 2026. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, documentation, and analysis of teaching modules using …