Digital Commons Network^™

Law-Following Ai: Designing Ai Agents To Obey Human Laws, Cullen O'Keefe, Ketan Ramakrishnan, Janna Tay, Christoph Winter

Fordham Law Review

Artificial intelligence (AI) companies are working to develop a new type of actor: “AI agents,” which we define as AI systems that can perform computer-based tasks as competently as human experts. Expert-level AI agents will likely create enormous economic value but also pose significant risks. Humans use computers to commit crimes, torts, and other violations of the law. As AI agents progress, therefore, they will be increasingly capable of performing actions that would be illegal if performed by humans. Such lawless AI agents could pose a severe risk to human life, liberty, and the rule of law.

Designing public policy …

A Scientometric Study On Research Trends And Characteristics Of Tooth Intentional Replantation, Yan Zhou, Simin Deng, Wenhua Xu, Wei Liu, Yibo Guo, Mingyi Zhu

Journal of Dental Sciences

Background/purpose: Intentional replantation is regarded as a final strategy to preserve natural teeth affected by inaccessible endodontic and periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to analyze the scientometric characteristics and research trends of tooth intentional replantation.

Materials and methods: All the papers on intentional replantation were comprehensively retrieved from the Scopus database. The years of publication were divided into before 2017 and after 2017 in the analysis of research trends.

Results: There were 356 papers on intentional replantation, with total citations of 5562 and the h index of 42. The trend of bone substitutes, boron …

Head-To-Head Preclinical Treatment Design Prioritizes Promising Therapies For Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Optic Glioma Clinical Translation, Talia Eligator, Jit Chatterjee, Shintaro Yamada, Anthony Kirchner, Hareesh B Nair, Jason R Fangusaro, David H Gutmann

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Authenticated preclinical brain tumor models provide unprecedented opportunities to evaluate next-generation treatments. However, some therapies with robust anti-tumor activity in mice fail in human trials, highlighting the need to better prioritize candidates for clinical translation. Herein, we implemented a head-to-head preclinical strategy using a well-characterized murine model of NF1-optic pathway glioma (

METHODS:

RESULTS: While all agents restored normal tissue architecture, reduced ON proliferation, and decreased TME soluble mediator and tumor cell marker RNA expression, only lamotrigine and mirdametinib also reduced ON volume. Everolimus, lamotrigine, and HBS-101 restored RNFL thickness to wild-type levels, whereas carboplatin showed a trend towards …

Exploring The Role Of 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-Furfural And Sumiki's Acid In Beta-Cell Metabolism, Daiwik Munjwani, Demitrius Hill, David Regan, David Lee, Mike Muehlbauer, Hans-Ewald Hohmeier, Mette Jensen, Neolle E. Younge, James Bain

Department of Medicine Faculty Publications

Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a leading cause of mortality in the United States, is associated with heart disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and stroke. While management of T1D with medications and healthy lifestyle choices is critical, recent research highlights the contributory role of environmental diabetogens in the pathogenesis of T1D. Here, we propose that the furan compound, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF), which forms when hexoses such as glucose or fructose lose three water molecules during thermal food processing, might be an unrecognized dietary diabetogen. HMF is a suspected mutagen and carcinogen. In a previous experiment in the rat 832/13 beta-cell line, when cultures …

Sarcoidosis With Isolated Osseous Manifestations Mimicking Metastatic Malignancy, Ahmed Ismail, Ahmed Saleh, Yanis Boumber

Department of Medicine Faculty Publications

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that commonly involves multiple organ systems, with the lungs and lymph nodes most frequently affected. Osseous involvement, although recognized, is considered uncommon and often overlooked due to its nonspecific clinical and radiographic features. Patients may be asymptomatic or present with pain, swelling, and functional limitations of the affected limb. Imaging can reveal findings such as bone lesions that mimic malignancy, including lytic or sclerotic changes. Diagnosis relies on histopathological confirmation of non-caseating granulomas. Treatment is directed at symptom relief and preservation of limb function. Here, we present a rare case of isolated …

Micro/Nanoplastics And Cancer: Focus On Gastrointestinal Malignancies - A Narrative Review, Sana Rabeeah, Priyata Dutta, Ahmad Mahdi, Alejandra Vargas, Edward C. Oldfield, David A. Johnson

Department of Medicine Faculty Publications

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are plastic particles smaller than 5 mm and 1 μm, respectively, and are emerging environmental pollutants with growing implications for human health. These particles stem from either 'primary sources', such as intentionally manufactured microbeads and industrial abrasives, or 'secondary sources', where larger plastic items break down into smaller fragments over time. Human exposure primarily occurs through ingestion and inhalation, with contaminated seafood and plastic-laden food packaging representing key routes of entry. Once ingested, MNPs can cross the intestinal barrier, accumulate in gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, and trigger biological responses. Mechanistic studies reveal that MNPs induce oxidative stress, …

It’S Time To Stop Calling People "Stakeholders", Bethann Garramon Merkle, Evelyn Valdez-Ward, Priya Shukla, Skylar R. Bayer

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Although the term “stakeholder” has been widely used in science communication, recent expansion in the discourse around the negative connotations of the term necessitate that scientists and practitioners cease using the term. We discuss why this shift is necessary, how it affects our own praxis, and suggest resources for working through more respectful and just language. Looking to the science communication literature can help recalibrate terminology in positive ways.

Habitat Loss And Its Behavioral Effects On A Female Gray Hawk In The Lower Rio Grande Valley Of Texas, Usa, Michael T. Stewart, Ashley M. Tanner, Brian A. Millsap, William S. Clark

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Habitat loss is a major threat to wildlife worldwide. While habitat loss is commonly associated with the fragmentation, degradation, or destruction of large tracts of suitable space, habitat loss in urban environments can be much more incremental and nuanced. We tracked an adult female gray hawk (Buteo plagiatus) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, USA, before and after 70% of the trees (7.6 ha) were cleared from the core of the nesting territory. While the hawk’s overall activity budget between within-patch and exploratory movements was unchanged, the hawk undertook substantially longer exploratory movements after the trees …

Evaluating Lethal Coyote Management In The Chicago Metropolitan Area Using A Conflict Recurrence Metric, Jeffrey T. Schultz, Scott Beckerman, Robert Erickson, Danielle Montgomery, Stewart W. Breck

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Human–coyote (Canis latrans) conflict in urban environments is prevalent in cities throughout the United States. Urban areas commonly use nonlethal techniques to mitigate coyote-caused conflicts but will also incorporate selective removal of individual coyotes when conflicts persist. However, little research has evaluated these management strategies. This study analyzed coyote removal efforts conducted in the Chicago Metropolitan Area from 2010 to 2020. To evaluate the management actions, we used “time without incidence”—the time elapsing from an initial conflict until either a subsequent conflict occurred in the same area, or when the data collection period ended—as an index of effectiveness. …

Use Of Scat Dna To Estimate Coyote Abundance On A Newly Colonized Barrier Island, Sonia M. Hernandez, Michael J. Yabsley, Sarah C. Webster, Elizabeth M. Kierepka, Rochelle R. Beasley, Carly L. Landa, Heather W. Barron, Kelly Sloan, Holly Milbrandt, James C. Beasley

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Coyotes (Canis latrans) have expanded in mainland eastern North America and are known to have successfully colonized numerous islands. However, there are scarce data on the densities of coyotes in these ecosystems, in which coyotes can have substantive negative impacts. Coyotes first colonized Sanibel Island, a barrier island off the western coast of Florida, USA, in 2011, and their presence has been linked to declines in several sensitive species. However, the population size of coyotes has only been estimated from anecdotal reports and camera traps. Our goal was to estimate the size of the coyote population on Sanibel …

Cost-Effective Strategies For Feral Swine Control: Exploring Trapping Equipment Cooperatives, Phil Kenkel, Riza Radmehr, Rodney Holcomb, Mckenzie Boyce

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Feral swine (Sus scrofa) in the United States have become a growing concern, with a population of ≥6 million and causing annual damages of ≥$1.5 billion USD. Because of their high reproductive capacity, effective control methods are crucial to reducing or slowing their population growth. While remotely monitored and triggered traps have proven to be an effective control strategy, the cost of sophisticated trapping equipment, which can cost ≥$7,000 USD, is often cost prohibitive for many landowners. Despite the pressing need to address the challenge of making effective feral swine control methods more affordable, there are few studies …

Human–Wildlife Interactions Monograph Series

Human–Wildlife Interactions

The Human–Wildlife Interactions (HWI) Monograph Series is published in both print and online formats through the Jack H. Berryman Institute at Utah State University. See the current and forthcoming publications in this series.

Refine Fuels Treatments In The Wildland–Urban Interface With Wildlife In Mind, Miles Becker, Catrin M. Edgeley, David Stoner

Human–Wildlife Interactions

Conserving urban tree and shrub cover provides many benefits for wildlife and people, yet often becomes a lower priority than fuels treatments to mitigate fire risk in the wildland–urban interface (WUI). We support the principle that considering multiple objectives on privately owned property is valuable and can be achieved. Data sharing and collaboration between wildfire experts and wildlife biologists could improve the quality and extent of managing both animals and fire. Furthermore, the adoption of statewide policy and municipal regulations for preventing wildfires in the WUI provides an opportunity to incorporate ecological functions in the same directives for a balanced …

Circulating Medium- And Long-Chain Acylcarnitines Are Associated With Plasma P-Tau181 In Cognitively Normal Older Adults, Tahmida Sharmin, Pratishtha Chatterjee, James D. Doecke, Nicholas J. Ashton, Kevin Huynh, Steve Pedrini, Hamid R. Sohrabi, Benjamin Heng, Shaun Eslick, Henrik Zetterberg, Kaj Blennow, Manohar Garg, Ralph N. Martins

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis involves dysregulation in diverse biochemical processes. Nevertheless, plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-tau181), a recognised AD biomarker, has been described to reflect early-stage cortical amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in cognitively normal (CN) adults. Therefore, identifying changes in plasma metabolites associated with plasma P-tau181 at the pre-clinical stage may provide insights into underlying biochemical mechanisms to better understand initial AD pathogenesis. In the current study, plasma P-tau181, quantified via single molecule array (Simoa) technology, and plasma metabolites, quantified via targeted-mass spectrometry, were investigated for associations in CN older adults and upon stratification by positron emission tomography (PET)-Aβ …

Exploring The Association Between Sarcopenic Obesity And Cardiovascular Risk: A Summary Of Findings From Longitudinal Studies And Potential Mechanisms, Zhongyang Guan, Blossom C.M. Stephan, Lorenzo Maria Donini, Carla M. Prado, Marc Sim, Mario Siervo

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

It is estimated that more than one-tenth of adults aged ≥60 years are now classified as having sarcopenic obesity (SO), a clinical condition characterized by the concurrent presence of sarcopenia (low muscle mass and weakness) and obesity (excessive fat mass). Independently, sarcopenia and obesity are associated with a high risk of numerous adverse health outcomes including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and neurological conditions (e.g. dementia), but SO may confer a greater risk, exceeding either condition alone. This imposes a substantial burden on individuals, healthcare systems and society. In recent years, an increasing number of observational studies have explored the association between …

Cross-Habitat Patterns Of Sediment Transport And Release By Surgeonfishes, Sterling B. Tebbett, David R. Bellwood, James Gahan, Isabelle Ng, Alexandre C. Siqueira

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Building a comprehensive understanding of geo-ecological functions is viewed as a critical step in the quantification of carbonate and sediment budgets on coral reefs. Although parrotfishes are known to play key roles in such functions, the roles of surgeonfishes are less well understood. This is despite surgeonfishes being some of the largest and most abundant, nominally herbivorous fishes on reefs, with the potential to play a major role in sediment dynamics. Here, we quantified the role of four focal surgeonfish species across two functional groups (sediment suckers and brushers) in cross-habitat sediment dynamics by combining data on behavioural observations, fish …

Multifactorial Fall Interventions For People Over 65 Years In The Acute Hospital Setting: Pre–Post-Test Design, Allison Wallis, Christina Aggar, Deb Massey

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Falls are the most reported patient safety incident for patients >65 years in acute hospital settings worldwide. While multifactorial fall interventions reduce the number of falls in subacute and rehabilitation settings, fall interventions in acute hospital settings are unknown. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of multifactorial fall interventions on the number of falls using codesigned education targeting staff and the patient and review the environment in acute hospital settings in NSW, Australia for patients over 65 years of age. Method: A pre–post-test design with a non-equivalent group was conducted. All acute hospital inpatient falls occurring both pre- and post-intervention …

Accounting For Post-Release Mortality In Data-Limited, Length-Based Assessments For Four Demersal Fish Species With Varying Life Histories, Brett Crisafulli, Sybrand Alexander Hesp, Ebenezer Afrifa-Yamoah, Ute A. Mueller, Karina L. Ryan, David V. Fairclough, Norman G. Hall, Johnny Lo

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Released (or discarded) fish from recreational and commercial line fisheries can experience significant levels of post-release mortality (PRM), affecting sustainability. Although PRM effects are often considered in data-rich (integrated model) assessments, this is uncommon in data-limited assessments. This study investigates impacts of PRM when applying data-limited, length-based assessment methods for four reef-dwelling demersal fish species in temperate Western Australia (Glaucosoma hebraicum, Chrysophrys auratus, Choerodon rubescens and Epinephelides armatus). These species differ considerably in their biology and susceptibility to PRM. For each species simulations were undertaken to (1) evaluate the reliability of a length-based catch curve (LBCC) method for estimating fishing …

Still Hungry, Not Enough: The Past, Present, And Future Of Food Tourism Scholarship, Eerang Park, Sangkyun Kim

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This paper provides a state-of-the-art critical review of past and current food tourism scholarship and offers key insights and directions to establish a more comprehensive perspective on the field. The food tourism scholarship evolved, transformed, and progressed from earlier intellectual discussions and scholarly discourses on ‘food in tourism’. Through a rapid transition from ‘food in tourism’ to ‘food for tourism’ and ‘tourism for food’ as the current status quo, this paper proposes four directions for future food tourism research. These are: the application of contextualism philosophy with particular attention to the localities and peculiarities of emerging and/or new food tourism …

Advances, Limitations, And Future Perspectives In 3d Printing Of Porous Glasses: A Technical Note, Hamed Bakhtiari, Mostafa Omidi Bidgoli, Mohammad Hosseini

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

In this study, the latest developments in 3D printing of porous glasses are discussed. Current challenges in 3D printing of porous-based microfluidic devices mostly include the printing resolution which is correlated with the processing time, post treating, and developing tailored materials for porous glasses. Although the latter issue has been resolved to some extent recently, the former has remained a challenge. Currently, the smallest 3D printed feature in a microfluidic structure is 200µm while higher resolutions are required in some applications. On the other hand, previous reports have shown intensive printing time for higher resolutions. To achieve an optimal compromise, …

Comparing Microct Staining And Scanning Methodology For Brain Studies In Various Sizes Of Spiders, Vanessa Penna-Gonçalves, Nikolas J. Willmott, Michael B.J. Kelly, Jay R. Black, Elizabeth C. Lowe, Marie E. Herberstein

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Recent advances in microCT are facilitating the investigation of microstructures in spiders and insects leading to an increased number of studies investigating their neuroanatomy. Although microCT is a powerful tool, its effectiveness depends on appropriate tissue preparation and scan settings, particularly for soft, non-sclerotized tissues, such as muscles, organs, and neural tissues. As the application of microCT in spiders is only in its infancy, published protocols are often difficult to implement due to substantial size variation of the specimens. The present study was initiated to determine how to account for this variation. Our work builds on previous methods using microCT …

Diverged Populations Admixture Bolsters Genetic Diversity Of A New Island Dibbler (Parantechinus Apicalis) Population, But Does Not Prevent Subsequent Loss Of Genetic Variation, Rujiporn Thavornkanlapachai, Harriet R. Mills, Kym Ottewell, Cathy Lambert, J. Anthony Friend, Daniel J. White, Zahra Aisya, W. Jason Kennington

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Translocating individuals from multiple source populations is one way to bolster genetic variation and avoid inbreeding in newly established populations. However, mixing isolated populations, especially from islands, can potentially lead to outbreeding depression and/or assortative mating, which may limit interbreeding between source populations. Here, we investigated genetic consequences of mixing individuals from two island populations of the dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis) in an island translocation. Despite a high level of genetic divergence between the source populations (FST ranges 0.33–0.64), and significant differences in body size, individuals with different ancestries were able to successfully interbreed in captivity and in the wild. However, …

Web-Based Application For Reducing Methamphetamine Use Among Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander People: Randomized Waitlist Controlled Trial, Rachel Reilly, Rebecca Mcketin, Federica Barzi, Tayla Degan, Nadine Ezard, Katherine Conigrave, Julia Butt, Yvette Roe, Handan Wand, Brendan Quinn, Wade Longbottom, Carla Treloar, Adrian Dunlop, James Ward

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Digital interventions can help to overcome barriers to care, including stigma, geographical distance, and a lack of culturally appropriate treatment options. “We Can Do This” is a web-based app that was designed with input from cultural advisors and end users to support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people seeking to stop or reduce their use of methamphetamine and increase psychosocial well-being.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the “We Can Do This” web-based app as a psychosocial treatment for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who use methamphetamine.

Methods: The web app was evaluated using a …

Behavioral Responses To Underwater Noise, Christine Erbe, Capri Jolliffe, Renee Schoeman, Valeria Senigaglia, Cristina Tollefsen, Rebecca Wellard, Ann Bowles, Dorian Houser, Shyam Madhusudhana, Sarah A. Marley, Angela Recalde Salas, Chandra Salgado-Kent, Leah Trigg

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This chapter presents an overview of physical and acoustic behavioral responses of marine mammals to underwater sounds. A literature review was undertaken, and data on received levels at the animal when certain types of responses were observed were compiled in an online supplementary spreadsheet. Based on this, an overview of responses was written, organized first by species and then by sound type. In-air and underwater sound sources were considered. The most studied sound types were mid-frequency sonar and acoustic deterrent devices and then impact pile driving and vessels. The most frequently reported response was avoidance, followed by changes in swim …

Navigating Ethical Complexities In Health Education: Exploring Challenges In Teaching Food And Health, E. Oljans, M. Quennerstedt, D. Barker, A. Caldeborg, V. Varea

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Teaching food and health may be challenging, especially in classrooms where young people from different cultures, ethnicities, and religions meet. This article explores teachers’ navigation of ethical complexities when teaching food and health in classrooms with immigrant students. Five didactical strategies were identified: (1) The educare strategy, (2) The tiptoeing strategy, (3) The collegial support strategy, (4) The intercultural strategy, and (5) The pluralistic strategy. These didactical strategies are embedded in various educational settings. Our results demonstrate that a further focus on ethical and intercultural competence should be carefully supported and implemented in teacher education and continual professional development programmes …

Sorghum And Sorghum-Based Products: Nutritional Composition, Prebiotic Potential And Health Benefits In Gut Microbiota Interactions, W. M.A.D.Binosha Fernando, Rasheed A. Abdulraheem, Kalmee Pramoda Kariyawasam, Amal Sudaraka Samarasinghe, W. M.Kendrea T. Fernando, Hannah Barnes, Malina Robertson, D. P.W. Jayatunga, B. G.D.N.K. De Silva, Vijay Jayasena

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a member of the Poaceae family and is the fifth most important crop globally. Sorghum grains (SGs) are rich in health-promoting macro- and micronutrients and phytochemicals. SGs are commonly consumed as food or as ingredients in food, especially in African countries. Therefore, food products such as ogi, bread and flour have been and are still being developed from SGs to provide nutritional and health benefits. However, the nutritional and prebiotic potential of SGs, especially the pigment pericarps, has not been fully exploited. This review describes micronutrients in different varieties of sorghum and the health benefits …

Learning Contexts And Visions For Stem In Schools, Mellita Jones, Vince Geiger, Garry Falloon, Sharon Fraser, Kim Beswick, Benjamin Holland-Twining, Vesife Hatisaru

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

STEM education is viewed as being vital for economic prosperity and productivity; and can contribute productively to changing technological, economic, and social demands of the twenty-first Century. However, there is limited consensus on how STEM education is understood and taught, and inadequate discussion around its role in addressing global issues such as climate change, health, poverty, food security, and other STEM-related social concerns. In this paper, we identify the contexts adopted for STEM teaching and learning in 47 Australian schools, drawing data from semi-structured interviews with principals and teachers who participated in the Principals as STEM Leaders (PASL) project. These …

A National Survey Of Gendered Grouping Practices In Secondary School Physical Education In England, Shaun D. Wilkinson, Dawn Penney

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Gendered grouping practices and curriculum provision are matters of long-standing contention and debate in physical education (PE) policy, research, and practice internationally. In England, there is a long tradition of single-sex grouping in PE in secondary schools, with accompanying gendered patterns of staffing and many boys and girls taught different activities in the curriculum. Research on the incidence of single- and mixed-sex grouping in PE is however scarce, dated, and limited in scale. At a time when education, sport, and society are challenged to move beyond binary discourses and critically review structures and practices that uphold stereotypical and established …

Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals Lead To Selective Inhibition Of Cyp1 Monooxygenase Activities, And Increased Production Of Reactive Oxygen Species By Reaction Uncoupling, John Patrick Connick, Amari A. Stepter, George F. Cawley, Marilyn K. Eyer, Wayne L. Backes

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

This study focuses on the effect of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) on the P450 enzymes of the CYP1 family. EPFRs are a component of particulate pollutants, that are stable in the environment, but can generate free radicals, leading to oxidative stress and subsequent toxicity of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and immune systems once they enter an organism. The results show differences in the ability of EPFRs to inhibit CYP1-dependent substrate metabolism, with CYP1B1 being inhibited to the greatest extent. There also were differences in the ability of EPFRs to disrupt the POR•CYP1 complex, with CYP1B1 being the only form where …

Chronic Administration Of A Cannabis-Derived Mixture At An Antihyperalgesic Dose Does Not Significantly Enhance Hepatotoxicity Or The Development Of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis In Male Mice, Kim B. Pedersen, Tomislav Jelesijevic, Tamara M. Morris, Sarah M. Melton, Ashley S. Henderson, John F. Glenn, Gregory J. Davenport, Martin J.J. Ronis, Peter J. Winsauer

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

Cannabis and cannabinoid mixtures have been linked to a variety of health benefits including pain mitigation, suppression of nausea produced by chemotherapeutic agents, anti-inflammatory effects, and effects on energy homeostasis, glucose, and lipid metabolism. The latter properties have led to the suggestion that these products could have therapeutic effects on the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) - a severe type of liver pathology in obese and diabetic patients. However, varying agonist and antagonistic properties of different cannabinoids on the endogenous cannabinoid system make prediction regarding hepatic effects and diet interactions difficult. The current study was designed to examine hepatic …