Digital Commons Network^™

Prevalence And Concentrations Of Four Waste-Pathogen Combinations From Land-Spreading Across High-Income, Temperate Regions: Meta-Modelling And Distribution Fitting For Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (Qmra), Jennifer E M Mccarthy, Paul D Hynds, Declan J Bolton, Jesús M Frías Celayeta

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

No abstract provided.

Microbial Solutions In Agriculture: Enhancing Soil Health And Resilience Through Bio-Inoculants And Bioremediation, Rahul Kumar, Beatrice Farda, Amedeo Mignini, Rihab Djebaili, Leonard Koolman, Alivia Paul, Subhankar Mondal, Joy M. Joel, Aditi Pandit, Periyasamy Panneerselvam, Marika Pellegrini, Debasis Mitra

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Soil microbes are important for maintaining agricultural ecosystems by promoting nutrient cycling, plant growth, and soil resilience. Microbial-based inoculants, such as bio-inoculants and bioremediation agents, have been identified as suitable means to promote soil health, reduce environmental deterioration, and achieve sustainable agriculture. Bio-inoculants, such as biofertilizers and biopesticides, promote nutrient availability, plant growth, and chemical input dependency reduction. Diverse microbial populations, especially plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), enhance resistance by promoting a symbiotic association with plants and inducing natural resistance against insects. Bioremediation, the second significant microbial intervention, is the use of microorganisms for detoxifying and rehabilitating polluted soils. Methods effectively …

A Post-Normal Environment-Centered Approach To Engineering Ethics Education, T Børsen, Shannon Chance, G Meskens

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

This chapter probes engineering responses to contemporary socio-ecological challenges – like climate change and loss of biodiversity – and advocates for a new, post-normal engineering (PNE) paradigm. The chapter promotes cultivating, via reflection and dialogue, a nuanced ethical understanding for grappling with urgent socio-ecological problems, underscoring the need for a diverse palette of ethical frameworks for current and future engineers. The proposed PNE paradigm rejects today's conventional engineering practices and extractive cradle-to-grave model, prioritizing global responsibility and advocating for reflexivity in constructing new approaches to complex present-day issues. Existing theories like virtue ethics and utilitarianism (covered elsewhere in this handbook) …

“I Can Do This”: Resilience Of Women Students In Engineering And Technology Courses In Portugal, Bill Williams, Shannon Chance

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

To understand the factors that influenced female students to choose their degree programs and complete them successfully, we gathered data from 11 women undergraduate students in Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Construction Management programs at a Portuguese polytechnic. All participants completed their courses within the two years following the interviews. The two authors analyzed the data gathered via interviews with individual students using thematic analysis and present four generated themes along with their implications.The findings suggest that further research is warranted on the role of short-cycle programs within the Portuguese polytechnic sector in providing routes to help young women overcome obstacles …

A Systematic Review Of The Use Of Electronic Nose And Tongue Technologies For Detecting Food Contaminants, Muhammad Zia Ul Haq, Baljit Singh, Xolile Fuku, Ahmed Barhoum, Furong Tian

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Sensor operations in the food industry are faced with several major challenges, including in sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and rapid detection. Among emerging technologies, e-nose and e-tongue systems have attracted much attention from researchers. This review examines 112 studies published from 2004 to 2025, and examines the functionalities and performance in detecting various food product-associated analytes. The sensitivity of e-nose and e-tongue systems was analyzed using various data processing techniques. Recent research and development in leading countries (i.e., China, United Kingdom, Columbia, India, Portugal, Spain, Hungary, Ireland) was examined. The findings indicate that principal component analysis (PCA) was the most widely …

Competitive School Culture And The Gifted Adolescent, Kailyn Bettle-Nilles

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

Academic stress is changing the dynamics of school and the culture of learning for students (Challenge Success, n.d.). This is especially apparent in gifted students who indicate higher instances of feeling it is important to do well in school, being competitive in school, and a desire to be the best at everything (Baker, 1996). Gifted high school students today experience a competitive school culture, defined in this study as the drive for students to take as many honors courses, Advanced Placement (AP), and course accelerations as possible. Previous studies indicate that students in academically rigorous courses like AP experience more …

Revealing The Hidden Benefits Of Social Emotional Learning: Unpacking What’S Really Going On?, Marissa Schweinfurth

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

This study explores the role of Social Emotional Learning (SEL) in enhancing executive function (EF) skills among elementary school students, with a particular focus on those facing high levels of adversity. The research was driven by three key questions: (1) Can SEL improve EF skills in young students? (2) Does SEL lead to faster development of EF skills compared to typical age-related expectations? (3) Which specific SEL strategies are most effective in promoting EF skills? Utilizing the "Transactional Model of Stress and Coping" by Lazarus and Folkman as a conceptual framework, this study examined how SEL interventions act as coping …

Dictyostelids: The Second Major Group Of Slime Molds, P. Liu, Z.J. Zhang, J.H. Ge, Y. Zou, Z. Li, S. Li, Y. Li, S.L. Stephenson

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

The dictyostelids (also called cellular slime molds or social amoebae) are among the more abundant and widespread groups of microorganisms in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite this fact, they are totally unknown to most people, who sometimes confuse the dictyostelids with myxomycetes (or plasmodial slime molds). The first dictyostelid (Dictyostelium mucoroides) was described by the German Oskar Brefeld in 1869. More than 180 species are now known, and these organisms have been recorded from the high arctic to the subantarctic. The primary microhabitat for dictyostelids is the soil/humus layer on a forest floor, but they also occur in a number of other …

Parenteral Nutritional Support In Surgical Patients: Expert Consensus Statements Regarding Intravenous Lipid Emulsions Containing Omega-3 Fatty Acids., Robert G Martindale, David C Evans, Dan Waitzberg, Malissa Warren, Manpreet S Mundi, Stanislaw Klek, Paul E Wischmeyer, Martin D Rosenthal

Surgery Articles

OBJECTIVES: The International Lipids in Parenteral Nutrition (PN) Summit was convened to offer practical guidance and expert consensus opinion regarding the use of intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) in various clinical settings. Herein, we briefly review aspects from this summit that are of particular importance for surgical/hospitalized patients.

METHODS: Summit participants identified and discussed new evidence, data, and analyses, that potentially influence the benefits and risks of ILEs in PN or their use in clinical practice. The summit meeting consisted of expert presentations that assessed recent clinical data and best practice, followed by periodic panel discussions to formulate consensus statements. Consensus …

Promoting Angiogenesis/Osteogenesis By A New Copper/Magnesium Hydroxide Hybrid Nanoparticle: In Vitro And In Vivo Investigation, Parsa Khalkhali, Meisam Omidi, Daniela S. Masson-Meyers, Babak Akbari, Mohammad Mehdi Dehghan, Hossein Aminianfar, Saeed Farzad-Mohajeri, Van Mansouri, Lobat Tayebi

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

In this study, a new hybrid nanoparticle composed of magnesium hydroxide and copper oxide (Mg(OH)2/CuO) with an optimized ratio of magnesium (Mg) to copper (Cu) was designed and incorporated into a 3D-printed scaffold made of polycaprolactone (PCL) and gelatin. These hybrid nanostructures (MCNs) were prepared using a green, solvent-free method. Their topography, surface morphology, and structural properties were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The fabricated 3D-printed PCL/Gelatin/MCN scaffolds were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Cell viability tests on murine calvarial preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and human umbilical vein …

Efficient Discovery Of Frequently Co-Occurring Mutations In A Sequence Database With Matrix Factorization, Michael Robert Kolar, Debasis Mitra, Valerie Kobzarenko

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Faculty Publications

We have developed a robust method for efficiently tracking multiple co-occurring mutations in a sequence database. Evolution often hinges on the interaction of several mutations to produce significant phenotypic changes that lead to the proliferation of a variant. However, identifying numerous simultaneous mutations across a vast database of sequences poses a significant computational challenge. Our approach leverages a matrix factorization technique to automatically and efficiently pinpoint subsets of positions where co-mutations occur, appearing in a substantial number of sequences within the database. We validated our method using SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domains, comprising approximately seven hundred thousand sequences of the Spike protein, …

Highly Scalable Solid-Core Inhibited-Coupling Fiber-Based Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor, Mohammad Al Mahfuz, Md Selim Habib

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Faculty Publications

Advancements in plasmonic sensing require simultaneous detection capability that ensures large-scale detection with reduced losses. In this work, we propose a new solid-core fiber-based refractive index (RI) sensor with an ultra-broad detection range. The proposed fiber consists of a relatively simple single-ring cladding with six circular tubes in which the light is guided in the core based on the inhibited-coupling (IC) mechanism. The sensing performance is investigated using extensive finite-element modeling (FEM) through the combination of IC and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing technology. Our results show a low loss of <3 dB/cm across the RI detection range from 1 to 1.60, peaking the wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 3000 nm/RIU and figure of merit (FOM) of 120 RIU−1. Our study also includes the investigation of the fabrication tolerance, fiber bending, and the use of alternative plasmonic materials, providing insights into the practical implementation capability of the proposed sensor. Our findings highlight the potential of the proposed sensor in emerging applications such as detecting air pollutants, biochemical substances, and DNA, paving the way towards bio-sensing within a lab-on-a-chip platform. © 2025 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.

Towards The Application Of Graphrag To Network Security, Marco Carvalho, Fitzroy Nembhard, Dhanish Mehta

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Faculty Publications

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) has facilitated significant advancements in natural language processing. In a short space of time, LLMs have permeated a wide array of disciplines including healthcare, finance, education, etc. However, in their native form, LLMs retain information in their parameters, which sometimes causes the underlying models to produce inaccurate results or hallucinations. To that end, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has been proposed to address some of the challenges of LLMs by referencing an external knowledge base while formulating a response to queries. Still, traditional RAG fails to handle the complex structure of relationships among different entities …

The Next Generation Science Standards And Their Implementation In Iowa High Schools, Janell Wright

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

Almost a decade ago, the state of Iowa used the Next Generation Science Standards’ (NGSS) performance expectations as the basis for its state science standards for K-12 students. Several key changes were implemented within these standards, including an increase in the amount of Earth and space science content at the high school level and a three-dimensional approach interweaving science and engineering practices and crosscutting concepts along with disciplinary core ideas. In this dissertation, I used a three-paper format in an explanatory sequential mixed methods design to explore how districts in Iowa are using scope and sequence to address the NGSS. …

Fixation On Viruses: Eye-Tracking, Image-Based Agency, And Fear-Appeal Desensitization, Braden Bagley, Lijie Zhou, Hayden Coombs, Matthew Barton

Iowa Journal of Communication

This study examined the effects of image-based assignment of agency (IAA) on COVID-19 and flu fear-appeals by employing eye-tracking technology. Volunteers participated in a 2x2x2 between-groups experiment. Fixation-count and fixation-duration were collected by a Tobii Pro X3-120 Screen-Based Eye-Tracker. After reviewing a fact sheet, participants answered a 29-item survey that included items aligning with the extended parallel process model. The flu/agentic-image/virus-agentic-language message produced significantly higher fixation-frequency to the image and a higher perception of severity than the COVID-19/real-image/human-agentic-language message. Fixation-frequency on the image produced significantly higher fear perceptions, but significantly lower message-quality and message-credibility perceptions. Flu messages led to significantly …

Protective Effects Of Calligonum Comosum As A Natural Remedy To Counteract Pregabalin-Induced Toxicity: Insights From Chemical Profiling, In Vivo, And In Silico Analyses, Smail Mehda, Ibtissam Laib, Feriel Diab, Raounek Attia, Yousef Benaissa, Attia Hanane, Khiari Rayhana, Meriem Bellabidi, Huda Alsaeedi, David Croun, Mikhael Bechelany, Ahmed Barhoum

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

This study explores the therapeutic potential of Calligonum comosum extract in alleviating pregabalin (PGB)-induced toxicity in male Wistar rats, with a focus on hepatic, renal, and reproductive health. PGB exposure led to significant biochemical disturbances, including elevated liver enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH), impaired kidney markers (urea, creatinine, uric acid), reduced reproductive hormones (testosterone, FSH, LH), and notable histopathological damage in liver, kidney, and testicular tissues. Treatment with C. comosum extract effectively restored liver and kidney functions and partially corrected hormonal imbalances. The extract reduced AST, ALT, and LDH levels by 18.5%, 25.2%, and 13.7%, respectively. Similarly, urea, creatinine, and uric …

Consciousness Of Octopuses—On Their Own Terms, Jennifer Mather

Animal Sentience

Because cephalopods are so different from the vertebrate lineage, their possible consciousness must be assessed on the basis of their heritage and abilities. Cephalopods have evolved in water, a denser medium than air, and their perception is adapted to it. They have inherited the molluscan mantle cavity and hydrostatic muscle type, which has led to a more distributed motor control system despite a centralized brain, and have evolved a completely novel skin display system. Using these abilities, octopuses can form concepts, plan for the future, generate a cognitive map, and self-monitor for apparent pain and manipulate communication. Most cephalopods use …

Words And Stardom: Modernist Poetic Responses To Asta Nielsen, Karl E. Toepfer

Open Educational Resources

This essay discusses how four modernist poets portrayed the Danish movie star Asta Nilesen (1881-1972). German Hans Schiebelhuth (1895-1944) describes the "demonic" power of Nielsen's image to awaken dark aspects of his adolscent personality. For the Flemish poet Paul van Ostaijen (1896-1928), Nielsen's cinematic image provokes a radical shattering of language into extravagant "word-images." Danish writer Rudolf Broby-Johansen (1900-1987) linked Nielsen's image to a radical (Marxist) critique of oppressive sexual politics within a capitalist society. German Franz Behrens (1895-1977) composed a lengthy, expressionist ode to Nielsen from the perspective of one who actually worked as a screenwriter in the German …

Macroplastic Characteristics And Assessment Of The Plastic Abundance Index (Pai) Of Beach Sediments In Prigi Bay, East Java, Indonesia, Adinda P.A. Nevandhra, Seftiawan S. Rijal, Syarifah H.J. Sari, Defri Yona

Applied Environmental Research

Macroplastics, defined as plastic debris ranging from 2.5 to 100 cm, pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems, as they can breakdown into smaller particles. These materials are widely dispersed across marine environments, including coastal areas. This study aimed to compare and assess the abundance of macroplastics in the foreshore and backshore zones of four beaches around Prigi Bay, East Java, Indonesia, via the plastic abundance index (PAI). Macro-plastics were collected via a 5×5 m quadrat transect method. The results revealed that single-use plastics, particularly packaging and sachets, dominated both zones, accounting for 86% and 91% of the total number of …

The Use Of Machine Learning Algorithms For Water Quality Index Prediction In The Sai Gon River, Vietnam, Thuy Nguyen Thi Diem, Mai Nguyen Thi Huynh, Tra Tran Quang

Applied Environmental Research

Accurate prediction of the water quality index (WQI) lays the groundwork for integrated river basins and sustainable water resource management. Recent and accelerated advances in machine learning have led to various promising applications in water quality assessment. The present study leverages the predictive performance of several ML algorithms, including extreme gradient boosting (XGB), the gradient boosting model (GBM), support vector regression (SVR), and the radial basic function (RBF), to predict the WQI at three monitoring sites on the Sai Gon River from 2015–2019. In comparison, the results indicate that the XGB model outperforms the other models when eight parameters, including …

Effects Of Herbicides On 2,4-D-Resistant Soil Microorganisms In Maize Cultivation In Lopburi Province, Thailand, Boontarik Chimchart, Jitra Kokaew, Amnat Eamvijarn, Kanokon Bunpha, Sontaya Khamtib, Monchai Manassila, Tawatchai Inboonchuay

Applied Environmental Research

This study aimed to assess the impact of herbicide application on soil micro-organism density and to identify microorganisms resistant to 2,4-D-dimethyl-ammonium (2,4-D) for potential biodegradation. Research was conducted in maize plots in Lopburi Province, where 2,4-D was applied at a rate of 120 g of active ingredient per 160 m2. The soil samples were collected at various intervals: before application; 2 and 4 hours postapplication; and 1, 3, and 7 days after application. The analyses included soil property and microorganism population analyses. The results indicated that 2,4-D applications significantly increased bacteria and fungi in the treated plots compared with those …

Kinetics Of Hexavalent Chromium Adsorption And Reduction By Living Cells Of The Marine Bacterium Bacillus Cereus, Jittima Charoenpanich, Wachiraphorn Cherdchoo, Jutamas Pantab, Jariya Supakrit

Applied Environmental Research

This study identified Bacillus cereus, an efficient Cr(VI) bioreducer, isolated from marine sediment in Thailand. Batch experiments verified the complete removal of 25 mg L-1Cr(VI) from synthetic wastewater (pH 7.0) after 6 days at 37 °C, 50 rpm,and a biomass concentration of 25% (v/v) culture inoculum. The Freundlich isotherm model demonstrated the best correlation with the Cr(VI) adsorption equilibrium data in the 25–100 mg L-1concentration range (R2= 0.9831). Kinetic analyses indicated that the removal of Cr(VI) by living B. cereusfollowed a pseudo-second-order adsorption model (R2= 0.9875) and a pseudo-second-order reduction model (R2= 0.9807). The adsorption rate can be accuratelycharacterizedvia the …

Patent Infringement In Time, John R. Thomas

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

No patent lasts forever. When intellectual property rights expire, a canonical principle states, all benefits of their ownership cease. But patents may cast a long shadow after they are gone, hindering the advent of immediate competition upon their expiration. The law acts unevenly in these circumstances, leading to questionable intellectual property and public health policies. Ordinarily competitors cannot make and use a patented invention until the patent's term has concluded. This delay ordinarily extends the effective period of exclusivity that the patentee enjoys. However, a statutory safe harbor shields from infringement acts undertaken "solely for uses reasonably related" to Food …

Optical Coherence Tomography Harmonization With Anatomy-Guided Latent Metric Schrödinger Bridges, Shuwen Wei, Blake E. Dewey, Samuel W. Remedios, Bruno Jedynak, Shimeng Wang, Peter Calabresi, Shiv Saidha, Aaron Carass, Multiple Additional Authors

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Publications and Presentations

Medical image harmonization aims to reduce the differences in appearance caused by scanner hardware variations to allow for consistent and reliable comparisons across devices. Harmonization based on paired images from different devices has limited applicability in real-world clinical settings. On the other hand, unpaired harmonization typically does not guarantee anatomy consistency, which is problematic because anatomical information preservation is paramount. The Schrödinger bridge framework has achieved state-of-the-art style transfer performance with natural images by matching distributions of unpaired images, but this approach can also introduce anatomy changes when applied to medical images. We show that such changes occur because the …

Mock: An Algorithm For Learning Nonparametric Differential Equations Via Multivariate Occupation Kernel Functions, Victoria A. Rielly, Kamel Lahouel, Ethan Lew, Nicholas Fisher, Vicky Geneva Haney, Michael Wells, Bruno M. Jedynak

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Publications and Presentations

Learning a nonparametric system of ordinary differential equations from trajectories in a -dimensional state space requires learning functions of variables. Explicit formulations often scale quadratically in unless additional knowledge about system properties, such as sparsity and symmetries, is available. In this work, we propose a linear approach, the multivariate occupation kernel method (MOCK), using the implicit formulation provided by vector-valued reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. The solution for the vector field relies on multivariate occupation kernel functions associated with the trajectories and scales linearly with the dimension of the state space. We validate through experiments on a variety of simulated and …

The Forms Of Representation: How To Be A Kantian Realist, Willem A. Devries

Faculty Publications

Sellars argued that Kant did not make certain distinctions concerning space and time, and because of this adopted his transcendental idealism. Once these distinctions are made, the path to realism remains open. Sellars' argument is not entirely clear. This essay attempts to clarify the argument, showing why Sellars believed he could remain a scientific realist while also adopting a Kantian style epistemology.

“Finally Girls Hitting A Celly:” Emotions And Gender Embodiment In Competitive Swimmers’ Post-Race Celebrations, Lauren Q. Rohde , '25

Senior Theses, Projects, and Awards

In athletic competitions, the moment of achievement is often extremely cathartic and results in a visible celebration. In competitive swimming, these reactions to success are isolated to the end of a race, completely individual, and often feature interaction with one’s surroundings, such as the water or lane lines. These moments are also highly visible and usually well-photographed, and the visibility of these actions contributes to a growing culture in the sport around post-race celebrations. The exposure of the body in competitive swimming additionally contributes to its visibility, further complicating behaviors and norms around celebrating race outcomes. This research aims to …

Goldenbraid20 E Coli: A Comprehensive And Characterized Toolkit For Enterics, Matthew B Cooke, Kobie T Welch, Laura D Ramirez, Alice X Wen, David C Marciano, Christophe Herman

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Modular cloning systems streamline laboratory workflows by consolidating genetic 'parts' into reusable and modular collections, enabling researchers to fast-track strain construction. The GoldenBraid 2.0 modular cloning system utilizes the cutting property of type IIS restriction enzymes to create defined genetic 'grammars', which facilitate the reuse of standardized genetic parts and assembly of genetic parts in the right order. Here, we present a GoldenBraid 2.0 toolkit of genetic parts designed to accelerate cloning in the model bacterium

Research For All: Building A Diverse Researcher Community For The All Of Us Research Program, Rubin Baskir, Minnkyong Lee, Sydney J Mcmaster, Jessica Lee, Faith Blackburne-Proctor, Romuladus Azuine, Nakia Mack, Sheri D Schully, Martin Mendoza, Janeth Sanchez, Yong Crosby, Erica Zumba, Michael Hahn, Naomi Aspaas, Ahmed Elmi, Shanté Alerté, Elizabeth Stewart, Danielle Wilfong, Meag Doherty, Margaret M Farrell, Grace B Hébert, Sula Hood, Cheryl M Thomas, Debra D Murray, Brendan Lee, Louisa A Stark, Megan A Lewis, Jen D Uhrig, Laura R Bartlett, Edgar Gil Rico, Adolph Falcón, Elizabeth Cohn, Mitchell R Lunn, Juno Obedin-Maliver, Linda Cottler, Milton Eder, Fornessa T Randal, Jason Karnes, Kitani Lemieux, Nelson Lemieux, Nelson Lemieux, Lilanta Bradley, Ronnie Tepp, Meredith Wilson, Monica Rodriguez, Chris Lunt, Karriem Watson

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

OBJECTIVES: The NIH All of Us Research Program (All of Us) is engaging a diverse community of more than 10 000 registered researchers using a robust engagement ecosystem model. We describe strategies used to build an ecosystem that attracts and supports a diverse and inclusive researcher community to use the All of Us dataset and provide metrics on All of Us researcher usage growth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Researcher audiences and diversity categories were defined to guide a strategy. A researcher engagement strategy was codeveloped with program partners to support a researcher engagement ecosystem. An adapted ecological model guided the ecosystem …

Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals Lead To Selective Inhibition Of Cyp1 Monooxygenase Activities, And Increased Production Of Reactive Oxygen Species By Reaction Uncoupling, John Patrick Connick, Amari A. Stepter, George F. Cawley, Marilyn K. Eyer, Wayne L. Backes

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

This study focuses on the effect of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) on the P450 enzymes of the CYP1 family. EPFRs are a component of particulate pollutants, that are stable in the environment, but can generate free radicals, leading to oxidative stress and subsequent toxicity of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and immune systems once they enter an organism. The results show differences in the ability of EPFRs to inhibit CYP1-dependent substrate metabolism, with CYP1B1 being inhibited to the greatest extent. There also were differences in the ability of EPFRs to disrupt the POR•CYP1 complex, with CYP1B1 being the only form where …