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A Concoction Pipeline For Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (Motus) Among Riparian And Aquatic Beetles, Emmanuel D. Delocado, Voltaire Rafael H. Banzon, Enrico Gerard S. Sanchez Jan 2025

A Concoction Pipeline For Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (Motus) Among Riparian And Aquatic Beetles, Emmanuel D. Delocado, Voltaire Rafael H. Banzon, Enrico Gerard S. Sanchez

Biology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


A Low-Cost Production Method For Bst Dna Polymerase (Large Fragment), Crisanto M. Lopez, M. V. San Pedro, V. A. Cañas, J. R. Garcia Jan 2025

A Low-Cost Production Method For Bst Dna Polymerase (Large Fragment), Crisanto M. Lopez, M. V. San Pedro, V. A. Cañas, J. R. Garcia

Biology Faculty Publications

BstLF, the large fragment of Bst DNA polymerase, is a recombinant strand-displacing DNA polymerase derived from Geobacillus stearothermophilus and serves as the primary enzyme utilized in loopmediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Recently, the application of LAMP as a convenient and accessible diagnostic tool has gained considerable attention. However, the high cost of reagents presents a significant barrier to the development of LAMP diagnostic kits, limiting accessibility for laboratories in low-resource settings. In this study, we report a low-cost production method for BstLF utilizing more readily available alternative reagents coupled with a simplified purification process. The resulting homebrewed BstLF demonstrated comparable amplification …


Assessment Of Validity And Reliability Of Survey Tool For Good Aquaculture Practices Of Philippine Shellfish Farmers, Crisanto M. Lopez, A. Rustia, E. Barrios, D. Tanay Jan 2025

Assessment Of Validity And Reliability Of Survey Tool For Good Aquaculture Practices Of Philippine Shellfish Farmers, Crisanto M. Lopez, A. Rustia, E. Barrios, D. Tanay

Biology Faculty Publications

Food safety farm-to-fork model compliance to good aquaculture practices (GAqP) of Filipino shellfish farmers placed a special consideration in the validation and reliability of the developed survey tool that consisted of 11 sections of GAqP provisions based on Philippine National Standards 207:2017 and CXS 52-2003 standards. Validation [content validity index (CVI) and impact factor (IF)] and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) included pre-testing (item difficulty and discrimination index) (n = 7 shellfish farmers; n = 7 technical personnel on fisheries), validation (n = 30 shellfish farmers and five experts), and pilot testing (n = 30 shellfish farmers) to measure the reliability. Pre-testing …


Dr. Wolfram Mey’S Stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) Collection From Luzon, Philippines: Part Ii. Leuctridae, Arthien Lovell P. Pelingen Jan 2025

Dr. Wolfram Mey’S Stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) Collection From Luzon, Philippines: Part Ii. Leuctridae, Arthien Lovell P. Pelingen

Biology Faculty Publications

Leuctrid specimens were examined from a collection expedition conducted over 20 years ago by Dr. Wolfram Mey. Rhopalopsole luzonensis sp. nov., R. absentia sp. nov., and R. rotundus sp. nov. are described based on male specimens. Additionally, a distribution hypothesis, discussion of female specimens, and an updated checklist are briefly provided.


The Use Of Synthesized Stabilized Nanoparticles Of Selenium As A Feed Additive In Shrimp Litopenaeus Vannamei Diets: Performance, Antibacterial Activity, Gut Microbiota And Immune-Related Genes Expression, Janice A. Ragaza, F. Mustafa, S. Hassan, O. Ashary Jan 2025

The Use Of Synthesized Stabilized Nanoparticles Of Selenium As A Feed Additive In Shrimp Litopenaeus Vannamei Diets: Performance, Antibacterial Activity, Gut Microbiota And Immune-Related Genes Expression, Janice A. Ragaza, F. Mustafa, S. Hassan, O. Ashary

Biology Faculty Publications

The shrimp aquaculture industry faces challenges that hinder production, including pathogens and infections from bacteria-causing diseases. The present study aimed to examine the impact of dietary synthesized chitosan stabilized selenium nanoparticles (CSSeNPs) on the growth performance of gut microbiota and immuneassociated genes for shrimp L. vannamei aquaculture. The experiments were accomplished for 12 weeks in triplicate fiberglass circular tanks (200 L). A 300 shrimp post-larvae (PL) weighing an average of 0.14 ± 0.001 g was utilized. Four experimental groups were assigned to 12 tanks. Each tank contained 25 PL. Each group fed with one of the following diets: control (C), …


Native No More? The Catfish Dilemma In The Philippines, Janice A. Ragaza, Alexis Faye A. Olarte, James Darren R. Pelaez Jan 2025

Native No More? The Catfish Dilemma In The Philippines, Janice A. Ragaza, Alexis Faye A. Olarte, James Darren R. Pelaez

Biology Faculty Publications

The shrimp aquaculture industry faces challenges that hinder production, including pathogens and infections from bacteria-causing diseases. The present study aimed to examine the impact of dietary synthesized chitosan stabilized selenium nanoparticles (CSSeNPs) on the growth performance of gut microbiota and immuneassociated genes for shrimp L. vannamei aquaculture. The experiments were accomplished for 12 weeks in triplicate fiberglass circular tanks (200 L). A 300 shrimp post-larvae (PL) weighing an average of 0.14 ± 0.001 g was utilized. Four experimental groups were assigned to 12 tanks. Each tank contained 25 PL. Each group fed with one of the following diets: control (C), …


From Bait To Breakthrough: How Polychaetes Are Revolutionizing Philippine Aquaculture, Janice A. Ragaza, Irnes Rebien H. Bailon, Rochelle A. Jabines Jan 2025

From Bait To Breakthrough: How Polychaetes Are Revolutionizing Philippine Aquaculture, Janice A. Ragaza, Irnes Rebien H. Bailon, Rochelle A. Jabines

Biology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


Ptp1b Inhibitors Of Marine Sponge-Derived Secondary Metabolites From Dysidea, Irvin B. Rondolo, G. A. Lasam, M. N. Aguila, A. J. De Jesus Jan 2025

Ptp1b Inhibitors Of Marine Sponge-Derived Secondary Metabolites From Dysidea, Irvin B. Rondolo, G. A. Lasam, M. N. Aguila, A. J. De Jesus

Biology Faculty Publications

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease with high morbidity and mortality due to its complications. Recently, there has been growing interest in identifying new bioactive compounds, including marinederived secondary metabolites, for potential antidiabetic activities. This study focuses on secondary metabolites from marine sponges from the genus Dysidea that show strong inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a key target in antidiabetic therapy. Thirteen out of the thirty-one compounds were identified to have promising in silico potentials vs PTP1B: avarol (1), avarone (2), furodysin (3), nakafuran 8 (4), haterumadysin A (5), pyrodysinoic acid (6), avinosol (7), puupehenone (8), α-santonin (9), …


Clerodendrum Kelli (Lamiaceae), A New Species From Carranglan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, And Lectotypification Of Clerodendrum Mindorense, Adriane B. Tobias, D. J. Ples, J. Patykowski, L. C. Udasco Jan 2025

Clerodendrum Kelli (Lamiaceae), A New Species From Carranglan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, And Lectotypification Of Clerodendrum Mindorense, Adriane B. Tobias, D. J. Ples, J. Patykowski, L. C. Udasco

Biology Faculty Publications

Clerodendrum kelli R.Bustam., A.B.Tobias & Ples—a new species of the genus Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from the montane forests of Carranglan, Nueva Ecija, Luzon Island, Philippines—is described and illustrated. The species shares morphological features that are uncommon for the genus with both Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. (purple abaxial leaf surfaces) and C. mindorense Merr. (reduced fruiting calyx lobes), but differs from both in having lax (vs dense/compact) inflorescences bearing flowers with shorter corolla tubes and reddish-pink (vs green or purple) calyces with ovate (vs triangular or lanceolate) lobes. Additionally, a lectotype for C. mindorense is assigned. Preliminary assessment of its conservation …


New Record And Amended Description Of Bulbophyllum Placochilum (Orchidaceae) With A Key To Bulbophyllum Sect. Alticeptrum Of The Philippines, Adriane B. Tobias, K. E. Boco, J. P. Collantes, J. C. Altomonte Jan 2025

New Record And Amended Description Of Bulbophyllum Placochilum (Orchidaceae) With A Key To Bulbophyllum Sect. Alticeptrum Of The Philippines, Adriane B. Tobias, K. E. Boco, J. P. Collantes, J. C. Altomonte

Biology Faculty Publications

Bulbophyllum placochilum J.J.Verm., endemic to Borneo, is newly recorded in the Philippines based on a specimen collected from Mt Malinao, Albay Province, Luzon Island. We provide a comprehensive account of the species, including a detailed morphological description, ecological observations, distribution range, phenology, and photographs. The species is assessed as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. A key to species of Bulbophyllum sect. Altisceptrum J.J.Sm. in the Philippines is also included.


Inhibition Of Activin A Signaling Slows The Progression Of Barrett's Esophagus Induced Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, Lily A. Giardino Jan 2025

Inhibition Of Activin A Signaling Slows The Progression Of Barrett's Esophagus Induced Esophageal Adenocarcinoma, Lily A. Giardino

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

In 2020, approximately 1.03 billion cases of Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) were reported worldwide, representing a significant global health burden. Chronic GERD is a potent initiator of Barrett’s Esophagus (BE), a precancerous condition in which the squamous epithelium is converted into columnar-like epithelium in the distal esophagus in response to reflux injury. Barrett’s Esophagus is the only known precursor to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC), a disease with a five-year survival rate of 21%. First line treatments focus on acid suppression and endoscopic mucosal resection but did not result in a decrease of EAC incidence highlighting the importance of new therapeutics. Previous …


Multi-Omics Analysis Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Serotype 3 Using A Murine Infection Model, Jash Kamlesh Trivedi Jan 2025

Multi-Omics Analysis Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Serotype 3 Using A Murine Infection Model, Jash Kamlesh Trivedi

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN), a gram-positive encapsulated pathogen, inhabits the human nasopharynx asymptomatically but can cause severe infections, including invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). Although targeted by vaccines, serotype 3 (ST3) remains highly prevalent within the United States and globally. Sequence type 180 lineage within Clonal Complex (CC)180 is the predominant lineage of serotype 3 globally. Genetically, Clonal Complex 180 is divided into clade I and II, with clade II recently surpassing clade I in prevalence. However, the molecular mechanisms driving this shift remain poorly understood. Here, we employ a multi-omics approach, combining pangenome analysis and dual-RNA sequencing, to investigate genetic factors …


Comparing Inter-Rater Reliability For Two Coding Methodologies In Meta-Analysis Data Extraction, Christine D. Destefano Jan 2025

Comparing Inter-Rater Reliability For Two Coding Methodologies In Meta-Analysis Data Extraction, Christine D. Destefano

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

Meta-analyses are critical tools for evidence-based policymaking, but their validity depends heavily on accurate data extraction from primary studies. While previous research has focused on procedural aspects of coding and reliability of effect size extraction, there remains a significant gap in understanding how to improve inter-rater reliability (IRR) for moderator variables that provide crucial context for meta-analytic findings. This study compared two methodological approaches for coding moderator variables: traditional low-inference coding and a novel drill-down questioning technique adapted from database development principles. Using a comparative analysis design, two independent coders extracted data from 18 primary studies included in a published …


Covariate Selection For Rna-Seq Differential Expression Analysis With Hidden Factor Adjustment, Farzana Noorzahan, Hyeongseon Jeon, Yet Nguyen Jan 2025

Covariate Selection For Rna-Seq Differential Expression Analysis With Hidden Factor Adjustment, Farzana Noorzahan, Hyeongseon Jeon, Yet Nguyen

Mathematics & Statistics Faculty Publications

In RNA-seq data analysis, a primary objective is the identification of differentially expressed genes, which are genes that exhibit varying expression levels across different conditions of interest. It is widely known that hidden factors, such as batch effects, can substantially influence the differential expression analysis. Furthermore, apart from the primary factor of interest and unforeseen artifacts, an RNA-seq experiment typically contains multiple measured covariates, some of which may significantly affect gene expression levels, while others may not. Existing methods either address the covariate selection or the unknown artifacts separately. In this study, we investigate two integrated strategies, FSR_sva and SVAall_FSR, …


The Impact Of Social And Political Capital On Black Male Educational Leaders Lived Experiences With Hiring Practices: A Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Descriptive Study, Travis L. Brown Jan 2025

The Impact Of Social And Political Capital On Black Male Educational Leaders Lived Experiences With Hiring Practices: A Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Descriptive Study, Travis L. Brown

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

According to Woodson and Pabon (2016, as cited in Bass, 2020) Black males represent less than 2% of the US public education workforce. This is concerning considering that many schools across the nation are becoming increasingly diverse. Scholars such as Bass (2020) have even cited that classrooms “may never completely rebound” (p. 356) from finding Black men to fill vacant teaching positions which could ultimately lead to a career in educational leadership. filling classrooms with available Black men in the profession. This study employed a convergent parallel mixed method design within a descriptive research framework to examine the impact of …


Multilevel Network Governance For United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: The Role Of European Subnational Entities In Urban Resilience, Hasan Isgandar Jan 2025

Multilevel Network Governance For United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: The Role Of European Subnational Entities In Urban Resilience, Hasan Isgandar

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

This dissertation investigates the role of subnational actors in European Union (EU) multilevel governance networks focused on reducing urban poverty and achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Focusing on the SDG #1 (No Poverty), SDG #11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG #17 (Partnerships for the Goals) it examines the participation and impact of subnational actors in two case studies: Naples, Italy and Krakow, Poland. Using Social Network Analysis (SNA), the research investigates the configuration and performance of the networks created within the framework of the URBinclusion projects, which are part of the URBACT and Urban Innovative Actions …


Health Behavior In A Culture-Driven Society: Using Mixed Methods Research To Examine Medical Pluralism In Zimbabwe, Stephen Mhere Jan 2025

Health Behavior In A Culture-Driven Society: Using Mixed Methods Research To Examine Medical Pluralism In Zimbabwe, Stephen Mhere

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

This dissertation examined the role of cultural influences on health-seeking behaviors and healthcare choices among Zimbabweans, focusing on medical pluralism – where individuals simultaneously access traditional, faith-based, and allopathic medical systems. It applied the PEN-3 Cultural Model to examine Cultural Identity, Relationships and Expectations, and Cultural Empowerment. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, data were collected via a Shona-language survey on WhatsApp. Multiple choice, closed-ended, and open-ended survey questions were texted to participants, and they responded by text or audio messages. Response data were collected from 137 study participants. Multinomial logistic regression was used for quantitative data analysis, while deductive …


Eating Disorder Patient Experiences With Best Practices During Psychiatric Treatment: An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Study, Pamela L. Dow Jan 2025

Eating Disorder Patient Experiences With Best Practices During Psychiatric Treatment: An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Study, Pamela L. Dow

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

Eating disorders are among the deadliest mental health disorders and represent a significant financial burden to the U.S. healthcare system. However, little is known about eating disorder patients' experiences during psychiatric treatment. Informed by the Picker Principles of Person-Centered Care and recommendations from the American Psychiatric Association, this study explored eating disorder patient experiences with best practices during psychiatric treatment. First, 10 patients were interviewed about their treatment experiences with a psychiatrist. Themes were analyzed using iterative categorization in Dedoose and informed a quantitative survey to examine patient experiences with their psychiatrist performing best practices during eating disorder treatment. The …


Examining The Impact African American Male Teachers Have On The Math Scores Of Underserved Students, Demetrice Thomas Jan 2025

Examining The Impact African American Male Teachers Have On The Math Scores Of Underserved Students, Demetrice Thomas

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

This study contributed to a growing body of evidence emphasizing that teacher identity profoundly influences not only how students learn but also how they perceive themselves and their potential. As Gershenson (2022) noted, “Black teachers provide benefits to all students, fostering higher achievement and stronger aspirations,” highlighting the essential role of diverse educators in shaping student success. Consistent academic gains observed among students taught by African American male teachers reinforce the urgent need for educational systems to prioritize equity not only in student outcomes but also in diversifying the teaching workforce. Despite African American male teachers comprising less than 2% …


Cigarettes, Flesh, & Other Cravings, Gabrielle F. Decker Jan 2025

Cigarettes, Flesh, & Other Cravings, Gabrielle F. Decker

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

Cigarettes, Flesh, & Other Cravings is a collection of short stories that explores themes of motherhood, death, and desire. Each character struggles with the friction between society's expectations and their desires for happiness, all through the lens of the surreal and the absurd. A destructive raccoon’s nightly visits unravel a woman’s sense of control. A teenager begins an internship with a conspiracy-obsessed clown. A minuscule old woman tumbles out of a chicken egg. A fissure in a kitchen floor births an imp. A Choose Your Own Adventure examines the illusion of choice. In Hell, torture is personalized. Cigarettes, Flesh, & …


Methods And Applications Of Coherent Analog Photonic Processing, Andrew B. Klein Jan 2025

Methods And Applications Of Coherent Analog Photonic Processing, Andrew B. Klein

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

Photonic processing is a compelling approach to address the increasing computational requirements of neural networks, promising increased processing speed and better energy efficiency for operations such as matrix-vector multiplication. However, in practice the limitations of photonic hardware necessitate that these systems adopt fixed-point encoding rather than the floating-point standard used by digital electronics. The reduction in accuracy incurred by this requirement must be managed and addressed for real world applications. In this work, we present a reconfigurable, scalable, and parallelizable photonic multiplier cell using coherent balanced photodetection of analog signals to produce signed multiplications. This style of system outperforms other …


The Multifaceted Roles Of Propionic Acid In Autism Spectrum Disorder And Crohn’S Disease, Piotr P. Lagod Jan 2025

The Multifaceted Roles Of Propionic Acid In Autism Spectrum Disorder And Crohn’S Disease, Piotr P. Lagod

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including propionic (PPA) and butyric (BA) acid, exert a variable and organ-specific effect on the body. They are by-products of human microbiota metabolism and are often used as a food preservative. Studies have shown that PPA and its producers are elevated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients and their mothers. Our lab previously demonstrated that PPA alters neural stem cell differentiation in favor of glia. In this work, we utilized an in vivo mice model, in which dams and their offspring were fed a PPA-rich diet. In the brain, we observed a significant increase in …


Molecular Basis For The Disaggregase Activity Of Protein Disulfide Isomerase, Antonio Mele Jan 2025

Molecular Basis For The Disaggregase Activity Of Protein Disulfide Isomerase, Antonio Mele

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an essential, multifunctional, and promiscuous protein with a modular abb’xa’c domain arrangement. Conformational flexibility and the independent, yet coordinated, functionality of PDI domains facilitate protein folding, redox regulation, and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Previous investigations have shown that PDI can inhibit amyloid β peptide aggregation, associated with Alzheimer's disease, and is required for cholera toxin disassembly, the rate-limiting step in Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis. However, the precise mechanistic details underlying these interactions remain to be elucidated. Using molecular and biophysical approaches, this study has begun to establish substrate-induced unfolding, or conditional disorder, of PDI as …


Encapsulation Of Phytochemicals Through Polymer-Catechin Nanoparticles Self-Assembled Via Tea-Steeping, Sawyer S. Chang Jan 2025

Encapsulation Of Phytochemicals Through Polymer-Catechin Nanoparticles Self-Assembled Via Tea-Steeping, Sawyer S. Chang

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

The brewing of teas has been an integral pillar of human food culture for millennia. These beverages have always aimed to extract the phytochemicals from berries, leaves, and many other food products. Leaves from Camellia sinensis are used to prepare green, black, white, oolong, and pu’er teas that are highly regarded for their organoleptic properties. Moreover, many of the widely regarded health benefits are ascribed to the high polyphenolic content within the teas. It has been established that polyphenols can interact with hydrophilic polymers, through hydrogen bonding, to form stable small particle suspensions. In this work, polymer-catechin nanoparticles were synthesized …


Catching Light Finding Encouragement Through Art And The Role Of Women In Impressionism, Vlada Evtushenko Jan 2025

Catching Light Finding Encouragement Through Art And The Role Of Women In Impressionism, Vlada Evtushenko

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

Catching Light is a two-dimensional (2D) animated film about the importance of human connection through the tale of an artist rediscovering their passion for painting through the support of a fellow artist. Catching Light is told through the lens of the period in art history when the artists, who eventually came to be known as 'Impressionists', broke free from the traditions of the Academy. The story highlights how the Art Academy restricted and discriminated against people based on social class and gender, and its disrespect towards the craft of paintmaking. By setting this story in the late 19th century, Catching …


Development Of Human Neuronal Microphysiological Models And Subsequent Integration Into Multi-Organ Platforms For Evaluation Of Therapeutic Efficacy And Off-Target Toxicity, Aakash Patel Jan 2025

Development Of Human Neuronal Microphysiological Models And Subsequent Integration Into Multi-Organ Platforms For Evaluation Of Therapeutic Efficacy And Off-Target Toxicity, Aakash Patel

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

Microphysiological systems are a rapidly growing field of research for modeling of physiological processes and disease in an in vitro environment. The translatability and cost effectiveness of these platforms make them a valuable tool for drug discovery, allowing investigation of both efficacy and off-target toxicity either as a replacement or supplement to traditional animal models. Neurological disorders in particular are often difficult to emulate in an animal model, making the development of these models a highly useful area of research for both elucidation of brain function, as well as neurological disorders. Taking these models and integrating them into a multi-organ …


On The Pedagogy Of Modes, Joshua M. Sanfilippo Jan 2025

On The Pedagogy Of Modes, Joshua M. Sanfilippo

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024

Undergraduate music students in their junior and senior years have a solid foundation in music fundamentals based on the four-semester music theory sequence taken during their sophomore and junior years, but most have a weakness in the area of diatonic modes. This is not to say that they are unaware of the modes or that they do not understand how to identify or construct them, but rather that students are unable to conceptualize modality in a pre-tonal context. To the modern undergraduate music student, the modes blossomed out of the major scale—a notion counter to historical truth. This backwards way …


Mat 1320g : Mathematical Modeling, Mathematics And Computer Science Jan 2025

Mat 1320g : Mathematical Modeling, Mathematics And Computer Science

Approved Course Proposals

No abstract provided.


Swk 4570 : Social Work Practicum I, Human Services Jan 2025

Swk 4570 : Social Work Practicum I, Human Services

Approved Course Proposals

No abstract provided.


Developing Novel Therapeutic Strategies For Mcrc With A Brafv600e Mutation, Mariah Geisen Jan 2025

Developing Novel Therapeutic Strategies For Mcrc With A Brafv600e Mutation, Mariah Geisen

Theses and Dissertations--Toxicology and Cancer Biology

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The overall incidence rates of CRC have decreased in those over 50, but there is an increasing incidence rate in those under 50. Risk factors for CRC include diet, family history, and a sedentary lifestyle. Early detection of CRC is key to patient survival and treatment response. Localized CRC has a survival rate of 90% and allows for surgical resection and chemotherapy. The 5-year survival for metastatic CRC (mCRC) is significantly reduced to around 14%. Despite early detection, 50% of patients will develop metastasis after surgical resection and …