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Introduction Of Fourwing Saltbush (Atriplex Canescens) Into Degraded Rangelands In Upload Baluchistan, S R. Aro, M I. Sultani, M Asghar, J.D H. Keatinge Jun 2025

Introduction Of Fourwing Saltbush (Atriplex Canescens) Into Degraded Rangelands In Upload Baluchistan, S R. Aro, M I. Sultani, M Asghar, J.D H. Keatinge

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The grassland and shrubland range types in upland Baluchis­tan have a climate which is continental, arid to semi-arid, and Mediterranean in character. Winter precipitation predominates but significant summer monsoonal rainfall occurs in the grass­land areas. The latitudinal zone is from 28° to 32°N. Dominant species in the shrubland type are Artemisia maritima and Haloxylon griffithii, where the annual precipitation is 200 mm, with 80 % occurring during winter. Dominant species in the grassland type are Cymbopogon jwarancusa and Chrysopogon aucheri, where annual precipitation is 300 mm, with 40 % occurring in summer. Range stocking densities, mostly from sheep …

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The Assessment Of Grazing Persistence And Vigor Of Tropical Forage Legumes For The Caribbean, M W. Michaud, Y Soso De Rosa, W D. Pitman, A E. Kretschmer Jr Jun 2025

The Assessment Of Grazing Persistence And Vigor Of Tropical Forage Legumes For The Caribbean, M W. Michaud, Y Soso De Rosa, W D. Pitman, A E. Kretschmer Jr

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Research in both the U.S. Virgin Islands (Oakes, 1970) and the Dominican Republic (Soto de Rosa, 1987) has identified forage legumes appropriate for pasture plantings. Despite the success of these research programs, there are still numerous untested accessions in international and regional collections that may be adapted to the climatic, edaphic, and management conditions ot the Caribbean. To test some of the more promis­ing lines available from both commercial and experimental sources, tropical forage legumes were planted in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Dominican Republic and subsequently grazed. The objectives of the research were to determine the most …

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Persistence Of Subterranean Clover Cultivars In A Cleared Forest Area In Northern Greece, V Papanastasis, P Platis Jun 2025

Persistence Of Subterranean Clover Cultivars In A Cleared Forest Area In Northern Greece, V Papanastasis, P Platis

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is con­sidered a very valuable species for the improvement of degraded Mediterranean pastures and rangelands. Its persist­ence on such areas, however, depends on the particular culti­vars used and the physical and chemical conditions of their soil (Gomez, 1981; Collins et al., 1984, Crespo and Romano, 1985). Degraded forests covered by shrubby oaks occupy large areas in northern Greece. The grazing value of these areas, especially for sheep, is very low. However, if the oaks are cleared by buldozer and the areas are sown after cultivation with subterranean clover, very productive pastures may be developed …

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Improving Pasture Resources In West Africa: Evaluation Of Forage Legumes To Meet The Social And Ecological Constraints, S A. Tarawali, M Peters, M A. Mohamed Saleem Jun 2025

Improving Pasture Resources In West Africa: Evaluation Of Forage Legumes To Meet The Social And Ecological Constraints, S A. Tarawali, M Peters, M A. Mohamed Saleem

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, poor nutrition is a major constraint to livestock production (Henzell and t'Mannetje, 1980). In the West African subhumid and semi arid zones, the harsh dry season means that the quality of the naturally avail­able forage is insufficient to meet cattle maintenance requirements for more than half the year (Mohamed-Saleem, 1986) ; in more humid areas intensive cropping restricts access to fodder. The introduction of improved forage legumes is recognised to be a viable approach to alleviating this problem (Jones et al., 1984). In Nigeria, the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) has successfully introduced Stylosan­thes pastures to …

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Evaluation Of 16 Gliricidia Provenances In Dryland Farming Area In Bali, I M. Nitis, K Lana, M Suarna, W Sukanten, S Putra Jun 2025

Evaluation Of 16 Gliricidia Provenances In Dryland Farming Area In Bali, I M. Nitis, K Lana, M Suarna, W Sukanten, S Putra

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The present taxonomy indicates that Gliricidia, with its ori­gin in South America, consists of three species: G. sepium (Jacq.) Walp., G. maculata (HBK) Steud, and G. ehrenbergii (Schlecht) Rydb (Hugues, 1987). Gliricidia sepium is one of the shrub legume commonly used in the tropics for shade, fence, green manure, firewood and fod­der (NFTA, 1987). However, it is not definitely known how its growth habit affects its utilization. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the growth of 16 provenances of Gliricidia sepium collected from 8 countries in the tropics.

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A Study On The Importance Of Forage Trees On The Native Grazing Land, E Bin Quan Jun 2025

A Study On The Importance Of Forage Trees On The Native Grazing Land, E Bin Quan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Inner Mongolia grassland has a rather simple management and low production. Artificial pasture covers 0.08 % of the total grassland, the output value of animal husbandry is only 24 % of that of agriculture. In 1984, 13.66 kg beef and mutton, 20.8 kg cow and sheep milk, 4.8 kg fine hair were produced for a hundred mu grassland(]). Herbivore value was RMB 82 Yuan. Because of coldness and shortage of forage, during the period of 1952-1985 there was a total livestock loss of 81.000.000 and per sheep lossed weight of 5 kg every winter and spring. In the heavy snowfall …

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Grassland Improvement And N Fertilization Management Of Woodland In Korea, S Seo, Y C. Han, M S. Park Jun 2025

Grassland Improvement And N Fertilization Management Of Woodland In Korea, S Seo, Y C. Han, M S. Park

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The 66 % of total national land is forest in Korea. Among them potential area for grassland is estimated as over 1.0 mil­lion ha. Therefore, the grassland development on woodland has become an important issue for forage production. Generally shade is a limiting factor in forage production beneath a canopy of trees. Yields of forages decreased with increasing shade. Also shading by standing trees may con­tribute to toxic level of nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -N) and reduction of sugar propuction in forages (Stritzke et al., 1976). N fertilization on woodland pasture was very benefic for increasing grass yield and protein yield. …

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Structure And Function Of The Central Himalayan Alpine Grassland, India, J Ram, S P. Singh Jun 2025

Structure And Function Of The Central Himalayan Alpine Grassland, India, J Ram, S P. Singh

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Extensive alpine and sub-alpine pastures occur in Central Himalaya (28-31° N lat. and 79-81° E long.) at 3.000-4.500 rn. There is a notable lack of quantitative information on high mountain grasslands in India. During the snow-free surnrner period (May to September), graziers both from plains and hills stay in these meadows to graze their sheep, horses and cattle. The primary objective of this study was to quantify the struc­ture and productivity of Himalayan alpine grassland and com­pare the same with alpine sites distributed elsewhere and those of the adjacent Gangetic plains.

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Types Of Mountainous Grassland And Their Economic Assessment Of Productivity In The Southern Part Of Gansu Province Of China, Wang Chingjui Jun 2025

Types Of Mountainous Grassland And Their Economic Assessment Of Productivity In The Southern Part Of Gansu Province Of China, Wang Chingjui

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The mountainous grassland in the southern part of Gansu province of China, which is located between 33°06'-35°29'N and 101 °60' -103°E, lies on the northeastern border land of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau. On the north, it is contigiuous to loess plateau, on the south it borders on Chuan-xi plateau. The east­ern part of the grassland belongs to Lung-nan mountainous area. The terrain of the region slopes from south to north. On the south of the area, stand Ji-shi mountains, in the middle and on the north stand Xi-qin mountains. The large part of the region is 3.000 metres above sea level. …

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Interest Of Traditional Practices To Improve Grassland Fertility In The Central Pyrenees, G Balent, M Duru Jun 2025

Interest Of Traditional Practices To Improve Grassland Fertility In The Central Pyrenees, G Balent, M Duru

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the Central Pyrenees, the decline of agriculture has led to the transformation of fields into grasslands. The study of the dynamic of this secundary succession has shown the import­ance of residual soil fertility and grazing pressure on the botan­ical composition of plots (Balent & Duru, 1984). The actuals trends of evolution consist in a general decrease of soil fertility and, an irregular distribution of grazing pressure, the free-ran­ging animals selecting, during winter and early spring, the sites of higher fertility (Balent, 1986). From the mineral and botanical compositions of the veg­etation, we examine the interest of three traditional manage­ment …

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The Effect Of Management On Floristic Composition And Production On Species-Rich Hay Meadows, A Garcia, I Navascues Jun 2025

The Effect Of Management On Floristic Composition And Production On Species-Rich Hay Meadows, A Garcia, I Navascues

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The old viewpoint that man and his influences are harmful to nature conservation has been proved that it is not necessa­rilly so. This fact is especially true in the species-rich hay meadow communities of Northern Spain. These old meadows can be defined by their traditional management which have not change for centuries and variety of plants and animals they have. These communities were originated by the first inhabit­ants who cleared the woodlands and could not be able to exist without the influence of man. Traditional management varies in detail throughout the area depending of the landowner, annual variation in climate …

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Evaluation On Vegetation And Forage Plant Resources In Tan Sheep Distributing Area, Chen Yi E Jun 2025

Evaluation On Vegetation And Forage Plant Resources In Tan Sheep Distributing Area, Chen Yi E

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Tan sheep, a Mongolian sheep branch, famous for its fur products, is a fine variety distributed in northwestern China. It has a narrow eco-adaptation range concentrated in Ningsia Autonomous and the neighbouring regions. The special genetic characters and the position in sheep feeding of Tan sheep have long been attracting both Chinese and foreign animal husban­drists and ecologists to study. The genetic and distribution characters concerned with fur product quality have been reviewed by Cui et al. (1962), Li (1964), Shen and Di (1979). This paper deals mainly with the distinction of vegetation type and characters of forage plant resources …

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The Impact Of Utilization On A Cortaderia Pilosa (Whitegrass) Pasture In Terms Of Production, Botanical Composition And Tiller Dynamics, A B. Davies, Janet Riley, Rosie Poultney, A O. Carter Jun 2025

The Impact Of Utilization On A Cortaderia Pilosa (Whitegrass) Pasture In Terms Of Production, Botanical Composition And Tiller Dynamics, A B. Davies, Janet Riley, Rosie Poultney, A O. Carter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Cortaderia pilosa (Whitegrass) pastures cover an estimated 60 % of the land area in the Falkland Islands (Davies et al., 1971). Utilization levels are low as grazing sheep demonstrate preferences for other species. To evaluate the impact of increas­ing utilization levels on both the sheep and the pasture a graz­ing trial was carried out at Fox Bay, a dry site (400 mm mean rainfall) on West Falkland (52 degrees south, 60 degrees west). This paper reports on the botanical aspects of the first three years of this trial.

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Determination Of The Forage Yield And Quality Of Native Hay At 3 Different Growth Stages At Syangboche Yak Farm, Nepal, D Pariyar, C Samuel Jun 2025

Determination Of The Forage Yield And Quality Of Native Hay At 3 Different Growth Stages At Syangboche Yak Farm, Nepal, D Pariyar, C Samuel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Syangboche Yak Farm is situated within the Sagarma­tha National Park in the district of Solukhumbu, eastern Nepal. The farm comprises 7 pasture areas stituated at different locations ranging from 3700 m. to 5700 m. The total farm area is 900 ha. and the pastures, situated at different heights, are used for grazing during specific periods of the month extending throughout the year. The size of the pastures varies from 15 to 250 ha. About 80 yaks pass their winters from November to May every year on a small pasture area of 15 ha at the farm proper at 3700 …

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Effect Of Summer Management On The Dead Plants, Weed Development, Regrowth And Dry Matter Yield In Orchardgrass Meadow, S Seo, J K. Lee, S J. Hwang Jun 2025

Effect Of Summer Management On The Dead Plants, Weed Development, Regrowth And Dry Matter Yield In Orchardgrass Meadow, S Seo, J K. Lee, S J. Hwang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Many cool-season grasses undergo growth retardation during summer when climatic conditions are unfavorable. Actually, grass growth was very vigorous during spring, but pasture production was reduced rapidly through the summer season. Therefore, optimum pasture management during hot summer period is very important to maintain good regrowth of grasses and persistence of pasture in Korea. Cutting height is reported to be an important factor in determining regrowth. Close cutting reduced the stand of nitrogen (N) fertilized pasture (Griffith and Teel, 1965), especially in summer season. In some instances the dead plants have been attributed to a depletion of reserve carbohydrate. Also …

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Increase In Productivity Of Natural Grasslands On Slopes, V V. Kolomeichenko Jun 2025

Increase In Productivity Of Natural Grasslands On Slopes, V V. Kolomeichenko

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Natural grasslands occupy 3 billion hectares of the world, i.e. more than twice the world's arable croplands. In many countries most of the grasslands are situated on the slopes of gullies, cone-shaped hills, foothills and mountains. The grass stands on these lands are thinning through free grazing, and pasture degradation brings about the development of erosional processes (McCloud, 1974). For example, in the central part of the Middle Russian forest-steppe zone, the arable lands occupy 59%, grasslands 12% and woodlands 18%. The relief is very indented, the absolute altitudes are 200-300 m above sea level. Leached chernozem top soil horizon …

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Effects Of Seeding Rates And Seedbed Preparations On The Seedling Establishment And Yield Of Surface-Sown Pasture Species, Dong Am Kim, Sung Cheol Lee, Jong Kyeong Lee Jun 2025

Effects Of Seeding Rates And Seedbed Preparations On The Seedling Establishment And Yield Of Surface-Sown Pasture Species, Dong Am Kim, Sung Cheol Lee, Jong Kyeong Lee

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

During 1985-1986, approximately 74 % of grassland was improved by surface sowing using herbicides, burning, hoof cultivation and raking in Korea. At the same time the Korean government strongly recommended to use an excessively high seeding rate of pasture mixtures simply because deficiencies in establishment can be countered by increasing the seeding rate. Of the minimum seedbed preparation methods, herbicide treat­ment and hoof cultivations are well known as a promising method for surface sowing (Campbell et al., 1981 ; Kim et al., 1985), however, burning is still a matter of some controversy and also little is known concerning raking as …

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Study On Scarification And Fertilization Of Degraded Chinese Wildrye Meadow Pasture, Chen Zisheng, Zhao Mingping Jun 2025

Study On Scarification And Fertilization Of Degraded Chinese Wildrye Meadow Pasture, Chen Zisheng, Zhao Mingping

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Chinese wildrye meadow pasture in west part of North-east China is one of the best grasslands in North China. Unfortu­nately, a serious degradation of the pasture has been caused by the unfavorable natural conditions such as drought, flooding, salt and alkali, and excessive utilization as well. Improving methods and machines have been studied and the result shows a practical prospect in West part of Jilin Province, China.

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The Research Of The Rehabilitation Of Deteriotated Leymus Chinense Grasslands, Hu Ming-Ge, Lu Ping-Zhang, Wang Yu-Lin Jun 2025

The Research Of The Rehabilitation Of Deteriotated Leymus Chinense Grasslands, Hu Ming-Ge, Lu Ping-Zhang, Wang Yu-Lin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There are vast zones of Leymus chinense grassland which are the type of grassland with high yield and good quality in Inner Mongolia and North-East of China. Since 1960's because of the overuse of the land and other natural factors this excellent grassland suffered from deterioration differently. The further development of animal husbandry was directly influenced. In order to prevent grassland deterioration, a series of techniques in renewing the grassland have been found out with notable economical results.

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Adaptation And Production Of Some Forage Species On The White Clay Soils Of North Eastern China, Hu Jia Lu, J E. Winch Jun 2025

Adaptation And Production Of Some Forage Species On The White Clay Soils Of North Eastern China, Hu Jia Lu, J E. Winch

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grain corn, soybeans and wheat have been produced on the white clay soils of eastern Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China for about 40 years. Yearly plowing, cultiva­ting and cropping led to a degradation in the physical and chemical properties of the heavy clay soil - a soil which constitutes 30 % of all the cultivated land in the region. This soil is characterized by a shallow loamy Ap horizon overlying a clay hard pan (Aw) (Zhang Zhi ui and Zhang Yuan fu, 1985). Forage crops have not been part of the rotation. To improve the soil physical …

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Facteurs Ecologiques Limitants De La Prairie Pyreneenne Aragonaise, Cristina Chocarro, R Fanlo, F Fillat Jun 2025

Facteurs Ecologiques Limitants De La Prairie Pyreneenne Aragonaise, Cristina Chocarro, R Fanlo, F Fillat

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dans tous !es systemes naturels la production est regulee par la capacite intrinseque des etres vivants et par !'ensemble des facteurs environnementaux qui !es conditionnent. Pour !es systemes prairiaux etudies ici, la capacite de crois­sance des especes depend de leur origine, qu'ils soient plus ou moins intensifies (taxons introduits et semes) ou bien qu'il s'agisse du fond floristique autochtone. Les facteurs environnementaux qui conditionnent la produc­tion sont : la pluviometrie annuelle, !'altitude, la temperature minimale printaniere, la situation geographique dans !es Pyre­nees et la gestion. Dans ce travail nous evaluons !'influence de quelques-uns de ces facteurs au moment de la …

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Importance Of Productive Grasslands In Protected Landscape Regions, Holecy Bohus Jun 2025

Importance Of Productive Grasslands In Protected Landscape Regions, Holecy Bohus

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grasslands, especially pastures, are often situated on extreme mountain sites in our country. Due to their botanical structure and natural production potential, they influence the ecological character of the region and give the impression of protected landscape. The aim is to preserve this specific character of the lanscape and on the other hand to look for the moderate grassland improvement and better utilization by nutrition and regular grazing. The untreated and non-utilized grasslands can lead to unfavourable changes of swards in the high localities. Therefore we tried to solve the moderate improvement of natural subalpine grasslands in the High Tatra …

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The Dry Matter Yield Of Grass Cultivars In The Uplands Of Serbia, Z Tomic, M Stosic, D Colic Jun 2025

The Dry Matter Yield Of Grass Cultivars In The Uplands Of Serbia, Z Tomic, M Stosic, D Colic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The arable lands in hilly and mountainous regions of Serbia are used mostly for production of cereals and potatoes. Since the soil are loose and situated on slopes they are seriously damaged by erosion. An earlier investigation (Radojevic and Stosic, 1980) of different grass-legume mixtures helped these mixtures to be accepted in practice and thus provided a double benefit : protecting the soil from erosion and providing larger quantities of livestock food. However, there are few results which refer to the possibilities of organizing continuous pro­duction during the vegetation period by introducing different species and their cultivars. The aim of …

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Pasture Production And Quality In A Cool Oceanic Climate, H Bjornsson, J Hermannsson Jun 2025

Pasture Production And Quality In A Cool Oceanic Climate, H Bjornsson, J Hermannsson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In Iceland cool oceanic climate prevails, as the geographic location extends from the polar circle to three degrees latitude to the south and the island is warmed by a branch of the Gulf stream. Animal production is the main agricultural activity and it relies on good conditions for grass growth. In the following we sumarize some recent experimental results on the pro­duction of herbage in Iceland.

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Methods Of Establishment Of Improved Pastures In Steep, Non-Arable Alpine Lands Of Yunnan Province, China, Kui Jia-Xiang, R N. Glencross, Liu Huai, Chen Xiong Jun 2025

Methods Of Establishment Of Improved Pastures In Steep, Non-Arable Alpine Lands Of Yunnan Province, China, Kui Jia-Xiang, R N. Glencross, Liu Huai, Chen Xiong

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The alpine areas in Yunnan (alt. > 3 000 m) amount to about 10 % of the total land area in the province. (He et al., 1982) The main crops in this area are potatoes, oats and barley. The potential for livestock production is far greater than that for crop production, but steep slopes are cropped and erosion is an increasing problem. The pressure on the land from greater stock numbers grazing common land is leading to over grazing caused dominance by less palatable species, limited seeding and recruitment and severe seasonal shortages of quality feed. The native vegetation (once coniferous …

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The Influence Of Environment And Fertilizers On The Yield And Floristic Composition Of Grasslands In Serbia, M Stosic, S. Mrfat-Vukelic, M Kojic Jun 2025

The Influence Of Environment And Fertilizers On The Yield And Floristic Composition Of Grasslands In Serbia, M Stosic, S. Mrfat-Vukelic, M Kojic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Natural grasslands in Yugoslavia cover about 6.400.000 ha or 44,5 % of agricultural lands ; in Serbia 1.650.000 ha and 28,5 % respectively. Livestock feeding in lowlands is based on food which gained from p!oughlands (maize, lucerne, red clo­ver, etc.) while in mountainous regions it is gained from grasslands. The aim of this investigation is to find out the possibilities of production and floristic changes of natural grasslands in depen­dence of mineral fertilizers in ecological conditions of Serbia (in the east of Yugoslavia).

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Interseeding On Steppe And Abandoned Land In Inner Mongolia, Ma Zhi Guang Jun 2025

Interseeding On Steppe And Abandoned Land In Inner Mongolia, Ma Zhi Guang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Along with the population of livestock increased in recent years, the vegetation of steppe has been deteriorated under heavy grazing. Some species, which are very palatable for cattle or sheep, are rare or disappeared from the steppe vegetation. In order to recover the grassland vegetation and increase the primary production above ground, interseeding was used to improve the degraded steppe and abandoned land in semiarid regions of Inner Mongolia steppe.

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A Multifactorial Evaluation Method Of The Forage Value In The Natural Rangelands West Jilin Of China, Wang Deli, Zhu Tingcheng Jun 2025

A Multifactorial Evaluation Method Of The Forage Value In The Natural Rangelands West Jilin Of China, Wang Deli, Zhu Tingcheng

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Evaluation of the forage germplasm resources needs not only to investigate species, distribution and development potential­ities of forages but also to evaluate the forage value syntheti­cally. Single or few factors affecting the forage value cannot reflect this value to a full extent. It is therefore essential to con­sider it in its entirety and to balance every important factor. The forage value depends on the feeding value (which depends mainly on forage nutrients, palatability, organic matter [DOM] digestibility) and on the productive value (which mainly depends on abundance and presence). This method consists to evaluate forages from quality characteristics of the …

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Phytosociologie Et Estimation Des Resources Fourragres D'Un Territoire, Francoise Vertes Jun 2025

Phytosociologie Et Estimation Des Resources Fourragres D'Un Territoire, Francoise Vertes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

L'estimation des ressources fourrageres d'un territoire passe par la connaissance de la quantite d'herbe produite, de sa dis­ponibilite au cours du temps et clans l'espace, de sa qualite et enfin de la marge d'amelioration possible, en fonction des objectifs de production animale. L'ensemble de ces caracteristi­ques est raisonne par rapport a un potentiel, en termes d'opti­mum plutot que de maximum. La plupart des mesures agrono­miques necessitant un travail important, ii est essentiel de pouvoir extrapoler !es resultats sur une base biologique fiable : en prairie permanente, la composition floristique. Les facteurs pedoclimatiques et !es modes d'exploitation selectionnent les especes vegetales …

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Utilization Des Bio-Indicateurs Vegetaux Pour L'Evaluation Des Prairies, R Delphech Jun 2025

Utilization Des Bio-Indicateurs Vegetaux Pour L'Evaluation Des Prairies, R Delphech

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Le concept de bio-indicateur vegetal n'est pas nouveau : des plantes « indicatrices de fertilite » sont connues empiriquement depuis longtemps. C'est probablement Clements (1928) qui en a le premier presente une vision scientifique. Longtemps confine a la notion d'espece indicatrice, les progres des connais­sances systematiques, ecologiques et phytosociologiques ont pennis d'etendre le concept non seulement a la plupart des especes, mais surtout a des groupes d'especes (groupes socio­ecologiques) ou meme a des ensembles de groupes socio-ecolo­giques structurant des groupements vegetaux definis. Au niveau specifique, la valeur informative d'un bio-indica­teur est d'autant plus precise que l'amplitude de tolerance eco­logique de …

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