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Forage Production From Maize: Soybean Intercrops, S J. Herbert, D H. Putnam, A Vargas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) were intercropped in various planting patterns, and at varying densities and nitrogen rates to determine if such mixtures could provide forage superior to pure maize for ruminants. In 1980 all but one intercrop pattern had dry matter (DM) yields similar to maize monoculture even when every second maize row was replaced with a soybean row. In all studies soybean alone yielded about half that of maize yield alone. Density studies in 1981 and 1982 showed yields similar to maize alone. However, experiments both years indicated that maize row …

The Effect Of Row Width And Intrarow Spacing On The Productivity And Nutritional Quality Of Silage Corn, Y Kishida, S Uchida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of planting density on silage corn production and silage quality. Dent corn cv. Pioneer 3424 was planted at different or the same densities by changing row width or intrarow spacing or the both. The dry matter yield and silage quality were determined at different stages of ripening and the results are summarized as follows: When intrarow spacing was changed (under different intrarow spacings), the rate of increase of dry matter per plant was high at the low and intermediate planting densities and the dry matter yield per 10 are was high at …

Frequency Of Cutting, Row Spacing And Fertilization Of Guieneagrass (Panicum Maximum) And Jaraguagrass (Hyparrhenia Rufa), J A. Gomide, D S. Queiroz, J A. Obeid, C P. Zago

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two 3 x 2 x 2 factorial experiments were carried out to study the effects of 3 spaces between rows, 2 cutting intervals and 2 levels of NK application, on the yield of Guineagrass and Jaraguagrass. Data were collected over 3 years. Higher drymatter (DM) yield from either grass was obtained under the longest cutting interval, but in several cases significant cutting interval x spaces between rows interaction was observed. Reducing the spaces between rows had the effect of either reducing the yield from the plots under the longest interval of cutting or favoring yield from plots under more frequent …

Production And Chemical Compositions Of Tyfon Under Various Environmental Conditions In Hokkaido, Japan, H Oohara, D J. Hayes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A new variety of Brassica sp., tyfon has been introduced to Japan by Daehnfeldt Inc. through C. Itoh Trading Co., Ltd. The authors have been carrying out a comprehensive research on the qualification of tyfon through a field trial under various environmental conditions in Hokkaido, Japan, including the feeding value of it, etc., since 1983. The experimental result is summarized as follow:

1. Tyfon is widely adaptable to various environmental conditions in Hokkaido. Comparing to other forages under cultivation in Hokkaido, this crop will assure of a higher yield than other forages.

2. The growth of tyfon varies with agronomic …

Responses Of Tropical Pasture Grasses To Photoperiod And Temperature, Y Nada

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Photoperiodic responses of 24 tropical grasses and temperature responses of 27 tropical grasses were investigated in controled environment. Concerning with photoperiodic response, grasses were classified as follows. Short-day response : napiergrass, speargrass, angletongrass. Medium-day response : plicatulum, jaraguagrass, carpetgrass, dallisgrass, Guineagrass, switchgrass, buffe­lgrass, sabigrass. Long-day response : Pangolagrass, bahiagrass, setaria, bermudagrass. Others : paragrass, vaseygrass, side-oats grama, knotgrass, Rhodesgrass, kikuyugrass, red-oat grass, coloured Guineagrass, molassesgrass. Difference of obligated response in which plant need special photoperiod for ear emergence, and not obligated response were also stated. Concerning with temperature response, growth of grasses under low (20/15°C day and night) or high …

Effects Of Climatic Zone, Topography, Land Utilization And Soil Condition On The Mineral Content Of Natural Grasses In Bali, K Lana, I M. Nitis, S Uchida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

To evaluate nutritional quality of the natural grasses fed to livestock, grasses grown in different climatic zones (zones B, C, D, E and F), different topographies ( coast, hills and higher altitude), various forms of land utilization (rice field, dry land and plantation) and different soil conditions, allocated in 15 districts of 8 regencies in Bali were analyzed for their macro and micro element contents. Although P, K, Mn and Mo contents were higher and Mg, Na, Fe and Zn contents were lower in wet season than in dry season, Ca and Cu contents were constant throughout the seasons. The …

Potential Role For Stylo In Traditional Crop And Livestock Production Systems In Nigerian Subhumid Zone, M A. Mohamed Saleem, R Von Kaufman, R M. Otsynia, H Suleiman

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The typical soils (Alfisols) of the subhumid zone of Nigeria deteriorate under continuous cropping and grazing. Due to increasing demand for land, soil recovery through natural fallowing is too time consuming. Because other reclamation techniques are expensive forage legumes that rapidly confer most fallow benefits and improve livestock nutrition have an important role in traditional crop-livestock production systems. In its experiments ILCA subhumid zone team used Stylosanthes spp. (stylo) in the following way: - (i) undersown or sown on alternate ridges with sorghum, (ii) sorghum transplanted into it, and (iii) the succeeded by maize after varying years of its growth. …

Effects Of Fertilization, Time And Height Of Cutting Regrowth Of Tropical Grasses, Y Watanabe, R Ishida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was conducted to clarify the cutting methods of four tropical species in Hokuriku district of Japan, to get the information of regrowth. In 1983, green panic, fall panic, Rhodesgrass and African millet were used and regenerated leaf and stem weight at three weeks after cutting was measured. In 1984, green panic and African millet were used and growth analysis was done. Effects of time and height of cutting, nitrogen (N) topdressing before and after cutting, seeding time and interrow space on regrowth of the species were studied using 'orthogonal arrays' and two-factor factorial design. Only the main effects …

Yearly Forage Crop Rotation Systems In The Lowland Areas Of Kyushu, Japan, K Ibaraki, H Tokunaga

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

n Kyushu, the southernmost island of Japan, very intensive cattle raising are being done mostly in the lowland areas by drylot-feeding system. A rotation system of forage maize (Zea mays) followed by Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum. IR) in a year is the most popular of all for maximizing and stabilizing dry matter (DM) production there (Ibaraki, 1985). A series of field trials to select suitable cul ti vars ( cv.) and cultural managements in maize and IR were conducted on the volcanic ash soil at Kyushu Nat. Agr. Exp. Stn in Kumamoto in 1980-4. For stable DM production of forage …

Introduction Of Knotgrass (Paspalum Distchum L.) As Forage Crops To Lowland Paddy Field In Warm Region, H Ikeda, M Oyamada, R Akashi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Knotgrass(Paspalum distichum L.), one of native grasses grown wild in swamps of warmer region of Japan, has an attention as a forage crop adapted to lowland paddy fields. Surveys were conducted during 1982 to 1983 to investigate the production of Knotgrass pastures including Italian ryegrass established on a swamp in ldogawa Farm, Kunitomi,Miyazaki. In 1982, slurry alone was applied at a rate ofN ,P205, K20; 60, 60, 75 kg/lOa/year and in 1983, 15 kg urea/lOa(N: 7 .5 Kg/lOa) ware added after each harvest, six times a year. Fresh yields of Knotgrass and Italian ryegrass in 1982 were 7.06 kg and …

Regrowth Ability Of Napiergrass (Pennisteum Purpureum Schamach) In The Dry, Cold Season In Taiwan, Yeong-Chyn Wang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Three varieties of napier grasses, A146, 7001 and 7007 were propagated with two-node stem cuttings in 50 cm x 100 cm population density in the field on 13th of Sept. 1983, to compare the regrowth ability of these grasses under the dry and cold season in southern Taiwan and to select a better one for recommendation in this area. Some parameters of growth analysis, the Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Ratio (LAR), Net Assimilate Rate (NAR), Crop Growth Rate (CGR) and Relative Growth Rate (RGR) of the grasses were traced every 2 weeks after the cutting. LAI increased with …

Studies On Dry Matter Production Of Bahiagrass (Paspalum Notatum) Sward Ii. Characteristics Of Co2 Balance And Solar Energy Utilization During The Regrowth Period, W Agata

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

To clarify the characteristics of CO2 balance and solar energy utilization during the regrowth period of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) sward, canopy photosynthesis and dark respiration were periodically measured in the same sward used in the previous paper I. The measurement of canopy photosynthesis was done using the chamber method under field conditions. Dark respiration in population was calculated based on the dark respiratory rates in each organ and dry weight at each regrowth stage. Canopy photosynthesis correlated closely with solar radiation. The light response of gross photosynthetic rate (Pg) changed with LAI increase from a saturated curve to a …

Studies On Dry Matter Production Of Bahiagrass (Paspalum Notatum) Sward I. Characteristics Of Dry Matter Production During The Regrowth Period, W Agata

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This investigation was carried out to elucidate the characteristics of dry matter production during the regrowth period of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) sward. Growth analysis was periodically done throughout the regrowth period based on total dry weight and leaf area index. Total and top dry weight increased showing a typical sigmoid curve from July 27 to September 11. Produced dry weight and average crop growth rate during the regrowth period were 983 gDW/m2 and 21.3 gDW/m2/day, respectively. The harvest index on September 11 was 45.4%. Leaf area index also increased showing the sigmoid curve during the regrowth. Maximum leaf area …

Method For Obtaining Better Germination Of Green Panic (Panicum Maximum Var. Trichoglume Eyles) Seed, T Okada

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Because germination of green panic seed was unstable, a series of tests were performed to establish methods for obtaining better germination of this seed earlier than usual after it is harvested. In this report key points of the methods formulated are described. Seed ripened at 21 °C showed a higher germination percentage in its early age ( 4 months after harvest) than that ripened at 25°C or 29°C. Excellent early age germinations were realized by drying seed slowly immediately after harvest, especially by spending as much as a month gradually drying seed at 20°C and stirring every few days. Heating …

Economics Of Producing Corn (Maize) And Sorghum As Feeds For Animal Production In China, Bingxing Zhang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Due to insufficient production of animal products the Chinese people have eaten too much grain and too little meat and milk. Now, as a result of burriper harvests for several years in succession, it is time for the Chinese peasants to convert their surplus grain into feeds for the development of animal production to meet the growing needs of the Chinese people for meat and milk on the one hand and for wool and leather on the other. At the same time more forage sorghum and corn should be grown, especially on unused or misused poor lands and wide hillsides …

Effect Of Nitrogen And Cutting Management On The Dead Stubble, Carbohydrate Reserves In Stubble, And Regrowth Of Forage Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrid, S Seo, D A. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is one of the most important annual grasses utilized for supplemental summer forage. For better forage production, this experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the different nitrogen (N) rate, cutting height, cutting stage on the dead stubble, carbohydrate reserves (CHO-R) in stubble, and regrowth of forage sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. The cultivar used in the present study was Pioneer 988. The experiment was arranged as a split plot design and undertaken over a period of 5 months from May to September, 1981 and 1982 in Suweon, Korea. The dead stubble after cutting was …

Yield Advantage Of Maize - Bean Intercrop System, T Gemma, H Miura

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two-year field study was conducted to determine the yield advantage in maize-bean intercrop system at a certain plant population pressure. Maize cultivar 'Wasehomare' was intercropped with bean cultivar 'Top Crop' in the replacement series treatments with each sole crop in 1983 and 1984. Fresh grain weight of maize and fresh pod weight of bean were analysed statistically. Grain weight per plant was increased significantly in some intercrop treatments in both years. Pod weight per plant was slightly increased by intercropping in only 1983. Competitive ability of maize was dominant in many intercrop treatments in both years. To assess yield advantage …

Effects Of The Association Corn-Soybean On Dry Matter Production And Nutritional Silage Value, R Garcia, A R. Evangelista, J D. Galvao

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments were conducted to study the influence of corn-soybeans plant population in five cropping systems (four com-soybean associations and single corn) on the dry matter production and nutritional silage value. Variation in corn plant populations did not influenced green matter production, however, dry matter production increased as population increase. The cropping systems influenced both green and dry matter production. Plant population influenced on the nutritional silage value. The protein content and dry matter digestibility was higher for 30 thousand plants of corn per hectare. Two rows of corn to four of soybean resulted in superior protein content. The association com-soybean …

Effects Of Nitrogen And Potassium Fertilization On Dry-Matter Production, Nutrients Uptakes And Competitive Relation In Mixed Culture Of Forage Sorghum And Soybean, Y Kawamoto, Y Masuda, I Goto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization were examined on dry-matter production, N, P, Ca, and Mg contents and competitive relation for the nutrients uptakes in mixed culture of forage sorghum and soybean. The nutrients contents. of sorghum in mixed culture tended to be high under nitrogen or potassium fertilization, in comparing with those in pure culture. The density exchange rate of sorghum was less than 1.0, and that of soybean was greater than 1.0. It was suggested that inter-specific competition for sorghum and intra-specific competition for soybean showed greater effects on dry matter production and nutrients uptakes of individual …

The Effects Of Deep Incorporation Of Sewage Sludge And/Or Limestone On The Physical And Chemical Properties Of Acid Gob For Revegetation Of Grasses, J H. Jones, F J. Olsen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It is very difficult to establish and maintain vegetation on acid gob ( the coarse waste materials resulting from washing coal) sites. A study was conducted to determine the effects of varying rates of sewage sludge and/or limestone incorporated to 30 and 60 cm depths on the physical and chemical properties of gob for the establishment of grasses. The experimental site was located at Peabody Coal Company's Will Scarlet mine, Williamson County, Illinois, USA. The incorporation of sewage sludge as an amendment to acidic, low fertility and droughty gob resulted in favorable increases in organic matter, pH and reduced bulk …

The Differences In Surface Runoff And Soil Loss Between Vertical And Horizontal Cattle Tracks In Inclined Grasslands, M Oikawa, K Okamoto, Y Ogawa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The amount of surface runoff water and soil loss produced by artificial rainfall were measured in the grasslands where vertical and horizontal cattle tracks sharply developed, in order to establish the suitable design of paddock and the arrangement of water or salt sites that reduce the inclined grassland to erode. In mountainous grassland with steep slopes, grazing cattle take the nearly same routes which were determined by the degree of inclination and the locations of fences, water and salt sites or camping sites. The routes were gradually denuded of vegetation and formed many paths called "Ushimichi (in Japanese)", and were …

Loss Of Nutrients In Surface Runoff From Grassland Treated With Pig Slurry, M Sherwood

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Soil physical limitations and climatic conditions in some countries make landspreading of manures a potential environmental hazard due to the danger of surface runoff to waterways. Pig slurry at two application rates was spread on sloped grassland plots at three sites with different soil drainage properties. All surface runoff water was collected and analysed after each significant rainfall. At Sites 1 and 2 where the first runoff event occurred within 48 hours of spreading, the runoff water contained very high concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), which were related to the rate of …

Educational Programs For International Students: Present Status, James T. O'Rourke

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A survey was conducted in eight major range science departments in the U.S. to determine the extent of appropriate training for international students, following recommendations made during the past twenty years. The average department was found to have little ability to teach in a language other than English, has few faculty who have worked in a developing country more than one year, and does not equally reward faculty for international work compared with domestic work. Less than 30% of the topics which should occur in international programs of study were actually found in all eight departments. Another 30% of the …

The Grassy Ticket In The Northern Part Of China, Zhou Guangyu, Ye Zhengfeng, Li Xianggan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grassy thicket is a main vegetation which is distributed in those provinces in the mountain-hilly region along the Qinling Mountain-Huai River and Great Wall, after the forests have been destroyed. The floristic composition of the grassy thicket community consists of 9-31 species. The dominant plants are grassy and mixed with shrubs. The major factor which affects the community is soil moisture content. The biomass of its fresh weight above-ground is mean 102. 7Kg/mu; the stocking rate is mean 25 .38mu/sheep/year. Under a well covered grassy thicket, the mould of soil-water erosion is 2700t/Km2, whereas when the plant community is destroyed …

Investigations On The Ecology And The Forage Value Of A Sheep Grazed Skiing Slope, G Spatz, G J. Park

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The influence of sheep grazing and fertilization on the vegetation of a steep skiing course was investigated within the northern calcereous Alps from 1979 to 1983. When measuring vegetation dynamics, we made use of the Relevemethod, the Point-Intercept-method and the Quadrat-Charting-method. Good grasses and legumes increased their biomass portion, whereas sedges almost disappeared. So the fodder value of the original pasture improved due to sheep grazing and fertilization. The vegetation which was injured by heavy skiing regenerated best after fertilization and restricted grazing. Thus sheep grazing proved to be a good measure for taking care of skiing grounds and for …

The Establishment And Persistence Of Grasses On Acid Gob Amended With Sewage Sludge And/Or Limestone, F J. Olsen, J H. Jones

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Gob ( coal refuse), which contains pyritic materials, produces sulfuric acid when wetted and oxidized. The acidity together with droughtiness and high surface temperatures create a complex problem for revegetation. Three grasses (reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L.), tall fescue, ( Festuca arundinacea Shreb.), and redtop, (Agrostis alba L.) were established on an acid gob site void of plants at the Will Scarlet Mine, Peabody Coal Campany, Williamson County, Illinois U.S.A. to evalute the effets of soil amendments. Treatments of sewage sludge to 30 and 60 cm depths of 225 and 450 Mg ha-1 per 30 cm depth, 225 and 450 …

Transfer Of The South Australian Dryland Farming Technology To Countries In West Asia And North Africa, K G. Boyce, G D. Webber, A W.H Lake

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The principles of the technology of ley farming practiced in South Australia based on the use of annual self-regenerating pasture legumes in rotation with cereal cropping has been successfully transferred to areas of similar ecological conditions and agricultural production in countries of West Asia and North Africa. A number of development programmes have demonstrated tangible benefits to agricultural production and soil conservation. Further exploitation of these findings now require application and adoption at farmer level.

Use Of Grassland Division Constraints Water Control Analysis Of A Dairy Farm In Lorraine, France, M Benoit, J Brossier, E Chia, A Hentgen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A survey of one thousand farms, a daily monitoring on eight farms, and a simulation model of one real farm allow us to identify and measure the essential constraints limiting the dairy production on farms using a large proportion of grass lands. The main constrains are tied to the spatial distribution of the fields and the physical milieu. The study shows possible solutions. In the frame of the research realized by the multidisciplinary team on the agrarian systems and the evolution of the farming systems in Lorraine, we focus our attention on the land division pattern and water control that …

Managerial Characteristics Of The Grassland Type Dairy Farming In Hokkaido, Japan, Y Miyazawa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Hokkaido is the northernmost island of Japan with an area of about 78,500 km2 and lies between 41 ° and 46°N. Dairy farming in Hokkaido, being endowed with vast land resources, has overcome severe climatic conditions and expanded its scale of operations through such measures as developing and improving grassland. Its main type of dairy farming can be said to be of the-grassland-type and the feeding resources of which depends mainly on pastures. The dairy farming in Hokkaido, therefore, is represented by this grassland-type that is one of the alternative types to be developed under comparatively unfavorable land conditions, such …

Evaluation Of Tropical Pasture Species With A Farming System Perspective, R R. Vera, C Sere

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A scheme of tropical pastures evalution that integrates experiment station and on-farm research, system monitoring, networking, and adoption studies is described. Examples of on-farm experiments and observations are presented. Selected results of physical and economic performance of introduced pastures as well as whole system productivity are shown. Implications for farmer adoption of tropical pasture species and for future research are discussed.