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Central Washington University 2022-2023 Undergraduate Catalog, Central Washington University

Course Catalogs

No abstract provided.

Hybridization Of Biologically Inspired Algorithms For Discrete Optimisation Problems, Elihu Essian-Thompson

Dissertations

In the field of Optimization Algorithms, despite the popularity of hybrid designs, not enough consideration has been given to hybridization strategies. This paper aims to raise awareness of the benefits that such a study can bring. It does this by conducting a systematic review of popular algorithms used for optimization, within the context of Combinatorial Optimization Problems. Then, a comparative analysis is performed between Hybrid and Base versions of the algorithms to demonstrate an increase in optimization performance when hybridization is employed.

Virginia Commonwealth University Graduate Bulletin [2022], Virginia Commonwealth University

VCU Bulletins

Graduate bulletin for Virginia Commonwealth University for the academic year 2022-2023. It includes information on academic regulations, degree requirements, course offerings, faculty, academic calendar, and tuition and expenses for graduate programs.

Analysis Of Botanicals And Botanical Supplements By Lc-Ms/Ms-Based Molecular Networking: Approaches For Annotating Plant Metabolites And Authentication, Terra Marie M. Jouaneh, Neil Motta, Christine Wu, Cole Coffey, Christopher W. Via, Riley D. Kirk, Matthew Bertin

Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

Prior to the advent of modern medicine, humans have used botanicals extensively for their therapeutic potential. With the majority of newly approved drugs having their origins in natural products, plants remain at the forefront of drug discovery. Continued research and discovery necessitate the use of high-throughput analytical methods to screen and identify bioactive components and potential therapeutic molecules from plants. Utilizing a pre-generated plant extract library, we subjected botanicals to LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking to determine their chemical composition and relatively quantify already known metabolites. The LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking approach was also used to authenticate the composition of dietary supplements against …

Quantitative Proteomics Of Hepatic Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes And Transporters In Patients With Colorectal Cancer Metastasis, Areti-Maria Vasilogianni, Zubida M. Al-Majdoub, Brahim Achour, Sheila Annie Peters, Jill Barber, Amin Rostami-Hodjegan

Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

The impact of liver cancer metastasis on protein abundance of 22 drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and 25 transporters was investigated using liquid chromatography-tandem accurate mass spectrometry targeted proteomics. Microsomes were prepared from liver tissue taken from 15 healthy individuals and 18 patients with cancer (2 primary and 16 metastatic). Patient samples included tumors and matching histologically normal tissue. The levels of cytochrome P450 (CYPs 2B6, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, and 3A5) and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs 1A1, 1A6, 1A9, 2B15, 2B4, and 2B7) were lower in histologically normal tissue from patients relative to healthy controls (up to 6.6-fold) and decreased further in tumors …

Afghanistan On A Global Stage: The End Of Armed Conflict And Congress’S Constitutional Powers, Emmie Phillips

Loyola University Chicago Law Journal

On August 15, 2021, the Taliban took control of Kabul, ending their weeks-long takeover of Afghanistan. Distraught by the quick offensive, United States forces and their allies quickly secured the Kabul airport and were forced to accelerate their planned withdrawal from the country in a makeshift manner. Afghan civilians, particularly those who had supported the efforts of U.S. forces, desperately attempted to get out of the country. The chaotic and disorganized withdrawal was not well received, both in the United States and internationally.

Prior to the Taliban takeover, President Joe Biden had ordered the U.S. withdrawal, with an expected end …

Schooling On The East-West Divide: Educational Weaponization During The Final Phase Of The Cold War, Sophia Sahm

Political Science Honors Projects

During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Russia focused on spreading their distinctive ideologies across the globe, and in doing so, came in direct competition with one another. In this study, I employ content analysis of two major U.S. and Soviet education reports and reforms from 1983 to 1991, namely A Nation at Risk and Fundamental Directions of General and Vocational School Reform, to explore and illustrate how the two states wielded their youth as weapons in a battle for ideological supremacy. My findings add nuance to the conversation surrounding education as a method of state control.

Side-By-Side Comparison Of Fluorescent Mg2+ Sensor Platforms, Hailey Lightle, Wren Konickson, Joey Bogaudo, Evan Pratt Dr

Celebration of Student Scholarship

Mg2+ is an essential metal that regulates the structure and function of biological macromolecules, including enzymes and nucleic acids, and cellular metabolites. Mg2+ is integral to supporting nerve and muscle function, the immune system and bone health, and Mg2+ deficiency and dysregulation of Mg2+ homeostasis are associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis. Despite the well-accepted role of Mg2+ in preserving cellular and organismal health, the activity and regulation of Mg2+ at the single cell level is ill-defined. Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors can be used to illuminate the localization and behavior of metal ions in cells with …

Hands-On With Ne Stem 4u: For Budding Stemers In Grades 4-8, Ne Stem 4u Program

Worlds of Connections Resources

Character Biographies 5

Chemistry: The Crystal Tree 10

Biology: Fruitful DNA 15 • Honey Purity Test 22 • Human DNA Extraction 26 • Model Cell 32 • Stethoscopes and Heart Rate 36

Engineering: Build a Catapult 41 • Building Bridges 47

Physics: Battling Balloons 51 • Balloon Popping 57 • Divin' Challenge 60 • Life Jackets and Buoyancy 65 • Simple Circuits 69 • Newton's Tower 75

Geology: Aquifers and Artesian Wells 80 • The Center of the Earth 84 • Mapping and Location Intelligence 88 • Seismology and Earthquakes 92 • Volcanoes 98

Mathematics: Hexaflexagons 102 • Stick Puzzle …

Inheriting Citizenship, Scott Titshaw

Articles

Most of us become citizens at birth based either on our birthplace or our parents' citizenship status. Over thirty countries recognize birthplace citizenship, but inherited citizenship is nearly universal. Such universal legal rules are rare, and they are particularly remarkable in the context of citizenship, where state sovereignty is near its apex. This Article explores why inherited citizenship is necessary, even in nations recognizing birthplace citizenship. It surveys the history, definitions, purposes, current rules, politics, and global trends in this area and identifies three modern categories of birthright citizenship laws: primary inherited citizenship systems, dual inherited and birthplace systems, and …

A Meta-Analysis: Significance Of Biofluid Biomarkers In Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury, Stephanie Oliveira

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Background: To reduce the reliance on clinical judgment for the regulation of sports-related traumatic brain injury, identifying and measuring objective to biofluid biomarkers can provide important insight into the diagnosis (Determining the type and origin of a disorder) and prognosis (Determining the chance of survival of a disorder) of SR-TBIs. A biomarker is a qualitative or quantitative measurement that provides a measure of a subject’s physiological or pathological condition at a specific time or during a disease state. Recent literature has suggested that biomarkers can help in the screening of patients exhibiting symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Despite …

Dengue Virus Downregulates Tnfr1- And Tlr3-Stimulated Nf-Kb Activation By Targeting Ripk1, Darshika J. Udawatte, Diane M. Lang, Jeffrey R. Currier, Carey L. Medin, Alan L. Rothman

Cell and Molecular Biology Faculty Publications

Dengue virus (DENV) infection is the most prevalent arthropod-borne virus disease and is endemic in more than 100 countries. Several DENV proteins have been shown to target crucial human host proteins to evade innate immune responses and establish a productive infection. Here we report that the DENV NS3 protein targets RIPK1 (Receptor Interacting Protein Kinase I), a central mediator of inflammation and cell death, and decreases intracellular RIPK1 levels during DENV infection. The interaction of NS3 with RIPK1 results in the inhibition of NF-κB activation in response to TNFR or TLR3 stimulation. Also, we observed that the effects of NS3 …

Assessing The Role Of Multiple Mechanisms Increasing The Age Of Dengue Cases In Thailand, Angkana T. Huang, Saki Takahashi, Henrik Salje, Lin Wang, Bernardo Garcia-Carreras, Kathryn Anderson, Timothy Endy, Stephen Thomas, Alan L. Rothman, Chonticha Klungthong, Anthony R. Jones, Stefan Fernandez, Sopon Iamsirithaworn, Pawinee Doung-Ngern, Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer, Derek A.T. Cummings

Cell and Molecular Biology Faculty Publications

The mean age of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases increased considerably in Thailand from 8.1 to 24.3 y between 1981 and 2017 (mean annual increase of 0.45 y). Alternative proposed explanations for this trend, such as changes in surveillance practices, reduced mosquito–human contact, and shifts in population demographics, have different implications for global dengue epidemiology. To evaluate the contribution of each of these hypothesized mechanisms to the observed data, we developed 20 nested epidemiological models of dengue virus infection, allowing for variation over time in population demographics, infection hazards, and reporting rates. We also quantified the effect of removing or …

Thermal Tolerances Of The Invasive Macrophyte Hydrilla Verticillata, Joshua Williams

Graduate Research Showcase

Invasive species often rapidly spread due to their ability to adapt to a wide range of habitats they can occupy and lack of competition. Hydrilla verticillata is an invasive aquatic macrophyte that has spread across the United States due to human activities. Like many aquatic plants, Hydrilla has the ability to reproduce through fragmentation of the mother plant. In this method, Hydrilla fragments are then dispersed by water current to other areas where they can settle and grow. To date, little is known about the abiotic conditions that may restrict the spread of invasive Hydrilla. However, compared to other macrophytes …

Predicting Gene Function Of Unknown Yeast Orfs Through Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis, Lewis Barr

Graduate Research Showcase

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been an instrumental model system for an extraordinary diverse array of research applications for over a century now. The S. cerevisiae genome was fully sequenced in 1996, and, as a result, 6,753 potential proteins were identified. These putative proteins were established by investigating likely open reading frames within the genome. Over the past few decades, nearly 5,000 open reading frames (ORFs) and their expressed proteins have been described, and the remaining undefined open reading frames are labeled as open reading frames of unknown function (ORFans). To better understand the remaining gaps within the S. …

Accelerometry Reveals Hidden Variation In The Movement Response Of Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus Horridus) To Roadways, Anna F. Tipton, Morgan L. Thompson, Dominic L. Desantis

Graduate Research Showcase

Roadways are among the most widespread and disruptive anthropogenic land use features that influence the behavior and movement of wildlife. Negative impacts including vehicle-induced mortality, habitat destruction and fragmentation, and creating barriers to movement have been well documented across taxa, but the fine scale behavioral impact of roadways on smaller, cryptic species has yet to be directly examined. Using a novel integration of emerging spatial analyses and tri-axial accelerometry, we quantified spatial and temporal aspects of movement and space use in order to investigate the coarse and fine scale influence of roadways on the movement patterns of Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus …

A Sweet Way To Increase The Metabolic Activity And Migratory Response Of Wound-Related Cells: Deoxy-Sugar Incorporated Natural Polymeric Fibres As A Potential Bioactive Wound Patch, Serkan Di̇ki̇ci̇

Turkish Journal of Biology

The selection of a wound dressing is crucial for successful wound management. Conventional dressings are preferable for the treatment of simple wounds. However, a bioactive wound dressing that supports wound management and accelerates the healing process is required when it comes to treating non-self-healing wounds. 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dDR) is a small deoxy sugar that naturally occurs in human body. Although we have previously demonstrated that 2dDR can be used to induce neovascularisation and accelerates wound healing in vitro and in vivo, the literature on small sugars is conflicting, and the knowledge on how 2dDR achieves its biological activity is very limited. …

Encapsulation Of Essential Oils In Nanocarriers For Active Food Packaging, Shubham Sharma, Lilly Mulrey, Megan Byrne, Amit Jaiswal, Swarma Jaiswal

Articles

Active packaging improves a packaging system’s effectiveness by actively integrating additional components into the packaging material or the headspace around the packaging. Consumer demand and awareness have grown enough to replace chemical agents with natural active agents. Essential oils (EOs) are extensively distributed throughout nature but at low levels and sometimes with poor recovery yields, which poses an issue with their application in food. Due to the instability of EOs when added directly into a food product, they require encapsulation before being added to a packaging matrix such as liposomes, solid-lipid nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, cyclodextrins, and nanostructured lipid nano-carriers. This article …

The Transfer Of Neurotoxic Bmaa From Cyanobacterial Blooms In Province Lake, Nh Food Chain, Michelle B. Verstraaten

Center for Freshwater Biology

Cyanobacteria blooms are an increasing problem worldwide. Current studies are focusing on the cyanotoxins produced, their transfer across the food web, bioaccumulations, and the resulting effects on humans and wildlife. In the summer of 2019, the body of a five-week-old Common Loon was found on Province Lake, New Hampshire. As cyanobacterial blooms had been observed on the lake, we investigated whether cyanotoxins could be a possible underlying cause for the death of the chick, and possible sources of transfer. A necropsy was performed to learn whether and at what levels the neurotoxin BMAA was detectable in the loon. Samples of …

In-Flow Dynamics Of An Area-Difference-Energy Spring-Particle Red Blood Cell Model On Non-Uniform Grids, Brendan Walsh, Fergal Boyle

Articles

In this paper the area-difference-energy spring-particle (ADE-SP) red blood cell (RBC) structural model developed by Chen and Boyle is coupled with a lattice Boltzmann flux solver to simulate RBC dynamics. The novel ADE-SP model accounts for bending resistance due to the membrane area difference of RBCs while the lattice Boltzmann flux solver offers reduced computational runtimes through GPU parallelisation and enabling the employment of non-uniform meshes. This coupled model is used to simulate RBC dynamics and predictions are compared with existing experimental measurements. The simulations successfully predict tumbling, tank-treading, swinging and intermittent behaviour of an RBC in shear flow, and …

Annual Report, State Fiscal Year July 2021 - June 2022, Tennessee. Department Of Children's Services

Annual Reports

This annual report records the progress made by the Department of Children's Services during the fiscal year.

Measuring The Social And Ecological Performance Of Agricultural Innovations On Rangelands: Progress And Plans For An Indicator Framework In The Ltar Network, S. Spiegal, N. P. Webb, E. H. Boughton, R. K. Boughton, A. Bentley Brymer, P. E. Clark, C. D. Holifield Collins, D. L. Hoover Et. Al

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Lack Of High-Quality Nurseries Is Not Just A Human Problem: Nonnative Fish Densities In Backwater Nurseries Of The San Juan River, Nm, Co, Ut, Blake Hansen

Posters

The Razorback Sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) and Colorado Pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) are federally endangered species occurring in the San Juan River of NM, CO, and UT. These species have shown little natural recruitment in this system, with a lack of high-quality nursery habitats being one potential explanation for this phenomenon. The young-of-year of both species prefer backwaters, including those that form in secondary channels or in association with islands. Unfortunately, many nonnative fishes that compete with and prey upon these imperiled species also reside in backwaters. However, it is unknown how nonnative fish densities vary between secondary channel and island backwaters …

Preliminary Insights Into The Demography Of Ozark Chinquapin In Roaring River State Park, Danielle Evilsizor

Posters

The tree species known as Ozark chinquapin (Castanea ozarkensis Ashe) is centralized in the Interior Highlands with outlying populations in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama (Kartez 2015). Like other members of the chestnut genus, the Ozark chinquapin has been impacted by the invasive chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica). By the 1950s, C. parasitica had spread to the Interior Highlands, infecting Castanea ozarkensis (Paillet and Cerny, 2012). Despite its genetic diversity and ecological importance, little is known at a fine ecological scale about the status of Castanea ozarkensis on the Ozark Plateau and in Missouri, where it is classified as a state imperiled …

Prevalence Of Ticks And Tick-Borne Pathogens In Mined Land Areas Of Southeast Kansas, Sydney Nippoldt, Hallee Belgium, Cassady Utley, Ayushee Dasgupta, Anuradha Ghosh

Posters

Ticks serve as vectors for many disease-causing pathogens, particularly bacterial and rickettsial pathogens. Diseases such as Lyme, Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, Rickettsiosis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and Tularemia can result after bitten by ticks. These tick-borne diseases are more common in the Great Plains region than is recognized. The present study aimed to conduct a three-year long surveillance on various tick species in the mined land area in Cherokee County (KS) using dry ice bait as well as flag-drag technique. Over several visits (June 2020 – November 2021) to the collection site, ticks were collected using both trapping methods. Detailed environmental data …

Minnesota's Children: The True Cost Of Minnesota's Lead Problem, Kaitlin Yira

Mitchell Hamline Law Journal of Public Policy and Practice

No abstract provided.

Network Science: Genealogy, Worlds Of Connections Sepa

Worlds of Connections Resources

Remember that family trees are a type of network. The network we create helps us understand which traits were passed down and who they came from. While humans can inherit traits like hair color and eye shape, sometimes they can inherit genetic diseases or be more likely to develop health issues because of their genetics. In most cases, inherited traits are based on probability, so tracing family networks can tell us how likely people are to have these types of diseases. When tracing the genealogical flow of relatedness from one generation to the next one or two generations, it is …

Narratives Of Black Women Stem Faculty: Breaking Barriers To Promote Institutional Transformation At Historically Black Colleges And Universities, Anna Lee, Maya Corneille, Karen T. Jackson, Bahby Banks, Sherrice Allen, Robin N. Coger, Margaret I. Kanipes, Stephanie Luster-Teasley

Articles

Women faculty at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), experience many barriers. HBCUs’ rich histories of advancing racial equity have often outweighed a focus on gender equity, with issues at the intersection of race and gender receiving minimal attention. This study highlights the need for institutional transformation at HBCUs by identifying the structural factors that promote and inhibit Black women STEM faculty advancement. Interviews (n=15) were conducted with HBCU Black women STEM faculty using the Life Interview approach. The three major themes related to barriers included: (a) greater likelihood of having their expertise questioned, (b) increased pressure to work harder, …

Repeated Exposure To Chlorpyrifos Is Associated With A Dose-Dependent Chronic Neurobehavioral Deficit In Adult Rats, Ana C. R. Ribeiro, Elisa Hawkins, Fay M. Jahr, Joseph L. Mcclay, Laxmikant Deshpande

Neurology Publications

Organophosphate (OP) chemicals include commonly used pesticides and chemical warfare agents, and mechanistically they are potent inhibitors of the cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme. Epidemiological studies report long-term neuropsychiatric issues, including depression and cognitive impairments in OP-exposed individuals. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most widely used pesticides worldwide. Multiple laboratory studies have reported on either the long-term behavioral effect of an acute high-dose CPF (30-250 mg/kg) or studied sub-chronic behavioral effects, particularly the motor and cognitive effects of repeated low-dose CPF. However, studies are lacking on chronic mood and depression-related morbidities following repeated CPF doses that would mimic occupationally relevant OP …

A Core–Shell Au@Tio2 And Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensor For The Electroanalytical Determination Of H2o2 In Human Blood Serum And Saliva, Ayman Ali Saeed, Mohammed Nooredeen Abbas, Waheed Fathi El-Hawary, Yousry Moustafa Issa, Baljit Singh

Articles

A hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor was developed based on core–shell gold@ titanium dioxide nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (Au@TiO2/MWCNTs/GCE). Core–shell Au@TiO2 material was prepared and characterized using a scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Zeta-potential analyzer. The proposed sensor (Au@TiO2/MWCNTs/GCE) was investigated electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The analytical performance of the sensor was evaluated towards H2O2 using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The proposed sensor exhibited excellent stability and sensitivity with a linear concentration …